murra 1972_1981 - the vertical control of a maximum of ecologic tiers in the economies of andean...
TRANSCRIPT
John W. Murra
THE 'VERTICAL CONTROL' OF MAXIMUM ECOLOGICAL TIERSIN THE ECONOMIES OF ANDEAN SOCIETITES
Translated from the Spanish byD. Chavin Escobar, and
revised by Gabriel Escobar M.
First published as part of volume 2 of Inigo OrtizDe Zuniga visita of the proveince ofLeon de Huanuco, in Peru 1972
and reproduced in the collections FORMACIONESECONOMICAS Y POLITICAS DEL MUNDO ANDINO.
Instituto de Estududios Peruanos, Lima 1975
English Version is date 1981
,
In 1960 , i n a vol~. nono r1~ Pa~l Ha~ 1n . 1 t~,6' Qte~
tha t i n the And-lit t ll.b81'8 1.:111 lr.n1 u bllonced. 'to tw o ..parnh " j;r1 ClI.l
'tur a l 8)' I't I!Jl:II . 1 I n t ne ye are 81n08 then , cor.eil1era ble evt cene e haB
accumu.la 'ttd. 'to Bupport t his pr c pca t.ti or. but our \>.:t de r ttand1n,; of it
wa e e xtencl. ed and i n eO!!;B ways r ende red. obsolete
thro\l&h fieldw ork in iiuA.nuco , 1 963_66 . 2 Gul d. i ng our eeaeeren WaB
t he 1562 i ns pec tion or t lte r ll,; i on conduc t ed by I iUr:o Ortiz deZwUga . On crcer e frolll ku-0b f nl1l1p U , Or t iz rne pec t.e u eve ry nouEe_
hol d 1n the upper nualls68 valley and we ha ppen t o ha ve t he ~ro tocol
of h iB inquiry . ) It oonfi l"lll e d 't he a tren<;th o f speci fi c Andean eco
l ogical f ac to"" pr evlou llly s t r essed by 1'e ll 0 (1930 , 1942 ) e.r.d
Tr oll ( 1931 ) .While t he r e 1a no r eas on t o doubt t hat t ube r , and maize
c e a r-ecee r-i e e c IlGr lcult ure on qui t e eepa r-a t.e tl e re , I t 18 no " appa r en t
t hat bo th " e r e pllrt of 11 5ingl e mll~ ro-.y.tem ..ni~n re ~Obnl Z e~ and
exploi t ed a wide r anue o f na t ural env i ronmen t • • Combining i n t o a
eingle sys terr: an i nored i ble vilri e ty of f requently distant monee
a l lowed And ean poli. t i e s to support vast pop'llations under e colo.::: i ~
c i rcuas tencee I.lnfwcil1ar i n ),;urasia. In t h e pa Ces that f oU ow I wot.;ld
like to' sut:t;es t a characte riza tion of t hia Andean s yetem .
In lUI e a rlie r e tudy ( ~l,lrra [1955] , 1980 ) I had notc d ths t
both the ethni ~ l or \is and the I nk a state ha d a e pec r a j, 1ntere st In
t h e u :pans i on of mai ze- o r owi n6 a~reace , no t only t h r ollt; tl terra~ln..;
and i r r igat ion b Ll t also by ~onquest Bl'ld coloni:ta tion c f the a ppr c p r- re t e
ghiahwa nic he e . Where t he f;urapean e)'e wi t n e a se s ha d elllpha5i zed t he
mi l i t ary , gar r ison dl,lt1eS of tnese colonists , I s t r ess ed t nu r eCO
nomi c r ol e . 4 In Hl,lMU CO , where e thno-hie toric i nfonllation ~ould be
cheeked with both a r c na eol ot:i c a l and e 'tMot:r a ph l c fiel dwork , we r- e t u rne c
to a f resh c on 81deratl on of t he re s~ttled po pul a ti on , t he lll l tmag.
