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Department of

UNIT 1: MUSICAL LENGUAGE 1º ) BASIC ELEMENTS

Example : he studied the score of Mozart´s piano sonata nº 1. 1.1 STAFF, CLEFS AND NOTES

To show the sounds on paper we use a up of five horizontal lines

Each line and space represents a determined by the type of

Names of the notes :

A B LA SI*

* Spanish names

The most common

Treble clef or G clef :

The treble clef is used for melodic instruments (e.g. horn and guitar ) as well as

English horn : corno inglés (también horn : la trompa).

Bass clef or F clef:

Department of Music (IES Jiménez de la Espada)

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UNIT 1: MUSICAL LENGUAGE

SCORE (US: SHEET MUSIC)

A score is a written form of a musical composition.: he studied the score of Mozart´s piano sonata nº 1.

1.1 STAFF, CLEFS AND NOTES To show the sounds on paper we use a stave or staff. A

lines and four spaces between.

Each line and space represents a note . The name of the note is

determined by the type of clef that appears at the beginning of the

C D E F DO RE MI FA

most common clefs are the treble clef and the bass clef.

The treble clef is used for high notes and for quite

(e.g. flute, oboe, clarinet, violin, trumpet, English as well as for soprano and alto voices (female voices)

corno inglés (también cor anglais ) (no confundir con

musical composition.

A stave is made

. The name of the note is the stave .

G SOL*

clef.

and for quite high pitched flute, oboe, clarinet, violin, trumpet, English

(female voices).

) (no confundir con French

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The bass clef is used for trombone, bassoon, cello and double bass (fagot, violonchelo y contrabajo

Some notes have to be written lines which are parallel to the stave. Thextension of the staff (like additional lines). Each leger line contains one note.

Exercises: 1º) Draw a set of treble or G clefs:

2º) Name the following notes (letters and note names)

3º) What is the name of the “extra lines” above and below the stave? 4º) How many different letter names do we use to 5º) What are the sets of lines and spaces called?6º) What is the name that we give to the sign which tells us the names of the notes?

7º) Vocabulary : o Score (sheet music): o Written form: forma escritao Musical compositiono Stave / staff: pentagramao Sonata: Sonata (es una forma musical como el concierto o la sinfonía)o Musical notation : notación musicalo Musician: músico o Lines: líneas o Spaces: espacios o Notes: notas o A clef: una clave o Treble clef (G clef):o Bass clef (F clef): o Musical symbol: símbolo musicalo To place: colocar o To determine: determinaro Leger lines: líneas adicionaleso Above: por encima de, más arriba de o Below: (por) debajo deo Stems: plicas o Sharp: sostenido o Natural: becuadro o Tones and semitones:


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The bass clef is used for low pitched instruments trombone, bassoon, cello and double bass ( En castellano: tuba, trombón, fagot, violonchelo y contrabajo). It is also used for bass voices .

Some notes have to be written above or below the stave using short lines which are parallel to the stave. These lines are leger linesextension of the staff (like additional lines). Each leger line contains one note.

In this case we use a leger line to write A.

1º) Draw a set of treble or G clefs:

2º) Name the following notes (letters and note names)

3º) What is the name of the “extra lines” above and below the stave? 4º) How many different letter names do we use to determine the notes?5º) What are the sets of lines and spaces called? 6º) What is the name that we give to the sign which tells us the names of the

Score (sheet music): partitura forma escrita

Musical composition : composición musical pentagrama

Sonata (es una forma musical como el concierto o la sinfonía): notación musical

Treble clef (G clef): clave de sol clave de fa símbolo musical

determinar líneas adicionales

por encima de, más arriba de (por) debajo de plicas tail (or flag): corchete

flat: bemol accidentals: alteraciones Major scale: escala mayor minor scale:

Tones and semitones: tonos y semitonos

like the tuba, En castellano: tuba, trombón,

the stave using short leger lines . They are an

extension of the staff (like additional lines). Each leger line contains one note.

3º) What is the name of the “extra lines” above and below the stave? determine the notes?

6º) What is the name that we give to the sign which tells us the names of the

Sonata (es una forma musical como el concierto o la sinfonía)

alteraciones minor scale: escala menor.

Department of

Reading exercise with sol,

1.2 NOTE AND REST SYMBOLS Note and rest silence for. to hold something for:

The stem of a note on the or down . The stems of notes stems of the notes belowsingle melody writing.)


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Reading exercise with sol, fa and mi:

SYMBOLS and rest symbols tell you how many beats to hold a sound or

to hold something for: sostener (mantener)

of a note on the middle line of a stave may be . The stems of notes above the middle line normally go down

below the middle line go up (Both comments refer to a

symbols tell you how many beats to hold a sound or

of a stave may be written up go down . The

(Both comments refer to a


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Department of

EXERCISES: 1º) READING:

2º) Complete the statmentsA crotchet last the same as two _____________.

