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MuscatGrape(Vitis)

MuscatblancPetitsGrainsandMuscatnoirshowingthewhiteandblackskinnedcolormutation

ofthevariety

Colorofberryskin varied

Species Vitisvinifera

Muscat(grape)FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheMuscatfamilyofgrapesincludeover200grapevarietiesbelongingtotheVitisviniferaspeciesthathavebeenusedinwineproductionandasraisinandtablegrapesaroundtheglobeformanycenturies.Theircolorsrangesfromwhite(suchasMuscatOttonel),toyellow(MoscatoGiallo),topink(MoscatorosadelTrentino)tonearblack(MuscatHamburg).Muscatgrapesandwinesalmostalwayshaveapronouncedsweetfloralaroma.ThebreadthandnumberofvarietiesofMuscatsuggestthatitisperhapstheoldestdomesticatedgrapevariety,andtherearetheoriesthatmostfamilieswithintheVitisviniferagrapevarietyaredescendedfromtheMuscatvariety.[1]

AmongthemostnotablemembersoftheMuscatfamilyincludeMuscatblancPetitsGrainswhichisthemaingrapevarietyusedintheproductionoftheItaliansparklingwineAsti(alsoknownasMoscatoAsti)madeinthePiedmontregion.ItisalsousedintheproductionofmanyoftheFrenchfortifiedwinesknownasvindouxnaturels.InAustralia,thisisalsothemaingrapeusedintheproductionofLiqueurMuscatfromtheVictorianwineregionofRutherglen.Young,unagedandunfortifiedexamplesofMuscatblanctendtoexhibitthecharacteristicMuscat"grapey"aromaaswellascitrus,roseandpeachnotes.Fortifiedandagedexamples(particularlythosethathavebeenbarrelaged)tendtobeverydarkincolorduetooxidationwitharomanotesofcoffee,fruitcake,raisinsandtoffee.[2]

MuscatofAlexandriaisanotherMuscatvarietycommonlyusedintheproductionofFrenchvindouxnaturel,butitisalsofoundinSpain,whereitisusedtomakemanyofthefortifiedSpanishMoscatels.Elsewhereitisusedtomakeoffdrytosweetwhitewines,oftenlabeledasMoscatoinAustralia,CaliforniaandSouthAfrica.InAlsaceandpartsofCentralEurope,MuscatOttonelisusedtoproduceusuallydryandhighlyperfumedwines.[2]

Contents

1 History

2 OriginsofthenameMuscat



WhiteMuscatearlyripening"July"variety

3 Closelyrelatedvarieties

4 Characteristicaromasandconfusionwithothergrapes

5 Keyvarieties

5.1 MuscatblancPetitsGrains

5.2 MuscatofAlexandria

5.3 MuscatofHamburg

5.4 MuscatOttonel

6 Othernotablevarieties

7 Synonyms

8 Seealso

9 References

History

TheoriesabouttheoriginsofMuscatgrapesdateancestorsofthevarietiesbacktotheancientEgyptiansandPersiansofearlyantiquity(c.30001000BCE)whilesomeampelographers,suchasPierreGalet,believethatthefamilyofMuscatvarietieswerepropagatedduringtheperiodofclassicalantiquity(c.800BCEto600CE)bytheGreeksandRomans.However,whiledomesticwineproductionhadalonghistoryinancientEgyptandPersiaandclassicalwriterssuchasColumellaandPlinytheElderdiddescribevery"muscatlike"grapevarietiessuchasAnatheliconMoschatonandApianaethatwereverysweetandattractivetobees(Latinapis),thereisnosolidhistoricalevidencethattheseearlywinegrapesweremembersoftheMuscatfamily.[3]

Thefirstdocumentedmentionofgrapecalled"muscat"wasintheworksoftheEnglishFranciscanscholarBartholomeusAnglicuswhowroteofwinemadefromMuscatgrapesinhisworkDeproprietatibusrerumwrittenbetween12301240whileAnglicuswasstudyinginwhatisnowmodernSaxonyinGermany.Anglicus'LatinworkwastranslatedintoFrenchin1372withthewinebeingdescribedbyAnglicusas"vinextraitderaisinsmuscats".[3]

OriginsofthenameMuscat

BecausetheexactoriginsoftheMuscatfamilycannotbepinpointed,thetheoriesastotheoriginsofthename"Muscat"arenumerous.ThemostcommonlycitedbeliefisthenameisderivedfromthePersianwordmuchk.SimilaretymologyfollowstheGreekmoskos,LatinmuscusandFrenchmusc.[3]InItaly,theItalianwordmoscaforflycouldalsobeonepossibilitywiththesweetaromaandhighsugarlevelsof



WhiletherearetheoriesthattheoriginoftheMuscatfamilydatebacktoancientantiquity,thereisnosolidhistoricalevidencethatMuscatgrapevineswereamongthegrapevarietiescultivatedbycivilizationssuchastheancientEgyptians(papyrusimagefromthe15thcenturyBCtombofNakht).