The t wo volumes of Init>o Or tiz 's inspec t ion (1gb? , 197 2 )
provide e x t r emely r i c h ma t e rial abou t ttle t wo hund r ed hOLlser.olds
trans ferred by the stat e t o tne uppe r ;{uall llt:a f r om t he i r e t hn i. c
eceee t o t he sQ.u th , e ome s i x t y -days' wa l k . 1 have alsc ueee otne r
a dmini Btrative BO'lr~e B5 and woll.l<1 like t o a r ..'Ue the no tion t uut
,
,
.. ~n. r.t $a15 colc~l.t. fa: l111T t o ua !~ ~rc;'&n I curc•• • ,rl 4lat., Ink_ .~;an.lon of • c~ch " rlllr An~ 'kn ~.tt'lT. of 10010;.10Co=pll.clr.tarlt)' whl oh I un oall l ::1 n •• 'v, n l cal archl;:el&cllo ' Cl
"e tad, a. 1967 11: ttcu.• ,niSIn'!; t lat t ht 11=I1Atar.IOUIoont r ol of 1Il&n,y 6.Oe;raphl a U e n waf an And,an ItTategy pracU oI :l. I:y
ethni o . TO Up. 'Iocraphi cally QUitl IU n ant f rom . I en other amI.61 fr . rl~ 1n .1~• • ::IIIIloCraphl 0 I1lnlity or po11t1ca1 anil. e conom i Corganl,.tl 0n. A~l . ~u.chua-.p.aklnc gro~p 11k. t he r.cr~ . l .slt han • t ho"" ar. :1. h oyullol:l.1 UTOT-6 and l1v l.r-c; on t ht UPJ: l r ll f tl uu; n
of t ht HuRll&d& river , at only 3,000 ~.t.ra 11t1tu:l.I , 11&1 ::1 a t .uch
' vl r-tleal' control bI.It 10 d1d tJ:;.1 ~ra-.p.a.lr.lr4 Lu.paqa , lnh.bltlr~
t il. t hor.. of Lak. T11:1el ol , a t l:Iore t han 3,500 • • ura , ..ilo Icccr:;li r-6"
t.o • ichl ;u t hlY I h O"'Il. lnllv-ctor Gl r e i :lU I hlll1 n"....berel1 t went1
t h ou.aand Il.ear tha in Inka tim.. .
Aimil1G a t ' e col og i c c omplementari ty ' i n euch d.ive rse
soeteties i nevitably implied. ra1; ll.er cont rall tirl(; l1'1Ul tu. tional pa tte rns .
I n a st~t1tU4 socie1;1 like the Lupaqa t h e ' arehi pel~o' 1nvolnd.
nu.be ra , e thnic vari e t y and d.lstar~es ~thlnkable in saalle r crou~a .
More over , wh e n a a1m11ar pa t t e rn o f t e r rt t or1nl o r gan1Z&t 10n waa
aFPl1 ed. by a tatea l ike Tiwanaku , ~ar1 o r t he Ir~a to ethn1c groups
and poli ties tna t t o talle d mtl1l.ons of people , the s c o pe ano:! f u:,c_
1;ion a o f t he pe r ipheral ~ i sl lll'lds · and. the s tatue of t he coloni a ts
inllab1ting the~ mus t have un el.e rgone proe e es e e of polihcll1 , eecneene
and ethnocene tic c hanc e whi ch warrant a C<ir e f ul I t uel.y .
1 1:1 thie e esay i off e r fiv e cases of I llllul taneoua c on trol
o f ecologic tie,.. an d. ~ llI lande~ flourieh ll18 i n deliberately dl e lll::1
l a r cond i t i one . 1 sa 1nterel ted no t onll 1ft t he T&n€e of thi l d1ve r
eitl but allJO 1n the Ii_ n a t t' the a od.el. l Oov i ot,l el y tll.e s e {i ve e lUlee
d.o not exhaus t the var 1ah ons wlliell. t ll.e ' a reill pe l " o' man1 fe e te :1 1n
t he }.nelliS ; nor wl 11 I Oe duhear t ened. 1f on e o r aore o f t ne rave ~urns
out t o be inval i d . We are a t a 5t ..,e r n Anotean resesr c n ...nu'e hypo
t heees r ea chil'll: beyond the 100 a1 p r cvrnce req ;;.ire ve r-t t i cat.t en ¬
conf ron t a tlon t o tes t t nur reacn and their lilllitatiol'ls .
The .pprolli_te tlme fral!e fo r t h e n v e CllBe ll i e tne e ea
'tuTJ tTOlll 1400 t o 1500 : .. perioot when the peoplee o f the And.. we ....,
conquered by the l niul. and. i rw ade:1 by w ropeana. Tne preee ne e of t he
I
j
'.
' v . r 'tic&l arChi!tl&i O' in . .. r lter pe r lOoS. u now tun, atlOdu :l. t y
&r oh.. . ol o, 1U e l it. pre ..n t .4ay Vo.Ucl.lty anc t he ltoU fi c.. ticnll
it t"a und. rERne l inee 1~60 a rl b. ir~ doe~.r.t. :1 i n t he f l . l :l. byUilr.ol ogian . ' I ..ill r . fe r t o a u.c ll at1,l.oS1 .. ooc a l1 onal b blOt t n.
f1ve e..... a:u::1r.ej, lI.re MV. been cnc..n t o i:' l u lil t ra tecor.cl.ition a pr av&i Ur..;: l.n 1 ~)2 , t he =.Ol:.nt of ~::e £'.. ropean 1r."I..a l Or..
