music information seeking in library catalogs
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Music Information Seeking in Library
CatalogsKabel Stanwicks
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The Problem
•Given titles do not always reflect an item’s contents: Michael Tilson Thomas conducts Beethoven
•Music is published all over the world: Neun Symphonien
•Prolific composers (e.g., Bach, Mozart)--even more prolific manifestations and expressions
Finding music scores and sound recordings in a library catalog is an extremely difficult task!
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The Problem (contd.)
•Which language, which script to search? Tchaikovsky or Ciaikowski or Tsjaikovskij?!?
•English language translations of works published in other languages: The magic flute: an opera in two acts for soli, chorus and orchestra with German and English text
•Or other languages: La flute enchantee : opera en quatre actes / de Mozart ; traduction francais de Nuitter & Beaumont
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More Problems
•Ambiguity in names: Waltz by Johann Strauss OR Waltz by Johann Strauss?
•Ambiguity in generic titles: Symphony no. 1
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404: [Item] Not Found
Author search for Händel yields no results
Title search for Rite of Spring yields no relevant results
OR....
Traditional OPAC Searches
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Too Many Results
Author search for Bach in LC Catalog: Your search retrieved more records than can be
displayed. Only the first 10,000 will be shown.
Title search for Symphony in LC Catalog: Your search retrieved more records than can be
displayed. Only the first 10,000 will be shown.
Traditional OPAC Searches
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Titles, Titles, Titles•245: Michael Tilson Thomas conducts
Beethoven (symphony no. 4)
•240: Symphonies, no. 4, op. 60, Bb major
•505: Symphony no. 4 in B-flat major, op. 60 -- "Ah, Perfido!", op. 60 [i.e. op. 65]
•700: Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827. Ah, perfido.
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Names, Names, Names
•Strauss, Johann, 1804-1849. OR Strauss, Johann, 1825-1899.
•Händel OR Handel
•Gioachino Rossini OR Gioacchino Rossini
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The Information Behavior
Search for known work (composer and title).
Hope to find a manifestation and expression of the work.
Want to walk away with an item.
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Behavior vs. IR
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FRBR and MusicInformation need expression:
Group 2 Name & Group 1 Work Title
Disambiguate elaborate bibliographic relationships
(Superworks, Bibliographic Families, and Instantiation)
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Authority Control is Essential
•Authority Names
•Uniform Titles
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Uniform Title• Basic Definition: title selected for cataloging purposes
when a work has appeared under varying titles
• AACR2 Definition
• The particular title by which a work is to be identified for cataloging purposes;
• The particular title used to distinguish the heading for a work from the heading for a different work
• A conventional collective title used to collocate publications of an author, composer, or corporate body containing several works or extracts, etc., from several works, e.g., complete works, several works in a particular literary or musical form.
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Authority Control is Essential
•Authority Names
•Uniform Titles
•Name--Uniform Title Heading: FRBRIZATION!
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Name--UT Headings Browse
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Still too complicated...
•Learning Curve
•Not Intuitive for Users
•Additional reference resources are needed at times (e.g., whole-part relationships)
•Relationships are implicit, not explicit
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OPACs & Next Gen• Many OPACs do not offer this kind of browse
• Search and Discovery interfaces largely ignore the need
• Advocacy is needed!
• Simplification is necessary
• Name--Uniform Title Headings Keyword Searching
• Tree Structures that show relationships
• Did you mean...?
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Show me the data:Automation/Cleanu
p?•245: Michael Tilson Thomas conducts Beethoven (symphony no. 4)
•240: Symphonies, no. 4, op. 60, Bb major
•505: Symphony no. 4 in B-flat major, op. 60 -- "Ah, Perfido!", op. 60 [i.e. op. 65]
•700: Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827. Ah, perfido.
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The Future of Music Searching if we abandon A-UT
& FRBR:
404: [Music] Not Found
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So What?
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Studies in Instantiation
•McNellis (1985): 26% of textual works
•Papakhian (1985): 61% of works in music library
•Smiraglia (1989): 90% of musical works
•Vellucci (1998): 97% of musical works
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Studies in Instantiation
•Smiraglia (2007): Best-selling books
•More studies needed: print, e-book, audio book, film based on book: Stanwicks (20XX)?
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Instantiation is everywhere
•No longer music phenomenon
•Bibliographic families will always be larger in music
•Textual works are appearing in multiplicity of expressions and manifestations now
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Implications•Study music information behavior
•Develop music information behavior models
•Need better understanding of instantiation’s reach
•Inform IR design to attain sophistication and meet user needs in relation to superworks
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Goal:Input – Process –
Output