The"musky"aromaofripeMuscatgrapeshavebeenknowntoattractbees(pictured),fliesandotherinsects.

Muscatd'Eisenstadt(alsoknownasMuscatdeSaumur),oneoftheparentvarietiesofMuscatOttonel.

Muscatgrapesbeingacommonattractantforinsectssuchasfruitflies.[4]

OthertheoriessuggestthatthegrapefamilyoriginatedintheArabiancountryofOmanandwasnamedafterthecityofMuscatlocatedonthecoastoftheGulfofOman.Anothercitythatissometimessuggestedasapotentialbirthplace/namesakeistheGreekcityofMoschato,locatedsouthwestofAthensinAtticawithMoschatobeingacommonsynonyminGreeceforMuscatvarieties.[3]

Closelyrelatedvarieties

Ofthemorethan200grapevarietiessharing"Muscat"(oroneofitssynonyms)intheirname,themajorityarenotcloselyrelatedtoeachother.TheexceptionarethemembersoftheMuscatblancPetitsGrainsandMuscatofAlexandriafamilies.Intheearly21stcentury,DNAanalysisshowedthatMuscatofAlexandriawas,itself,anaturalcrossingofMuscatblancPetitsGrainsandablackskinnedtablegrapevarietyfromGreekislandsknownasAxinadeTresBias.RarelyseenoutsideofGreece,AxinadeTresBias(alsoknownasHeftakilo)isalsogrowninMaltaandSardinia.[3]

MuscatblancPetitsGrainsandMuscatofAlexandria,themselves,havecrossedandhaveproducedatleast14differentgrapevarieties,5ofwhicharemostlycultivatedinSouthAmericaand9stillfoundinItalythoughnoneareofmajoruseinwineproduction.MorenotableandwidelyplantedoffspringhavecomefromMuscatblancPetitsGrainsandMuscatofAlexandriacrossingwithothergrapevarietiessuchastheArgentinewinegrapesofCereza,TorrontsRiojanoandTorrontsSanjuaninocomingfromacrossofMuscatofAlexandriawithListnnegro(alsoknownastheMissiongrape).[3]

MuscatofAlexandriahasalsobeencrossedwiththeGerman/ItalianwinegrapeTrollinger(alsoknownasSchiavaGrossa)toproduceMuscatofHamburgandMalvasiadelLazioandwiththeItalianwinegrapesCatarrattobiancoandBombinobiancotoproducetheMarsalawinegrapeGrilloandMoscatelloSelvatico,respectively.[3]

MuscatOttonelistheresultofacrossingbetweenoneMuscatvariety,Muscatd'Eisenstadt(alsoknownasMuscatdeSaumur),withtheSwisswinegrapeChasselas.[5]



Thecharacteristicfloral,"grapey"aromaofMuscatcanbeseeninwineslikeMoscatod'Astiwhichmadeinawinemakingstylethatemphasizesthevarietalaromasofthegraperatherthanaromasderivedfromwinemakingprocesseslikeoakagingorautolysisonthelees.

MuscatblancPetitsGrainshasbeenidentifiedasoneoftheparentgrapesofseveralvarietiesthoughwithwhichcrossingpartneriscurrentlyunknown.TheseincludetheItalianwinegrapesAleatico,MoscatoGiallo,MoscatorosadelTrentinoandMoscatodiScanzo.DNAanalysiswasabletoidentifytheTuscanwinegrapeMammoloasthesecondparentvarietythatcrossedwithMuscatblancPetitsGrainstoproduceMuscatrougedeMadre.[3]