~1 e ~MiC ,ecl1e=.er.t' l r~'1 :l t ltl r..; Cl'.n\l~lWILra.r~. ,
tne l1ip-cat n ..Ct.u ol t~e u ra:l on 1Ll'".j, r.\lil.' '-cr3
10n nr vaJ.hy• •
AlthoU6i\ t ne C~\lyA1ch\l anj, Ya c il. IL n'~b. re 3 car.ly a r • •
t hO\.UI a.r.d noueell.ol li. a , t r.ey con t roll.3 t l1ro~11 ~.n::ar.ent color.i •• a.in ~e of r ..o\l r c.. f ar r elloyed f r o:ll n .ea If.li n poplllau on
cenura . It W(l.e only t hrollLh tn. pr otoeo!t of t he i t•• p.e ti on. t ilat
• • l.a rned of t he peman .nt nature of t he n U l elllent. 1 .. . Il. re not•dealing wi t h eeaeeeea IOl..r a t1 0nl , c0lll,llro ial t nlye l e r ll or trunll_
hl1lll ance . The Chupay enu Ill" ,]' eonUnuoua effortl t o . nsure t hei ra eees, t o y~,l ~Un re l ouro. ~ illiand." , Oe O UJl7 in~ t helll wi t n the l r
0""" n t tl're du pit ' th, ;!u t anou .. ni eh llep_ rll. ted thelll fr<lll: t he
demographic and pow. r nuol .i .
We atill lec~ complete lie t of l acl1a and Chupaychu pe rI
pheral ee ttlementll tNt we learn froll liU go Or h :t t~lt the p..t ur ..
f or t h. lr ca.elide and t h. lr ..l t lickl ••r . t hr• • <1&1a ' -al k upcountry fro:ll t lle lr a a in I.t tllcent. a t !. . OOO a e t . re . Thl i r cotton
fleldl , coca l ea f brov.I and h a ber foree ts " ., re 10c l t eoS two, t hree
or f our dllJ' lI ' J ou m ey oSo-nriver:~"h.r. _llk.oS if t he lndia.r.ll ..:"0 w.re i n t he coca
l.,_f we re native t o t ne oo=tl7 • • • • and w:oe r atoey
.. . ee f ro- [Au.lca Conder , 10 r :1 o f a ll t he . r<l ]aaloS t Mt t he t :lree InoSlana u : t he coca l . a r of
r i Chomaell.a¥ _ere one froc t he t own of P. eta Qroo t t., rf roa Ateor and ~ther f~ Qaacar anJ tha t t~ey
"era lie t t l e oS ~h.re unee l r.ka u .... lIDoS tiuat they
a re r . pl ae. oS when ~h'lr wOCl l>n dh d or when t heyth8lllBOlY.. died [when } they put e.no ~ h.r lr. h18 flaee
ano tn.. t i n t l... eo c.. l ea! of Chi neha o v .• re UTe
t wo o t ue r Indiana one of t t.e 'l f rolll 1l0nJ o an;! another
f r clll (,;nw;,1ono • • •• " (Hit .:;,:) Or ti z [15621 . 19b7 ; 4 3-4'; )
Ku r ra ,
Actually , t ile !::u r Op eW1.8 h!l. ~ 1a>l.rne:l u bo'J t til1E ee t t 'tceen t
pat t e rn e ve n !larl1er . The ~e o ~ l es of t h e n:.... U to.,: a vnl1ej. I.,.d pea '. ;'
eo n8ide r a 'cl e ree t e eeee e t o E" ropean R: i gh t nn u we re r.o t d.ef e,, ~ecl. uu1 542, ten yeare a f t e r t he h ,l l o f CaXarr,l!. rOll . So '.o r.er. orde r " c=e 1n
i n 1 549 , t o conduc t. t h e fi r st pW1.-..ndear. c e n ll'"" , t ile en ..me r " t or s
Ba r veyed a oount r y" l. o. e only Be ver. y e nr8 a way f r o,"" " l"'lc i f i c r.t 10n . "
MOno; other d e t a ile rec ord eo. at t nl " cl!. rl ~' oppo r tur.lt;:
" • . • t n l s 'If: r j' 'ley w" ins pe c t e j a t own• . . ~1. 11 ~ I
i' i J fl orr.a c nl rS 1.: ] '' I t :1 seven I r. " l~r,,, wnc ..~_ tc r.e,! t il· '
00 ; ', 10.. r WlI1 "'r.o cW',e :-r otl a ll t he ( il1 l:hl ar,a:
pI , .I:ee o" 10nt llo,:: t o C,UllOn:lO :'Ol:lf> Or ~:" ren <' " r <! ••• ~: l
~T '1 9 vcr:;' day we 1n" fe cte:l ••• " t OY/I: c"lle'1 <:nl r._
e n:>,," . .. Hil. J J I n ,li " n" "no I1 re coc a l ea f ,:ro"e r ll f r,,~
all t he d i f fe n: r.t lle t tlenam t s of the Cimpachos ,
t " t:n tJ of ti,err. al r el1.jy 11:"fee tej In ";he.r 0~""'!J ,
w!\e re t nel be l ong . ... " (Ort i z f15 4 9J , lS67 : p . ~ C 3-C'4) .
