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8/4/2019 Murray Report TOP

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HENRYHENRYMURRAYMURRAY

2PSY3

Gabriel Kintanar

Aila Mallari

PERSONOLOGY


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Gabriel KintanarGabriel Kintanar


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Definition1.Personality is an abstractionformulated by a theorist.

2. It refers to series of events thatideally span over life time

3.It reflects novel, unique, recurrentand enduring patterns of behaviors.


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4. Personality functions are

reduce conflicts, satisfyindividual needs and to makeplans for attainment of future

goals.

5. Personality is located in brain.


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Proceedings andSerials

Proceedings- Basic data of the psychologist- Subject-object or Subject-subject

- Internal or External- Shortest themas- Durances Overlapping

proceedings


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Proceedings andSerials

Serials- taking place over a longer period

- longer proceedings


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Serial Programs and

Schedules

Serial Programs- Orderly arrangements of sub goalsthat stretch into the future

- If all goes well, will lead to somedesired end state



Serial Programs and

Schedules

Schedules- Represent devices for reducingconflict among competing needsand goal objects by arranging for

expression of these tendencies atdifferent times



Serial Programs and

Schedules

Ordination- Includes the process of planmaking as well as the outcome ofthe process

- established program or schedule



Abilities and

Achievements

- Central importance for the

individual.

- Different areas of ability and

achievement:-Physical, mechanical, leadership,etc.



Establishments of

Personality

Id- Origin of energy

- Includes impulses that are

acceptable to the self and society



Establishments of

Personality

Ego- The function of the ego is togovern instinctual needs bymoderating their intensities and

determining the modes and times oftheir fulfillment

- It must arrange, schedule and



Establishments of

Personality

Superego- Regulates behavior

- Acts as a representative of the

culture

- Conflict may exist within the

superego itself



Establishments of

Personality

Ego-ideal- Idealized picture of the self

- It may be entirely divorced from

the superego

- If suppressed, person may attempt

to serve Gods Will, but will give



Need

- Is an internal state thats less thansatisfactory, a lack of something thats

necessary for well-being

- Subsidiation situation in which one

need is activated to aid in satisfyinganother need



Types of Needs:Primary or Secondary

Primary (Viscerogenic)- Physical satisfaction

- Internal sources

Secondary (Psychogenic)

- Derived from primary needs- Stimulated by external sources


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Types of Needs:Overt or Covert

Overt Needs- Manifest needs

- Direct and immediate expressions

Covert Needs

- Latent needs- Generally restrained, inhibited, orrepressed


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Types of Needs:Focal or Diffuse

Focal Needs-Limited classes of environmental

objects

Diffuse Needs-Generalized, applicable in almost anyenvironmental setting

- Fixation - If the need is firmly attached

to an unsuitable object


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Types of Needs:Proactive and Reactive

Proactive- One that is largely determined

from within- proactor- initiates the interaction

Reactive

- Activated as a result of or inresponse to, some environmentalevent.-reactor- reacts to the stimuli


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Types of Needs:Process activity, modal needs, and effect

needs.

Process Activity

- Random uncoordinated,nonfunctional operation of variousprocesses

Modal Needs- Doing something with a certaindegree of excellence or quality


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Types of Needs:Process activity, modal needs, and effect

needs.

Effect Needs

- Done to effect some result


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Interrelation of Needs

Prepotency- Become reagent with the greatesturgency if they are not satisfied

Fusion- Multiple needs may be gratified bya single course of action


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Interrelation of Needs

Conflict- Among important needs

Subsidiation- Operates in the service of another

- Instrumental to the gratification ofanother


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Levels of Analysis

Aim- Represents the specific goaladopted by the person as theexpression of the need

Cathexis- The power of an object to evoke apositive or negative in a person


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Levels of Analysis

Sentiment- Refers to the tendency of anindividual to be attracted or repelledin general.


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Press- Represents the significant

determinants of behavior in theenvironment

-Impedes the effort of the individualto reach a given goal


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Motive

-What we experience subjectively

- Produce action

Press

Need

MotiveBehavio

r


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Tension Reduction

- When a need is aroused, theindividual is in a state of tension, and

satisfaction of the need involvesreduction of the tension

- He or she learns to respond bydeveloping a tension that can later bereduced, enhancing the amount ofpleasure


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Thema- An interactive behavioral unit

-A pattern of press and need that cometogether around particular interactions


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Need Integrate- Happens when an individual comes

to associate particular objects withcertain needs.


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Unity Thema- Single pattern of related needs and

press

- Derived from infantile experience


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Regnant Processes- Physiological accompaniment of a

dominant psychological process

- All conscious processes are regnant

but not all regnant processes areconscious


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Vector-Value Scheme- behavioral tendencies represented

in terms of vectors that representbroad physical or psychologicaldirections of activity.