Characteristicaromasandconfusionwithothergrapes

DespitethevastdiversityintheMuscatfamily,onecommontraitthatcanbeseeninmostallMuscatmembersisthecharacteristicfloral,"grapey"aromanotethatiscausedbythehighconcentrationofmonoterpenesinthegrapes.Morethan40differentmonoterpeneshavebeendiscoveredinMuscatgrapes(aswellasinotheraromaticvarietieslikeRieslingandGewrztraminer)theseincludecitronellol,geraniol,linaloolandnerol.Thischaracteristic"musk"aromacanbebestobservedinlightbodied,lowalcoholwinessuchasMoscatoAstiwhichhavenothadtheirbouquetheavilyinfluencedbyotherwinemakingtechniqueslikeoakaging,autolysiswithyeast,malolacticfermentationorfortification.[4]

However,thiscommon"musky"(French:musqu)traithascausedsomeconfusionasvarietiesthatarewhollyunrelatedtotheMuscatfamilyareoftenerroneouslyassociatedwithMuscatgrapes(oftenbynamingandsynonyms)duetotheiraromaticcharacter.TheseincludetheGermanwinegrapeMorioMuskatwhich,despiteitsname,isnotrelatedtotheMuscatfamilyandis,instead,acrossingofSilvanerxPinotblanc.Likewise,thehighlyaromaticclonalmutationofseveralwinegrapevarietiessuchasSauvignonblanc,ChasselasandChardonnayareoftensuffixedwithMusquwhichcanaddconfusiontotheirrelationshipwiththeMuscatfamily.[4]Additionally,theBordeauxwinegrapeMuscadellethatisusedforbothsweetanddrywinesisoftenmistakenforaMuscatvarietyduetoitsaromaticqualities.[3]Whilemadefromamorearomaticallyneutralgrape,MelondeBourgognegrape,theLoirewineMuscadetissometimesmistakenlybelievedtobemadebyamemberoftheMuscatfamily.[5]

Keyvarieties

The"Muscatfamily"ishighlypopulouswithmorethan200distinctmembers.[3]However,amongthesemanydifferentgrapesonlyahandfulofMuscatvarietiesarewidelyusedinwineproduction.TheseincludeMuscatblancPetitsGrains,MuscatofAlexandria,MuscatofHamburgandMuscatOttonel.[4]

MuscatblancPetitsGrains



InFrance,MuscatblancPetitsGrainsisoftenusedtoproducefortifiedVindouxNatureldessertwinessuchastheMuscatdeSaintJeandeMinervois(left)andMuscatdeBeaumedeVenise(right)shown.

MuscatblancPetitsGrainsisknownbymanynamesaroundtheglobeincludingMuscatblanc(inFranceandUnitedStates),MuscatCanelli(inUS),Moscatobianco(inItaly),MuscatFrontignan(inSouthAfrica),Moschato(inGreece),BrownMuscat(inAustralia),Muskateller(inGermanyandAustria),MuscatdeGranoMenudo(inSpain),MuscatdeFrontignanandMuscatLunel(inFrance).Whilethepetitsgrainsinthegrape'snameaccuratelydescribesthesmall,roundberriesofthevine,somewineexperts,suchasOzClarke,believethattheMuscatblancpartismisleadingsincethegrapevineisnotoriousforitsfrequentcolormutationssiringclustersofberriesinnearlyeveryshadepossiblethoughmostcommonlythegrapeberriesareadeepyellowafterveraison.Insomevineyards,vinesofMuscatblancPetitsGrainsareknowntoproduceclustersofberriesofdifferentcolorsthatchangeeveryvintage.[5]

TheexactoriginsofMuscatblancPetitsGrainsisnotknownthoughbothGreeceandItalycanbothmakecompellingcasesduetotheproliferationofclones,mutationsandoffspring.[3]Today,thegrapeisfoundthroughoutthewineproducingworldmakingawiderangeofwinefromlight,sweetsparklingandsemisparklingAstiandMoscatod'AstiwineinthePiedmontwineregionofItalyandClairettedeDieregionofFrance,fortifiedvindouxnaturels(VdN)insouthernFranceinAOCregionssuchasMuscatdeBeaumedeVenise,MuscatdeSaintJeandeMinervoisandMuscatde

Frontignan,fortifiedLiqueurMuscatintheVictoriawineregionofRuthergleninAustralia,todrywinesintheWachauwineofAustriaandSdsteiermark.[5]