A crotchet rest lasts the same as one ___________________.

A semibreve lasts the same as four _____________________.

A semibreve is two __________________ long.

A quaver lasts the same as two

Four semiquavers are one __________________ long.


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statments :

crotchet last the same as two _____________.

A crotchet rest lasts the same as one ___________________.

A semibreve lasts the same as four _____________________.

A semibreve is two __________________ long.

A quaver lasts the same as two ____________________.

Four semiquavers are one __________________ long.

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3º) Draw the note and rest symbolscrotchets.

A semiquaver is one quarter of

Useful expressions for this exercise: ser equivalente a)

quaver:

minim rest:

semibreve:

crotchet:

minim:

crotchet rest:

quaver rest:

1.3 TIME SIGNATURES

If you listen to a piece of music, you can hear that music has in general regular beat and that some beats are stronger than others. The strong beats come at regular intervals, usually every 2, 3 or 4 beats. first beat of each bar. If the strong beat comes every 3 beats, then the piece of music you are listening to ha

The time signature is a fraction that goes to the r ight of the cleftop number tells you how many beats there are in each bar . The bottom number tells you how long each beat is. fraction of sem ibreve that

This time signature is expression and say "threebeats in a bar (three is the top number the fraction refers to the lengthmeans each beat is one crotchet long.

To summarise this examplebar and that each beat is one crotchet long.

Exercises : 1º) What is the name of each time signature? Indicate t he number of beats in each bar as well as the value of each beat.


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3º) Draw the note and rest symbols and indicate their duration using

one quarter of a crotchet . = 1/4 *

Useful expressions for this exercise: half of (la mitad de), to be worth

.3 TIME SIGNATURES

If you listen to a piece of music, you can hear that music has in general and that some beats are stronger than others. The strong beats

come at regular intervals, usually every 2, 3 or 4 beats. The strong beat is the If the strong beat comes every 3 beats, then the piece of

music you are listening to has three beats in a bar. The time signature is a fraction that goes to the r ight of the clef

top number tells you how many beats there are in each bar . The bottom number tells you how long each beat is. In fact, the time signature is a

ibreve that indicates the length of a bar.

This time signature is three- four time (You can shorten this expression and say "three -four") . This fraction indicates that there are three

the top number of the fraction). The bottom the length of each beat. In this case, a 4 at the bottom

one crotchet long.

this example, we can say that there are three beats in a bar and that each beat is one crotchet long.

What is the name of each time signature? Indicate t he number of beats in each bar as well as the value of each beat.

indicate their duration using

, to be worth (valer,

If you listen to a piece of music, you can hear that music has in general a and that some beats are stronger than others. The strong beats

The strong beat is the If the strong beat comes every 3 beats, then the piece of

The time signature is a fraction that goes to the r ight of the clef . The top number tells you how many beats there are in each bar . The bottom

time signature is a

four time (You can shorten this indicates that there are three

The bottom number of of each beat. In this case, a 4 at the bottom

there are three beats in a

What is the name of each time signature? Indicate t he number of beats

Department of

2º) Fill in the uncompleted bars with one note or r est symbol.

3º) Indicate the beats below the rhythm

2º) THE PROPERTIES OF SOUND

tiny= very small Music is an art silence . That is why it is important for us to study sound


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3º) Indicate the beats below the rhythm and add the bar lines.

ROPERTIES OF SOUND

to carry through air art that involves organized and audible it is important for us to study sound qualities


add the bar lines.

organized and audible sounds and qualities .


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We can define a sound with basically four properties or qualities. These qualities are the pitch , the duration, the intensity and the timbre (tone) . 2.1. PITCH (Altura) https://youtu.be/pc4DmKyCYxs We can differentiate high sounds from low sounds . To measure the pitch of a sound we use the frequency . High sounds have a high frequency . On the contrary, low sounds have a low frequency .

Sound is the vibration of matter , as perceived by the sense of hearing . Physically, sound is vibrational mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a wave.

The frequency is the number of sound vibrations per second. One vibration per second represents one hertz . The unit of the frequency is the hertz.

Example: The frequency of A is F1 = 100 Hz. It means that A has one hundred vibrations per second. Its frequency is (equal to) one hundred hertz.