From t hl s t ~ ~ t lmony . One Cl1n see tha t lr. 15 49 , a~J aga~ n I n
1 56 2 , the contr ol of coca_leaf g r ove6 ""S In tne hal'llla of trlU16p l lUltc d
h i ghl andera \II'ho cw:,(- rrca " ,..11 t 'l e ll' lod l v1lll enS c f tr.e Chufaer,os " uno
were no" r esettle d Of. " pe m anent baSH' HI the f eres te d Eas t e IT, "lor e s .
At t he op poait e end o f t n" G"o.::rnpil. ic cont i,,' ,:.u:, . On t he eol j plate ".ufl
of Chl n c ilaycocha , r. r Hze :i t h e i r cur.,el1ds ; aln:09t fl 9 h igh were t he "'lI t
h ekll or 'i"anacachl . ...11 t he se ac c i vr t aea "en carri e d out by pereaner. ;
c ol onis t 8 , ~ a.lr e >l dy <:o=teo In 't(.e1r t own" o f Orl t:1n" ; t nej' guar:lIlt.,cJ
t o both t he vil l ueerH enO- t il.e l ords o f t ile '{a e nl1 , Huamalli an d C:1"pa;, _
c hu a cces s t o r-eec ..,,' ''''' '' no t f ound i n the r.u c l e"r ecnea e t eOlr.e 3 . 00Cmet ers , ..ne re t he b...l..: of tile po pulat l 0r. ,m ,} pov'e r oon tin"e olo t o reelrie .
Tt.s l nspe c to l ' dill not lill i t m eiee i r to in te rvle.. i n,,; t 'l " H"·j,,
a t t he Eu ropean llel><l <:j .J, rtu·s ; on 0 [o"e l;n.&lIr J. 15b2 . I ill £ O Cr tt z left
i1ll'h1uco an>! bt:.;an t n e i r.sj)ec ttoll I n t,ne f1 l'l d , town 0'/ t own nnolo nO'Ate
by h o" "" . f ol l cwin t.: i,.c,,;r-.J. C\~O nS Sl,;ne u I n 15~9 bj' "hll ijJ II s ': 1;; Cll \ .
On 23 l' e bl'U llry , a cccrj.em e n b)' ~l. l: :' r ee k inter,,:-e tt' r , II nmr. 11 1l te r''-. ' ,c
but 11 go od 9vell ke r 0 1 .. '' 'l e n= , Or hz ar-r-rvec t o ·,on.i o . a lO e of to"e
town" l:l en'tl0ne d II bove ty ":"Iea COIL jor . ":'he 100,,1 lnhnOi tl.r, t~ a"ce n.c~
I'Jl.l.r ra f · ,.
th.8.t 'th l ir Ithn i c gru ..p , 'tne . ",e r oll, " ud be er. oe".. :"tI 't ed by Ic H.t; 'h.U.nCRr
from t he ir oriClnal , YlI.cn" , eeee end t r all c f err ed B,cco$nc to tl'.o
I l'IJi: a decima l admin11't r a t l ve eY 'J tcl~ t o r Olll1 ti out " wBrUnO.... (~ - r.C '"''' t!,I".lhou.B8ncl d o ) of 'th e Chu.paychu, 12 In nowa e 173 , I i\ l eo cr -e i e l r.o.,c c t ",d
a polu;ynouo hou s "'hOld; ir. u J d itiOll t o t h e child rEn of t ile v :o '.viv..c ,
t he h ome of Yali , ene nCl e bCU'ld , i r.eluded
"u fl r "t cousi n calhd Juan .:;raart , 12 , ..or. of CUl""..I11
Ca pell a , a v'H7 Qlci "mll who 18 aler.e . .... t the eal t l i elc
of Yan.. cu cr.i . , . "
Twenty hou s e s later , Orull fo un I no . 19 b "r: ;: t:l . ;le wllS to lci tr. " t
" beyon ci triO. o l J lI".an l"en t l<;n.. J rC"",llI Ca f C;''') t"cr" r e
'-10 t h", Y3JlB,cuch i. cult u 1I", " tl c,-.11el I;Orl , r.ot t>.~~ tl:..d .