NearlyallthemostnotablesweetMuscatsofGreece,particularlythosefromtheislandofSamosandthecityofPatrasonthePeloponnesearemadefromMuscatblancPetitsGrains.InthehistoryofSouthAfricanwine,thefamousdessertwineofConstantiawasmadefromthisvarietyofMuscatandwhiletodayMuscatofAlexandriaismorewidelyplantedinSouthAfrica,producersaroundConstantia,CapeTownaretryingtoreclaimsomeoftheregionsofviticulturalacclaimbyreplantingmoreMuscatblancPetitsGrainsandmakingwinesinthestyleoftheoriginalConstantia.[3]

MuscatofAlexandria

Whilethegrape'snameharkenstothecityofAlexandriaandsuggestanancientEgyptianorigins,DNAanalysishasshownthatMuscatofAlexandriaistheresultofanaturalcrossingbetweenMuscatblancPetitsGrainsandtheGreekwinegrapeAxinadeTresBias.ThoughasAxinadeTresBiashasalsobeenhistoricallygrownonSardiniaandMalta,theexactlocationandoriginsofMuscatofAlexandriacan'tbedetermined.ComparedtoMuscatblancPetitsGrains,MuscatofAlexandriatendstoproducelarge,moderatelylooseclustersoflargeovalshapeberriesthataredistinctivefromthemuchsmaller,roundberriesofMuscatblancPetitsGrains.[5]

LikemostMuscatvarieties,MuscatofAlexandriaisnotableforbeingadesirableraisinandtablegrape.Thisisdueinpartthegrapeshightoleranceofheatanddroughtconditions.Whileitisusedinwineproduction(mostnotablyontheislandofPantelleriabetweenSicilyandTunisiawhereitmakesapassito



TheberriesofMuscatofAlexandriaclustersarelargerandmoreovalshapethanthoseofMuscatblancPetitsGrains.

styledessertwineunderthenameofZibibbo),thegrapelagsfarbehindthereputationofMuscatblancPetitsGrains.ThisispartlybecauseMuscatofAlexandriaisveryvigorousandpronetoproducehighyieldsthatcanbeeasilyovercroppedaswellasamoreassertivearomaprofiledueahigherconcentrationofthemonoterpenegeraniol,whichproducesageraniumscent,andlowerconcentrationofnerolwhichamorefresh,sweetrosearoma.[5]

InFrance,MuscatofAlexandriaismostprominentasablendingcomponent(withMuscatblancPetitsGrains)intheVdNwinesofMuscatdeRivesaltesAOCintheRoussillonwineregion.ThegrapeisthemainMuscatvarietyinSpain,whereitisknownasMoscatel,thoughthemajorityofthatcountry'splantingsareusedfortablegrapesandraisinsratherthanwineproduction.Likewise,inChile,mostoftheMoscatelinthatcountryisusedtoproducethedistilleddrinkpisco.[5]

InSouthAfrica,MuscatofAlexandriaisknownasHanepootandwasthe4thmostwidelyplantedwhitewinegrapevarietyinthecountryuntiltheearly2000s.Whilesomeoftheplantingswereusedforwineproduction,particularlyforfortifiedwine,manyplantingswereusedtofortheproductionofgrapeconcentrateandraisins.[4]InCalifornia,thereisstillmoreplantingsofMuscatofAlexandriathananyotherMuscatvarietywithmostofthesegrapesgoingintoanonymousjugwinesfromtheCentralValley.[5]Asinmanyotherplacesintheworld,thegrapehadalonghistoryofuseintheUnitedStatesasaraisinvarietythoughinthe1920splantingsofMuscatofAlexandriabegantodeclineasproducersturnedtomorepopularseedlessgrapevarieties.[3]

MuscatofHamburg

EventhoughthevastmajorityofthemembersoftheMuscatfamilyaredarkskinnedgrapes,[4]mostofthemajorvarietiesusedinwineproductionarewhiteor"paleskinned".TheonesignificantexceptionofMuscatofHamburgwhichisalsoknownasBlackMuscat.ThisdarkskinnedgrapeisbelievedtohaveoriginatedintheVictoriangreenhousesofEnglandwhereitwasfirstdescribedin1858asbeingpropagatedbySewardSnow,gardenertotheEarldeGrey.SnowdescribedthegrapeasaseedlingthathecreatedfromcrossingtheBlackHamburggrape(anoldsynonymofSchiavaGrossa)withtheWhiteMuscatofAlexandria.In2003,DNAanalysisconfirmedthatMuscatofHamburgwas,indeed,acrossingofMuscatofAlexandriaandSchiavaGrossawhichmakesthegrapeafullsiblingtothecentralItaliangrapeMalvasiadelLaziowhichhasthesameparentage.[3]

