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Muscular SystemAnatomy Practical
By Dr. Faisal SingawyMBBS OIU MRCSE UK
Anatomy Department
College OF Medicine
King Saud University
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Muscular System
• Muscles are responsible for all types of bodymovement
• 3 basic muscle types are found in the body
– Skeletal muscle
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscle
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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
• Most attach to bones by tendon
• Cells are multinucleate
• Striated—have visible binding
• Voluntary
• Cells surrounded & bundled by connective tissue
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
• Has no striations
• Spindle-shaped cells
• Single Nucleus
• Involuntary—no conscious control
• Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle
• Has striations
• Usually has a single nucleus
• Joined to another cardiac muscle cell
• Involuntary
• Found only in the heart
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Skeletal Muscle
• Functions of Skeletal Muscle– Produce Movement– Maintain posture– Stabilize joints– Generate Heat
• Sites of Muscle Attachment– Bones– Cartilage– Connective tissue
coverings
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Action
Origin
&
Insertion
Shape
Number
Of
Origins
Size
Location
Direction of
Muscle
Fibers
Skeletal
Muscle
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Direction of Muscle Fibers
• Relative to the Midline
• RECTUS = parallel to the midline
– Rectus Abdominus
• TRANSVERSE = perpendicular to midline
– Transverse Abdominus
• OBLIQUE = diagonal to midline
– External Oblique
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Location
• Structure near which muscle is found
– FRONTALIS = near FRONTAL bone
– OCCIPITALIS = near OCCIPITAL bone
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Size
• Relative Size of Muscle
• MAXIMUS = largest– Gluteus Maximus
• MEDIUS = middle– Gluteus Medius
• MINIMUS = smallest– Gluteus Minimus
• LONGUS = longest– Fibularis Longus
• BREVIS = short– Fibularis Brevis
• TERTIUS = shortest– Fibularis Tertius
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Number of Origins
• Number of tendons of origin
• BICEPS = Two
– Biceps Brachii
– Biceps Femoris
• TRICEPS = Three
– Triceps Brachii
• QUADRICEPS = Four
– Quadriceps Femoris
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Shape
• Relative Shape of the Muscle
• DELTOID = triangular shape Δ
• TRAPEZIUS = trapezoid shape SERRATUS = saw-toothed ♒
• RHOMBOIDEUS = rhomboid shape
• TERES = round ○
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Origin & Insertion
• Origin – attachment to an immoveable bone
• Insertion –attachment to a movable bone
• ILIO COSTALIS= attaches to the ilium & ribs (costal = ribs)
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Action
NAME ACTION EXAMPLE
FLEXOR Decrease angle at a joint Flexor Carpi Radialis
EXTENSOR Increase angle at a joint Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
ABDUCTORMove bone away from
midlineAbductor Pollicis Longus
ADDUCTOR Move bone toward midline Adductor Longus
LEVATOR Produce upward movement Levator Scapulae
DEPRESSORProduce downward
movementDepressor Labii Inferioris
SUPINATOR Turn palm upward/anterior Supinator
PRONATORTurn palm
downward/posteriorPronator Teres
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Types of Muscle--Actions
• Prime mover (Agonist) – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
• Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
• Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
• Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Head & Neck Muscles
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Head & Neck Muscles
• Frontalis: elevate eyebrows
• Orbicularis Oculi: close eyelid
• Zygomaticus: draw angle of lip upward
• Buccinator: draws cheeks against teeth
• Orbicularis Oris: closes mouth
• Platysma: draws lower lip down & back
• Cranial Aponeurosis: connects frontalis to occipitalis
• Temporalis: elevates mandible• Occipitalis: draws scalp back• Masseter: elevates mandible• Sternocleidomastoid:
– Flexes head– Draws head toward shoulder
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Muscles of Mastication
• Masseter: elevates mandible
• Temporalis: elevates mandible
• Medial pterygoid: elevates mandible
• Lateral pterygoid: depresses mandible