JO, l i Vll·.[; 110 s i r. wi t.n " I'o01r''-'1' • • • ne nUS '< w..a ll oar.
eiolle.! Ti qu lU.. . :.. ccr-t by il~r . ':'.111'1 lndl ;' n ace s n Oltll r.,; 6<J:r::uJnn.; sal t • • • • " .
Houoe 181 be1cn.:ed t a = .otne r "OS ant c"'~ i- 1e : " t ila / a re wa ·c'n n.;
t he cat tle of t he whol e t o..T. . .. some 513 1111' ''C''1' un~ 1 1'-.JIII1S . I'rol;J t He
l.na pect1on of !louse 167 we I t- urn t"" ncme o f t .1e coc"l e .. f ,::rc" "r een
h one d a bo ve , r e s1de n t ill CnH.c;.~C w;:o ... ..I~ i r. c il"r,:: '" o f ree .:: :-c ve " ~e
l onging t o all t ne f e opl e of !(or, J .. : r. i. E; r,WI,e ', ':3 S'm tl l1';o Co" JOI" ur. J
hi s wi fe ' s ila r bora Lll!.cXltClla t o .
I ha ve concent rn t e u on tile da t n I'r-om ;!on ';:o r.ot Ce Cp.u"e i t i!l lr.
a ny ..a y repre s en t !lti v;> or ~ltce pti onal bll t r-ntuc r- be caaee the ~ ,: f o n;," t1cr.
rree t ha t oe ttle,"er.t io unu s \:ul l)' "etlule,t , ~"i r..:: tbe r c r;u1 t of t h n £
8e~arate eompi lationo :
I } 1 ~ 4'.i , t he earli.et1 t i n ope c t lQr. of t h e ",hole vs ce
r oy al t;; . Tne 1nfo,-'l.1ar. t w..... .L.llc:l ccc.tcr- , l ord of
t r.e Y"cm. ;
;» on <'b Jar.·.lfir y l5 b" . H lItH.Ony of " lle ,,"""... ;;·..I1 c<:.
ConJo r , c"n"j do r. Cru,t6t.al " i r.c " rli s b::tJ:tH:". ,
On t i' ll t ec ee he t,, ~ tirl e ci 11: ::1e iillropel!.l'. 'town o f
H~I1n"co , ,.il.. ~ h e ur.,me rod t :1" ~r.<l J. " c to r ' s q '~ t' ll t i 'mr.a i. r~ ,
J ) On 2 3 l'eor-..lary o f t ne san,£ )'£a r lie r e cel V'I<1 tn ~
H.a ..c cto,· 1n h i" " omat"''''' , j~o r...io . ".n" be ll;"lll.~.-(!\)r..;lU" til e 1111" 01""1." 11011 , nc.n,e ~:I 1.Q llO~ .
p • •
~ roc t n.s cr.~ £~lln r te ~ tlQOny eo l l e c t eJ t y : ~ iCo Cr ! l Z.
we of f er " r " 8 ..11:1 of oe_ ' . <: 0 1 01:;1 <: e o::: ;>lero .."U.rlty' ..o r ked IT.
d aAnacO I , .... Cn " plI1C4 .1 'm~ o t :: .. r etfil',l C (: r o ,,",,", I ll. 11." ."....ll llt;"
baaln l r.r.aClte.1 a eocplell e ! vall"lI , pock e ti' .:: ,tI u .. r ll , .. £r .r.ll
Ileal" vanan. of n ~._"';:-."1!1U1 "'0.1'1 ot ' v.~ l c ,," l arc.~ l ;: . lI<t;Ol; . ·
Our wl(ient&1lhrot.: o f no.. £1'10"1."" ' . I!et tl""'"n t s e e r-.. ,.:a f l" t 11.10 ..