- Interaction among the determinantsof behavior


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Vector Value Scheme

Vector- Action tendencies

- Rejection, expression, reception,construction

Value- goal

- Authority, affiliation, body,knowledge, ideology


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Rejection ConstructionExpression Expulsion Destruction

Body

(physicalwell-being)

Skis

Property(usefulobjects)

Maintainscomfortablehome

Affiliation(interpersonalaffection)

Dean ofschool

Knowledge(facts and

theories)

Rejectsmaterials

irrelevant tosubject

Developsnew theory

Writes paperon new

theory

Deletesincorrect

ideas

Attacksothers

erroneousideas

Aestheticform(beauty, art)

Paints,attendsconcerts


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DevelopmentDevelopment

Aila Elaiza M. Mallari


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Individual (at any point in time)-a complexintegrate of needs and press or vectorsor values, as well as personalitystructures, abilities, achievements and

sentiments.However,History of the organism is the

organism



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Murray noted that our recall of eventsdepends on the possession of language; wecan only recall that which has been

verbalized.

Although preverbal experiences are notrecallable, in many cases they are as

determining as to later events.



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Preverbal experiences = empirical dilemma

the investigator must depend uponexternal observation of the child and vague

reconstructions of the individual after

language has developed



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Psychoanalyst: All of these areascreate problems for the growing

child.

Murray: It is only in extremecases that these areas imply

abnormalities.



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A complex is an enduring integratederived from enjoyed conditions thatdetermines (unconsciously) the course oflater development.



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Five Complexes:Five Complexes:

CLAUSTRAL (1)The secure, passive, anddependent existence within the womb

rudely interrupted by the painfulexperience of birth

ORAL (2) The sensuous enjoyment ofsucking good nourishment from themothers breast while lying safely anddependently in her arms.

brought to a halt by weaning



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Five Complexes:Five Complexes:

ANAL (3) The free enjoyment of thepleasurable sensations accompanyingdefecation

restricted by toilet training

URETHRAL (4) The pleasant senseimpressions accompanying urination CASTRATION (5) The thrilling excitations

that arise from genital friction

prohibited by threats of punishment



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1. Claustral Complexes1. Claustral Complexes

represent residuals of the uterine or

prenatal experience of the individual


1 1 Si l Cl t l1 1 Si l Cl t l


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1.1 Simple Claustral1.1 Simple Claustral

ComplexComplex

A complex constellated about the wish

to reinstate the conditions similar tothose prevailing before birth




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ComplexComplex

Cathexis for claustra (womblikeenclosures) , nurturant or motherlyobjects, death, the past, resistance tochange, need for passitivity,harmavoidance, and succorance




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ComplexComplex

passive, dependent person who is

oriented toward the past and generallyresistant to novelty or change


1 2 F f I t1 2 F f I t


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1.2 Fear of Insupport1.2 Fear of Insupport

ComplexComplex

A complex that centers about the

anxiety of insupport and helplessness


1 2 F f I t1 2 Fear of Ins pport


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1.2 Fear of Insupport1.2 Fear of Insupport

ComplexComplex

Manifests itself in fear of open

spaces, falling, drowning, earthquake,fire, and family insupport



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1.3. Egression Complex1.3. Egression Complex

- a complex that is anxiously directedagainst suffocation and confinement

- concerned with escaping ordeparting

- cathexis for change, claustrophobia,and a strong need for autonomy



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2. Oral Complex2. Oral Complex

represent derivatives of early feeding

experiences


2 1 Oral S ccorance2 1 Oral Succorance


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2.1. Oral Succorance2.1. Oral Succorance

ComplexComplex

involves oral activity in combination

with passive and dependenttendencies


2 1 Oral Succorance2 1 Oral Succorance


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2.1. Oral Succorance2.1. Oral Succorance

ComplexComplex

oral automatisms such as sucking; cathexis

for oral objects;

compulsive eating and drinking; need for passitivity and succorance,

cathexis for words,and inhibited aggressive

needs


2 2 Oral Aggressive2 2 Oral Aggressive


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2.2. Oral Aggressive2.2. Oral Aggressive

ComplexComplex

combines oral activity with

aggression




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ComplexComplex

manifested in oral automatisms suchas biting, spitting, and shouting;

verbal aggression such as sarcasm.;cathexis for solid oral objects




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ComplexComplex

(repressed) need for harmavoidance,

phobia for biting objects, and stuttering


2 3 Oral Rejection2 3 Oral Rejection


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2.3. Oral Rejection2.3. Oral Rejection

ComplexComplex

involves spitting out and disgust over

oral activities and objects


2 3 Oral Rejection2 3 Oral Rejection


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2.3. Oral Rejection2.3. Oral Rejection

ComplexComplex

more specifically, it is revealed in anegative cathexis for certain foods;

Vomiting; fear of oral contamination(such as kissing); need to reject, needfor seclusion and autonomy and dislike

for nurturing objects



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Possible Reasons:Possible Reasons:

Klein:Lack of gratifying feeding sensations

from the mother which resulted to theinfants more experience of the bad

breast rather than the good breast



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Possible Reasons:Possible Reasons:

Horney:the persons feelings of basic hostility

and basic anxiety led him/her to adaptthe neurotic trend of moving away frompeople



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3. Anal Complex3. Anal Complex

derived from events associated with

the act of defecating and boweltraining


3 1 Anal Rejection3 1 Anal Rejection


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3.1. Anal Rejection3.1. Anal Rejection

