music of india(2003)
TRANSCRIPT
MUSIC OF INDIA
Traces its origin to the Vedic Hymns, sacred Aryan texts.
Rig Veda is the earliest surviving example of Vedic
Hymn.India, one of the countries
in South Asia, was colonized by the British but were able to retain their culture. For
them,MUSIC is a SACRED FORM of
ART.
The study of Indian music begins with the religious chants called Veda, composed by a
tribe of nomadic shepherds. These Hymns are sung
without accompaniment.
There are two kinds of Indian Music:
a. Hindustanib. KarnatakThe art of Indian music has
been called guided improvisation, which means
that at all times, the musician must be guided
simultaneously at all times by the raga and tala.
HindustaniBelongs to the north and has a
Moslem influence
Belongs to the south and is basically Hindu.
Karnatak
There are two song notations from India that can be classified
into two forms:1. Asthai -- movable
do is applied.2. Antara -- the text of the song is about
religion.
TALA• Tala is the rhythmic time cycle of India, may total from 3 to 128 beats in length though 7 to 16 beat cycles are more common. The tempo is called laya. The laya may vary from fast(druta) to medium(madhya) or slow(vilmabita).
In Hindustani music, the unit of time is called matra and in Karnatak music, it is called akshara. The tala is divided into rhythmic groups called angas. Drone is an important element in their music.
X – represents the accented beato – represents an open or empty beat.
The shortest tala is called dradam which is composed of six beats. The tintal is a long tala composed of 16 beats
Drada 1 2 3 4 5 6
x o
Tintal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15
16
x x o x
Raga• The music of India uses melodies which
are based on tone structures called raga. A raga is a combination of a scale
and a melody. Each raga has its own mood such as happiness, sorrow, or
peace. The different ragas are meant to be played at different times of the day
or year.
There are two principal tones of the raga: vadi and
samvadi.• Vadi -- is the dominant swara
(musical note) of a given raga (musical scale)
• Samvadi -- the second-most prominent note of a raga
Tonal System Of India
Sa
Ri Ga
Ma
Pa
Dha
Ni Sa
D E F G A+
B C DThe smallest interval perceptible to the ear is called shruti. In western music, it is called
microtones.
IndianMusical
Instruments
There two basic drums used in
Indian music; tabla and bhaya of the north (Hindustani) and mrindangam
of the south (Karnatak.)
Tabla is the name for a pair of drums. The larger drum called bhaya, has a metal body while the smaller one, the tabla, has
a wooden body.
The mrindangam is a two-headed drum. It is laid across
the lap of the performer.
India has a variety of chordophones. In these
instruments, three kinds of strings maybe found: melodic strings, drone
strings and symphatetic vibrators.
Drone is a continous accompaniment sounded
throughout.
1. Tambura – unfretted lute, used as a drone; used by
both South and North
2. Sitar – the most popular
instrument in Northern India; in addition to four
strings and three drones, the sitar
may have as many as 13
strings.
3. Vina – instrument of the south; with four melody strings and three drone
strings
4. Sarangi – bowed fiddle melodic instruments; a Hindustani instrument
Hindustani Instrumental Ensemble
• Basuri – melody• Tabla – tala• Tambura – drone
Sometimes, the sarangi plays the melody
Karnatak Instrumental ensemble
• Vina – melody• Violin – melody• Mrindangam – tala/rhythm• Tambura – drone