81l\€ l e .ll!8c ro-. t r .lc t l,l .... 111; s u n l nuc.lecou.ab i n l ·" ~ ' t il. ~ 'Irt t ..c"..... t
t h e pro.aB" (c.a<i e t o t"" :.:.t;.cr.a l SC1("n cc to ~r.J · . t l or. • w" H, h ., ..\' ,.- 1_
:lize :! toe II t cHl/ l t c .... r i f~· lIrc lu. eolo,; ;. e" lly \,•c 1.r. !'o ~.J:I t1ur. ~ r ov: j e ..:
by t n e wntten 8(ll. ree f' , ...... not ~ l! p t - c (lt;$" . r r ' ...lrr.. I j t> .~ "'I t;;
hi S 196b acccwu, ',",,~ r~ UJ no rOl " ~ o r. t o o..,,;:c .... " lat t n.. ,.e.'.;..,.:t hat f ol10w(I 18 i n Wl.I wa:.J a cce...l etp .. eco w. t . i J
1. ADO ve tLll.l t e,l'Oll<1 til l" r;0 l-~ to e""c·, ·l :, L:ux Ut 't'r, o t n " r f<
and peri ,,"e r a l · l e l=~l; · . eae,l " t :all e .,;ro'.I.o r;-." " r....e1 1" ..0 of .! e~, ,·e
popu.l a t ion lUi~ ..Ol l t1e" i ...", .. r-, 1r, t",' .~,",'::l :''l'n ton .. t nt .;" ;' ''"'' r r.,.-..:;''
valle~'• • t n• •• n"ei e l ..-ere r e e.. t pd ... ::'0'" Jl f; ! . C'OC Ille un t l:r.
ecolo(;l.c c on f ron tllt l.or• • II tlroJl ·.. . ..-"'.:"tl el t n.. r ro to t H,<: . t ~t ....
p t'O<lUC l r<; { l e i , o r o.IH ze - ...f'(l " ~ r-e;: hr~C"l! cc ,, ~ .. til ~"cne ·l "" "J: ',.-.a .1~le ,1"1 ' " l k f l"OL t ".. n uchar t o'l'T,S . 'C':\ll: ; ..." tIlpOelt1or. o f
t ne t ..o ke~' llt: r te:..l t .lr-...l COI:".Fl ., JOI8 . l .. l it roo t ~- re 'l "..r:.t 11'1 t ne 00"_
t hem ..::<11".: \.Is..a111 t r,e r .;lt.. t 1:'" r.'. r:'" Or~. r.r.e", t l':.e "'':0:,..: .,1 \o1 Den a re bro" n , " rll ~\oI l t " C~r !" r"I)l:;. t, e ..11.1 f)e l ..UI • .,., t 1n t l.f
c ase of I-&.,..e.. r , 0"" uf t t..'" t ....u ,-.,c:"" c:.~ 1 t" 1 o r o f I en ... . Ilt' n t ,) 1"
tne 1."0 Cn... JlAyen.. lo r"" , tr, .. 1n.uIClt :.nt o f t :lt n ',1e111;": co'... l .i l ~ ,.-,'l"
f or hI li ac r e/lt. .. 11 ' t' lt n~r :l:Onl" " n·t r r t~ rr. fn-Io. e lthl"r Ilp t o f (!.: r~
cu.l t ll.ral C: llo rt'1l wit nln a ,anel " .t"'o ' ::'.1'" "u", It I! t'x <'I"i' t 10ne : fl
Y"clln r " 1I 1<1 ""t 11'
dllY em3 a nal f t o
~" "" 'l , t,,( 1 :- c t ne r " ~ c:p t Pl"
l 'n "u ;u nlS <lolT,ft . l,,,' , '
,., ll.i ~ o w., l ;'; f or ..
2 :.r, ,J 3. " I; ..i rf " ~}' r:~r.~101~' ' . t ·... r p ,'" r " a t lel" t t r.o
a J,J l tl0na l U t M <1C:C ~ 1-1 C " c..- t r." !:.:;:. '. o r C:r. ·" V' o",. ·~ : t " o B ,.l ~ 1 I C"~
a t Y&r.aeac:n t lo n ' t il" ;>Uc t ",r " 10 ' ." " r } '. " " Cr.l r.e::r.ycoc ,.... . Cr. t.." " O'.lt._
Sk l r ta c f ..- mat u; t. ~ IaJ- ~.,e l:. l r. ll",; "~: . ".. r c f C"r:-,;. ..I" r' IUlC ~ . I ,,~': ..
a t t e lll j tt' :i . lsew,e", (1 :;',,1 : , I • .jj 4- !:I .. ; t .. tlL t>;::.te ! ..,l' fl·OI· O"~ l=r.~
o f t tlo:' ;>C;: \oIlt.u'- :1 ~" ,icat.. .;, t a " ..Ie ,. i"' l" ... ,.:o.l t "-"_" .. _ r.o 1:0 ""t.nan aooa t ~: ~! ~ ,., ,,
k',l.r ra p . -/
..
total popalation. He r e I .111 ,..i tl ratt or.e ot t he una xpac t ed
charactt rlaUu ot a ll-ch col otlU ti t ne aalt w:d t he Gn u: i r-c .. r e .....• a r • •~rad .1tA eal t .innera . bard. and h. rda r. froQ o th. r e ti1nl C
gr oll-p. , '(IIl:' of . 1I0..e hoea••a re f ar e ore diatan t t hllT. t ilo•• oft he 1acha or Chupayehu .