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Key Muscles of Facial Expression
• Smiling Muscles
– Orbicularis Oculi
– Nasalis
– Levator Labii Superioris
– Levator Anguli Superioris
– Zygomaticus
– Risorius
• Frowning Muscles
– Frontalis
– Orbicularis Oris
– Depressor Anguli Oris
– Depressor Labii Inferioris
– Mentalis
– Platysma
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Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
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Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
• Intrinsic Muscles– Erector Spinae:
maintain posture of back/extension• Spinalis• Longissimus• Iliocostalis
– Oblique Muscles: rotation of the vertebrae• Semispinalis• Multifidus• Rotatores
• Muscles of Quiet Respiration– Diaphragm– External Intercostals– Internal Intercostals—deep
breaths
• Abdominal Muscles– External Obliques– Internal Obliques– Transverse Abdominus– Rectus Abdominus
• Quadratus Lumborum
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Muscles of Scapular Stabilization
• Trapezius:
– Retraction (M)
– Elevation (S)
– Depression (I)
– Upward Rotation (S, M)
• Rhomboid—retraction
• Levator Scapular—Elevation
• Pectoralis Major—Protraction
• Serratus Anterior—Protraction
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Anterior Muscles of Shoulder
• Deltoid– Flexion (A, M)/Extension (P, M)
– Abduction (M)/Adduction (A)
– Internal (A) /External Rotation (P)
• Pectoralis Major– Adduction
– Flexion
– Extension
– Internal Rotation
• Biceps Brachii—Flexion
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Posterior Muscles of Shoulder
• Teres Major– Adduction
– Extension
– Internal Rotation
• Latissimus Dorsi– Adduction
– Extension
– Internal Rotation
• Triceps Brachii– Adduction
– Extension
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Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS)
• Supraspinatus– Abduction
• Infraspinatus– External Rotation
Teres Minor External Rotation
Subscapularis Internal Rotation
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Muscles of the Elbow/Forearm
• Triceps Brachii—Extension
• Bicep Brachii—– Flexion– Supination
• Brachialis—Flexion• Brachioradialis—
– Flexion– Pronation
• Pronator Teres• Pronator Quadratus• Supinator Longus
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Muscles of the Flexsor
• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• Flexor Carpi Radialis
• Flexor Digitorum
• Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• Extensor Carpi Radialis
• Extensor Digitorum
Anterior (Palmar) View Posterior (Dorsal) View
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Muscles of the Extensor
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis
Extensor Digitorum
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Muscles Of Hip:Anterior Muscles
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Muscles of Hip:Anterior Muscles
• Medial/Adductor Muscles:
– Adductor Magnus
– Adductor Longus
– Adductor Brevis
– Gracilis
• Anterior Muscles
– Iliopsoas—Flexion
– Pectineus—• Flexion
• Adduction
– Sartorius—• Flexion
• Lateral Rotation
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Muscles of Hip: Gluteal Muscles
• Gluteus Maximus—Extension
• Gluteus Medius—Abduction
• Gluteus Minimus—Abduction
• Tensor Fasciae Latae—– Flexion
– Abduction
** Gluteus Minimus is under the
Gluteus Medius
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Muscles of Anterior Thigh
• “Quadriceps”– Rectus Femoris—
• Hip flexion
• Knee extension
– Vastus Lateralis—knee extension
– Vastus Medialis—knee extension
– Vastus Intermedius—knee extension
– Sartorius—• Hip & Knee Flexion
• Lateral Hip Rotation**Vastus Intermedius is
beneath Rectus Femoris
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Muscles of Posterior Thigh
• “Hamstrings”
– Responsible for Knee Flexion & Hip Extension
– Semimembranosus
– Semitendinosus
– Biceps Femoris
• Gastrocnemius
– Knee Flexion
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
• Anterior Compartment– Tibialis Anterior—Dorsiflexion &
inversion– Extensor Digitorum Longus– Fibularis Tertius—dorsiflexion &
eversion
• Posterior Compartment– Gastrocnemius—plantarflexion,
knee flexion– Soleus—plantarflexion
• Lateral Compartment– Fibularis Longus—plantarflexion &
eversion– Fibularis Brevis—plantarflexion &
eversion
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Thank YOU
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