WhileMuscatofHamburgisusedmostlyasatablegrapethroughouttheworld,therearetwonotableexceptions.ThefirstisinCaliforniawherenearlyallofthe102hectares(250acres)ofBlackMuscatincultivationin2009weredestinedforwineproduction,mostoftentomakedessertwines.[3]TheotherexceptionisinChinawereMuscatofHamburgisoftencrossedwithVitisamurensisspeciesthatarenativetotheregiontoproducewinegrapesthatarebetteradaptedtotheclimateofvariousChinesewineregions.[4]

MuscatOttonel



MuscatofHamburgfroman1895Germanviticulturetext.

AbowloftablegrapesthatincludesamixtureofMuscatOttonelandChasselasRougedeFonc.

LikeMuscatofHamburg,MuscatOttonelisarelativelyrecentadditiontotheMuscatfamily,beingbredintheLoireValleywineregionofFranceinthe1850s.ThegrapeisacrossoftheSwisswinegrapeChasselasandMuscatd'Eisenstadt(alsoknownasMuscatdeSaumur).OfallthemajorMuscatvarieties,MuscatOttonelhasthepalestcolorskinandtendstoproducethemostneutralwinesandisthegrapevarietythatripenstheearliest.[5]

WhilevarietiessuchasMuscatofAlexandriatendtothriveinverywarmMediterraneanclimates,MuscatofOttonelhasshownanaffinityforripeningincoolercontinentalclimatesandhasfoundahomeinmanyCentralEuropeancountriessuchasBulgaria,Czech

Republic,RomaniaandmanyformermembersoftheSovietUnionsuchasRussia,Kazakhstan,Moldova,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUkraine.[4]ItisalsothemainMuscatvarietygrownintheFrenchregionofAlsacewhereitisusedtoproducebothdryandoffdrystyles.InAustria,itisalsothemostwidelyplantedMuscatvarietywhereitusedtoproducelateharvestwinesaroundLakeNeusiedl.[5]

Othernotablevarieties

CanadaMuscatEarlyMuscatGoldenMuscatManzoniMoscatoMoscatelloSelvaticoMoscatodiScanzoMoscatodiTerracinaMoscatoGialloMoscatorosadelTrentinoMuscatBaileyAMuscatbleuMuscatd'EisenstadtMuscatFleurd'OrangerMuscatOdesskyMuscatofNorwayMuscatOliverMuscatRosePetitsGrainsMuscatRougePetitsGrainsMuscatSwensonMuktMoravsk



MoscatoGiallo.

Muscatbleu.

NewYorkMuscatRieslingMuscat

Synonyms

WhileeachindividualMuscatvarietyhasitsownsetofsynonyms,thegeneralprefixof"Muscat"hasitsownuniquetranslationaroundtheglobe.InGreece,thegrapesareusuallycalledMoschatoorMoschoudiawhileinItalytheyarecalledMoscatoorMoscatello.OntheIberianpeninsula,PortugueseandSpanishMuscatgrapesareoftenprefixedasMoscatelwhileinGermanythegrapesareusuallycalledMuskatorMuskateller.InCentralEurope,thefamilyofMuscatvarietiesarecalledMisketinBulgaria,MukatinCroatiaandMuskatolyorMuskotlyinHungary.InthenorthernAfricanwineregionsofTunisiathegrapesareoftencalledMeski.[3]

Seealso

Internationalvariety

References1.J.RobinsonVinesGrapes&Winespg183MitchellBeazley1986

ISBN18573299962.Wine&SpiritsEducationTrust"WineandSpirits:Understanding

WineQuality"pgs69,SecondRevisedEdition(2012),London,ISBN9781905819157

3.J.Robinson,J.HardingandJ.VouillamozWineGrapesAcompleteguideto1,368vinevarieties,includingtheiroriginsandflavourspgs678696AllenLane2012ISBN9781846144462

4.J.Robinson(ed)"TheOxfordCompaniontoWine"ThirdEditionpgs35,100,450,453,463466OxfordUniversityPress2006ISBN0198609906

5.OzClarkeEncyclopediaofGrapespgs146153HarcourtBooks2001ISBN0151007144

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