Tlla .ul t i - a t hnl c charee t a ri a t le or t n. &l rc\r.al ·i.lan~.~
duerva. ea ra !\lJ. a rc r.ae olOGi ca.l va r i fl catior.1 aarv.y an;! . x~at1on
of the . al t . inn. re ' . e t tl elllen U a t YlI.Jlllcachi , .. hlcll GO bacil lr.lU':y
cen tl.lrl.ea , tJOuld provl :1e hi a to r lcal dep til r or a"ch ccr;pl elElentarlty
.. hl eh ell.Jlnot be r eached t nro"",n .rl t ten eecr ee • • I t " oll-ld a l so
pr ovl de l nfonne.t1 on about t ile l nte r a cti on 1'1l1l1 UII o f lIuch r e sour ce
center. i n a r . g i on whe r e t here " ere no l art:e k l n,:dome lYi.I t cnl~·
emal l poli ti . a wi t n 5 , 10 or 15 t hou.and soul n. One i . t empted t o
pr e lli e t t he. t ' vert i cal control of II. ",e.Xlltwn of ecol oci c tie rs '
.. i ll t',l.lTl ou t t o re f e r no t \ 0 a i flt.:le . n o1ated. etlV'l l c e;rou" s tr~ t
t o • nettJOrk of contradl ctory C1. 1... . t elllpo rary sa t tl ellents ,
tensi on. and bat tlea , ( ol l o.ed by t noce s ~t.een t ha aeveral ~L10
r.al nucl d . &11 of . i1 i cil 8fta red t ne sace IIOJPl a t a h lle prepara
t ory t o t lla ' h orl ~on8' of t he e rchaeol obi a t •
4 . Del e- t ne ...i~e_fl ald. , t he Ya ch. and the Cllupayca~
o-ned alao co t ton nn.1 ~_ot peVIAr ~a t"ae•• Tne peo pl e of Achiro01 ,
· have l and. be l _ , in t he v.. ll ey of Cayra, ar.d
t he re t hey hlt.ve co tton hel d• • • • • (vol . I : p. lad) .
' olk. f rolll .. t eor , ili ,,;hlanQllro li ke t iloa ll f r olll Ilondo o r " Chinen ,
t ol d t he inspec t or t ha t i n Ca,)' no" co t t on Lrc.. [und al~o] whea t and e.l ~e and pcn
nuto and Ilum pki nu =:1 o..ee t po tatoes :mel cncilcon
[si c - ?1] '<lid beano nnd t hey :lad "lIlT.,y field s . , , ~
( vol. 1 : p , 19 3) .
On t ne ",odd of the sal t or coc a_leaf 6rovell , t heco tton or ho t pe ppe r f i el ds _ere suI tl-ethnlc and requl re:1 reslde~ t
care take n t o .... t ch over t ne lnteres t a of each coh&.b i t ir.,'\: pol i t y ,
We note a .1 lffe r ence , howeve r : rrn81"e t he ner:1. and tilll ber clearl nr.
!'1rn c.... ~~.cn~_c~.akl~ Cburaychu ,2 , 500 • 1 ,000 hO Il• • r.olo.
Cl . olj r. p ~. 1 C I OC&t10f.
?~':>A , t~. • 1111;11plair.•
• ,000 Ite't.ra
:l1t!1ta::c'
~. ttlell' .n 't n Iln ~
i'r (Hl '..c~!CItJ:. l1 :1 t.u·,J r;
Salt l1 ciI: •
Fonoe Um1 c
- ~ . , . , '
YUNGA , wa rm f OOtA111B
be low 1 ,500 ~e te rB
l:~l ti -etnnic
Cot t or. , no't re ~· perB .
t u"t:e r , COCa 1.,,, f •
I
Sou rc. I The• r
1nspec l llm •. lih.;;o Or ti Z' [ 1562) . 196 7 /ln ~ 19 72 .
"urra p••
"there we re fi ve I n<lianu , t wo belor.~ln~ to
Peu cur- r, Clur.lltl [ t :te lo rd of ene Cnujla.;ichu ] nn.I
two t o l,:arca Par e CU l<l one t ,) Clltnchno ( l'ol'lu] •.• " .