ComplexComplex

includes cathexis for feces; need for

aggression; disorder, dirtying orsmearing; need for autonomy


3 2 Anal Retention3 2 Anal Retention


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3.2. Anal Retention3.2. Anal Retention

ComplexComplex

involves underlying cathexis for feces

but it is concealed by apparent disgustand negative reaction to defecation


3 2 Anal Retention3 2 Anal Retention


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3.2. Anal Retention3.2. Anal Retention

ComplexComplex

express a strong need for order andcleanliness and also a need to retainpossessions : Freudian trilogy ofparsimony, cleanliness and obstinacyneed for autonomy



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4. Urethral Complex4. Urethral Complex

associated with excessive ambition, a

distorted sense ofself-esteem,exhibitionism, sexual cravings, and

self-love (strong narcissm)



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Icarus ComplexIcarus Complex


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4. Urethral Complex4. Urethral Complex

- displays cathexis for fire, a history of

enuresis, a craving for immortality,and a lofty ambition that dissolves in

the face of failure



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5. Castration Complex5. Castration Complex

-the anxiety evoked by the fantasythat the penis might be cut off

-comes as a result of the fantasies ofinfantile masturbation

- it is not the root of all neuroticanxiety



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Critique of MurrayCritique of Murray



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His theory shows:His theory shows:

his sophistication in biologicalscience and clinical practice

his brilliant style in writing



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His theory focused:His theory focused:

on individuals in all theircomplexity thus PERSONOLOGY



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1.1. FalsifiableFalsifiablemoderate

attempted to bridge the gapbetween clinical practice andempirical research

Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) : assessing needs andmotives

no formal scoringresearchers who modified theTAT developed objective scoring

techniques = falsifiable


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2 G h


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2. Generates Research2. Generates Research

above average need for achievement- David

McClelland

need for power- studies about sexdifferences, correlation of healthstatus and need for power , and alsoa research about war, peace, and

power need for intimacy

many researchers modified theThematic Apperception Test (TAT)

3 G id A i


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3. Guides Action3. Guides Action

above averageTAT

Proceedings and Serials (basic

data: subject-subject or object-object interactions)

Press (what the investigators use

to classify the significant portionsof the world the individual lives)


i4 O i D


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4. Organizes Data4. Organizes Data

moderatethe WHAT, HOW, and WHY of

personality should be answered

(the HOW and WHY were the onlyones to be answered)

ideas/concepts from other

theorists were applied


ll C i5 I t ll C i t t


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5. Internally Consistent5. Internally Consistent

moderate terms are clearly defined

terms seem operationally

defined but are not because theyare abstract and hypothetical(operational definitions should be

valid and reliable)


6 P i6 P i


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6. Parsimony6. Parsimony

very lowvery complicated terms

very specific dynamics and processesto be applied in everyday life

detailed classifications and thenumber of different categories (eg:types of needs) that observers felt

were unnecessary in the study ofbehavior.

theory intended for professionals only


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Determinism vs. FreeDeterminism vs. Free


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Determinism vs. FreeDeterminism vs. Free

ChoiceChoice

bothbecause Murrays personology is

colored by Freuds psychoanalyticview, determinism cant be taken

away from his theory (need, press,need integrate, complex..)

but his concepts of serial programs,

schedules, and ordination puts thehuman person in control


O ti i P i iO ti i P i i


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Optimism vs. PessimismOptimism vs. Pessimism

optimismhe put a lot of effort in modifying the

orthodox view of psychoanalysis asseen in the concepts of id, ego and

[superego]He also went the other way with the

concept of the complexes


C lit T l lC lit T l l


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Causality vs. TeleologyCausality vs. Teleology

bothcausal: History of the organism

is the organism

infantile complexes affects laterbehavior

teleological: serial programs,

schedules, ego-ideal (goals &subgoals)

Unconsciousness vsUnconsciousness vs.


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Unconsciousness vs.Unconsciousness vs.

ConsciousnessConsciousness

unconsciousnessthis is showed in his deepinterest in the verbal report of

an individual and also in thepersons imaginationproduction through TAT


Biology vs. SocialBiology vs. Social


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Biology vs. Socialgy

InfluencesInfluences

bothconsistent emphasis upon the physiological

processes underlying all psychologicalprocesses (regnant process)

Personality is located in the brain In spite of emphasizing biological factors, he

did not abandon the contribution of socialinfluence upon the individual

To fully understand personality, one musttake into account not only the subject butalso the context in which the subject comesin contact to.

Homeostasis vs.Homeostasis vs.


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Homeostasis vs.HeterostasisHeterostasisHomeostasishumans are motivated to reduce a

specific tension with a particular need;he believes our key to motivation is

equilibriumWe even have the tendency to

increase tension not for growth but

for more satisfaction when we reduceit

Uniqueness vs.Uniqueness vs.


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U que ess sq

SimilaritiesSimilaritiesUniquenessReflected into one of his

definitions of personality that it

should reflect the enduring andrecurring elements of behavior aswell as the novel and unique

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