Vocabulary : o Art: arte o Audible : audible o To organize : organizar o Sound : sonido (se utiliza también como verbo "sonar") o Silence : silencio o Sound qualities : cualidades del sonido o Properties : propiedades o High sounds / low sounds : sonidos agudos / sonidos graves o Vibration of matter : vibración de la materia o To perceive : percibir o Sense of hearing : sentido del oído o Physically, sound is vibrational mechanical energy that propagates

through matter as a wave : físicamente, el sonido es energía mecánica vibratoria que se propaga a través de la material en forma de onda sonora.

o Hertz : hercio o Low and high notes : notas graves y agudas. o Treble: los agudos (se utiliza al referirse a los equipos de música: for example

you can say “to turn up the treble on the stereo” en el sentido de subir los agudos, de añadir importancia a las frecuencias agudas en la reproducción del sonido).

o Stereo: a machine that plays CDs, etc., sometimes with a radio, that has two separate speakers so that you hear different sounds from each. (Stereo/ Mono)

o Speakers: altavoces

2.2. DURATION (Duración) The duration refers to how long a sound is. A sound can be short or long. It can last a lot or be very short.

o To last : durar o The length: la duración


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2.3. INTENSITY (Intensidad) To refer to the intensity of a sound, we use for example the adjectives soft or loud . A high intensity sound is a loud sound . On the contrary, a low intensity sound is a soft sound.

To measure the intensity we use decibels (dB) . The intensity depends on the amplitude of the sound wave.

o A high intensity sound: un sonido de gran intensidad o Soft: suave o Loud: fuerte (sonido) / alto (volumen) o volume : volumen o amplitude : amplitud

2.4. TIMBRE or TONE (timbre) Each instrument or voice sounds in a specific way. Each voice or instrument has its own tone . This property of the sound is the timbre . If a sound is represented by a curve, this curve will have a particular shape . What is Timbre? https://youtu.be/BLoM9bBr8lc Timbre: why different instruments playing the same tone sound different. https://youtu.be/VRAXK4QKJ1Q EXERCISES: 1º) Listen to the following notes. Indicate for each group of two notes which of them is the highest. 2º) We can hear two different sounds, A and B. The frequency of A is F1=250 Hz and B frequency is F2= 350 Hz. Do you know how many vibrations will occur in 3 seconds with A? Which is the lowest sound? 3º) Listen to this piece of music . There is a sudden ______________ change. 4º) The violin and the guitar have different ______________. 5º) Voices and instruments have different _______________. 6º) Listen to the following notes. What can you say about their durations? 7º) Define the following sound using all the adjectives that describe its qualities. Example: This is a high, long, and soft sound. It is the tone of the piano (or it is the timbre of the piano). Vocabulary:

o The tone of this instrument is… el timbre de este instrumento es… o To listen to : escuchar o To involve : implicar o To follow : seguir

Department of

o Each group : cada grupoo The highest (sound): el más agudoo To occur: producirseo Musical work : obra musicalo Sudden change : cambio repentinoo Piece of music: pieza musicalo To refer to : referirse a

Exercise: Copy the curve you can see on the digital board andcharacteristics. What are the main properties of this sound?


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: cada grupo (sound): el más agudo

producirse : obra musical

: cambio repentino pieza musical

: referirse a

Copy the curve you can see on the digital board andcharacteristics. What are the main properties of this sound?

Copy the curve you can see on the digital board and analyse its

Department of

How the auditory system works

The sound waveeardrum is a membranemiddle ear and is transformed into nerve impulses are perceived by determines the properties of the sound

Fill in the blanks: The __________________ is a membrane that vibrates when the sound

wave impacts it. This vibration travels through the _____________

__________ and is transformed into ___________ _________________ in the

inner ear. The brain analyses

the ___________________ of

3º) THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC:

https://youtu.be/q-aoIcJ2_ywhttps://youtu.be/cNUfMSgQrqM When a musician composes a piece of music, he uses several basic elements. These elements are related to the properties of sou ndsound is the raw material of musicmusic, we can mention the rhythm, the melody, the harmony, dynamics and the timbre. Later on, we will deal with 3.1. ELEMENT RELATED TO THE DURATION:

- A steady pulse: the beat- The speed of the beat is note symbols is shorter. - Rhythm is the result of combining (long and short sounds and silence


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How the auditory system works

The sound wave enter in the ear canal and impacts the eardrummembrane . The vibration of the eardrum travels through

and is transformed into nerve impulses in the inner earare perceived by the brain that processes the information and

the properties of the sound .

The __________________ is a membrane that vibrates when the sound


is transformed into ___________ _________________ in the

analyses the characteristics of these impulses to determine

the ___________________ of this sound.

THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC:

aoIcJ2_yw https://youtu.be/cNUfMSgQrqM

When a musician composes a piece of music, he uses several basic These elements are related to the properties of sou nd

sound is the raw material of music . Among the most important elements of the rhythm, the melody, the harmony, dynamics and

ater on, we will deal with the texture and the form of music.

ELEMENT RELATED TO THE DURATION: RHYTHM

e beat . The speed of the beat is the tempo. If the tempo is faster, the length of the

is the result of combining notes and rests that have different lengths

and silence).

the eardrum . The travels through the

inner ear . This processes the information and

The __________________ is a membrane that vibrates when the sound


is transformed into ___________ _________________ in the

characteristics of these impulses to determine

When a musician composes a piece of music, he uses several basic These elements are related to the properties of sou nd because

. Among the most important elements of the rhythm, the melody, the harmony, dynamics and

of music.

If the tempo is faster, the length of the

that have different lengths


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To properly perform a rhythm, you have to take into account the note symbols, the tempo and the time signature to k now how to stress each note. (See weak and strong beats)

3.2. ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE PITCH: 3.2.1. MELODY

Horizontal dimension of music Time

A melody is a succession of different notes that ex presses a musical idea. Each melody has a specific shape . It can be almost horizontal, ascending or descending, or a combination of all of these. In fact, melody symbolises the horizontal dimension of music on a score.


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Melodies are based on scales . A scale is a sequence of notes in an ascending or descending order, from any note to its octave . We can start the scale by any note so the scale receives the name of the note from which it starts . Each note of the scale represents a degree (We use Roman numerals to indicate the degrees: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, (I)).

3.2.2. HARMONY More than one pitch at the same time creates harmon y. Harmony is the vertical dimension of music on the score. Three or more pitches (sounds or notes with different pitches) sounding at the same time make chords. When you read the notes of a chord, you start by the bottom note and read in a vertical way. For instance, in the first triad of this example the notes are C, E and G (Do, mi, sol).

Basic chords:

to harmonize : to write a harmony for a tune for example.

Exercise: fill in the blanks

In a rock band, the drums play the _____________, the singer sings the

_________________, the rhythm guitar and the bass play the

_____________________ which are a part of the __________________.


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Examples of different ways of harmonizing melodies.

INTERVALS:

An interval measures the distance between two notes . We have to know how to identify intervals in order to be able to identify chords and scales. Musicians measure intervals using specifics units: tones and semitones (half tone).

We count the degrees to find the interval. That is why it is important to know the order of the notes . For example, from C to E we have a third . From C to G we have a fifth and so on.

TONES AND SEMITONES:

Department of

ACCIDENTALS:

Accidental: in music, sign placed immediately to the left of ashow that the note must be changed in

semitone; a flat (♭) lowers it by a semitone; a

original pitch.

In general, the effect of an accidental you want it to affect the same pitch during the whole piece of music, you have to use the accidentals in the key signaturesharp and C sharp during the whole piece until the key signature changes.


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in music, sign placed immediately to the left of ashow that the note must be changed in pitch. A sharp (♯) raises a

) lowers it by a semitone; a natural (♮) restores it to the

he effect of an accidental lasts until the end of a baryou want it to affect the same pitch during the whole piece of music, you have to

the key signature . In this last example, F and C are F sharp and C sharp during the whole piece until the key signature changes.

in music, sign placed immediately to the left of a note to ♯) raises a note by a

) restores it to the

lasts until the end of a bar . If you want it to affect the same pitch during the whole piece of music, you have to

example, F and C are F sharp and C sharp during the whole piece until the key signature changes.

Department of

Exercises: 1º)

2º) Indicate below the notes the

3º) Match each tune with its score


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Indicate below the notes the ir accidentals, sharps, flats and naturals.

3º) Match each tune with its score

ir accidentals, sharps, flats and naturals.


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For this exercise, pay attention to the first inter val of the melody, the shape of the melody, the rhythm and the time si gnature.

ELEMENT RELATED TO THE INTENSITY: DYNAMICS

These dynamic markings indicate constant intensities . (In Spanish we use the term "matices" ).

These dynamic signs indicate gradual dynamic changes . (In Spanish we use the term "reguladores ").

ELEMENTS RELATED TO THE TIMBRE: INSTRUMENTS AND VOI CES

What is Tone Color? (Timbre) https://youtu.be/5tGEDgkZlC8

A composer has to decide which instruments and voices are suitable to perform a piece of music.

Department of

MUSIC THEORY: - DOTTED NOTES: One dot lengthens the note or rest by half the value of the original note or rest. So, a dotted minim is worth three crotchets. A dotted crotchet is worth three quavers and so on.

- TIED NOTES: In music notationtwo notes of the same as a single note with anotes' values .


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One dot lengthens the note or rest by half the value of the original note or rest. So, a dotted minim is worth three crotchets. A dotted crotchet is worth three quavers and so on.

notation, a tie is a curved line connecting the heads of pitch and name , indicating that they are to be played

as a single note with a duration equal to the sum of the individual

One dot lengthens the note or rest by half the value of the original note or rest. So, a dotted minim is worth three crotchets. A dotted crotchet is worth

is a curved line connecting the heads of they are to be played

equal to the sum of the individual

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