'.
r eQui r ed t ht continuou s pretence of ~hole houe ehol de , the cotton
patch n or p ' PFer c aN-ena " ere mach clos e r to the nuclei r.nd m~
"ell have been taken can of by t empor ary cultlvlltore l t ne eourc es
f r e q.u , ntly ment i on "wi do" e- in t n10 cont ex t . Thue , ne ueee )15 o.nd
)16 i n t he t own of OX~ Il , " e r e e~ity on t n" <lilY l i'l i e o Orti ~ cwr.e
by. He ",a s t ol d t ha t " t ne old " olll on" " no r e ll1ded in t hem were
Ilway in t he ootton l one of t helll , Vi. olante ~:allao ChUlll bi , ofhouee ) 16 , " 10 i n Cayra wa t chi r.c t he fi. elds . ~ She . was t he mot he r
of 't a colca , nc uce 292 , who wa u t ne l oca l l eader 1l1ld. of ...~o t r, e r , -n e
brot he r .5 . I;ven lower tjvm t :, e cott on h el Ja , we r euch the WSl"l'l.. r
lowlr.nds . It waO on thlS t ae r that wc finJ. t ile ,;rea tee t e thni c
and eodal diver si ty . In PQl:la l,ll.s c i t he ~pector !"o-..r.d r-epr-eeen--
t at i VeO (reI:! t h r ee r;;! ~:l e t hoUlll1l1 <l- IlOUoeholJ wn t e IO'J t o f f O'J r!
of t he Chupkychu ;
In Ur no eae re « e r e"e a x 1n<11an5 , t~o f rom the eubdivieion of
,'uuea r ~ \Ia.r:ll!.r. 1!.T.<1 two ot lle r " of Chl l1 c llso
( :'0:0" ] • •• t hey a r e al l co ca- l eaf cu"todilUlS• •• "(vol. 1 , 1'1" )O l-O~ ) .
ileyoml t neee Cnu p><ycm.l Ul<l t h'" Ylie lla en l.ll:: eT"8.te d a bove
by i \llo 11 ccnccr , we Iln<1 <.!:lene t ile resi den t s ,n t he cecn_le",f .:: r ,)'I "I<
cus tod i ans sent t h"re from politles m,-, ch f " r t he r away. Serle of
t hem came fror. Yarusl'! " oWlt ry , near ce rro de r asco ,
" Pu" h""" oha. , belon.:;a t o t he Yaroo, eolonloto ofdon rtlltonio [<ie (ia rllj' , one of t he bi G encomen
'Je r oo of t he re tJ .on ] and they a r e cc caj ea r
oustodlaT.S • • • 'they have I e houees , twelve oftllem of t he :;"ICl don nn 1.0nlO and some belon,::ln,'
t o [ilori r ilSo] 'i' lrH' CO v.nd !>ome t o tiareia Sancile~ ,
wnc e r-e VnChl> " nd er-e 1110;0 ecem ee r <;UaNianauna tne;r also ""rve theIr l ords , wherever t ileyLto frolOl •• • " {p , )01) .16
~urru ,. ,Thie mul t i - ethn ic q4 i ty of pe r i phe r l c o:l.tl1 e rB had b!en
not ed above ,.her. dioOUS81llC paetur ee Wld IInl t li cke . l:tu t i t i s 1n
coca- l eaf and t imbe r count ry t hlLt euch cIl:a l ,'l "'i.epo lll t i " l:L eunbe f oun (!. i n vi r t ually every ee t t h r.t en t . Itl Il,rchlleol oCl c lll ve r -rrr
cation WI ll be mor e di fficul': t han t i".a t o f h l ,,;/ll and n tee , l oc at ed
above t he t r ee- l1ne . Sti l l , the survey IUl Il. exeeva t t on of l ower
l y i ng reg i cna ahould no t be ne~ected 8i nce t her . can provIde i r.f om a ti on i naccess i ble throu<;h wr i tten ecur-cee , ~
6 . The f ores t s . T:'Ie con t ro l of t l lllL e r_ ~ rod ,.e H.(; r e t:i ons
may have been o;ove meJ h~' n tenure ey e-tern eOl:l pn r a cl e to t hos e
descr i bed eeeve bu t "' ~ car.no t a Olle r t t h i ll uein..: only t ile i nBpe o: t i c r.o f 1 562 . " f ew detai ls c cme f rol:', the earli e r , 1~ 4 9 rns ..e e ti on ,l ~where woodo nnd ooea-1 e"f s eem veT>' close t o ene ;1 o t her. It 1&
qui t e probable t hat be f :lrc 15)2 ",y ca t e£o r i es 5 1111<.1 6 f OI'::e l1 a
oi n;>;l e et lUlo- ellte r;or y . I have sep~ro ted t he", a t ou r ata,:e of •.n j olinr esear ch ee ceuee i t Se eJr.O t o me t ha t J81i1 1r.,;: YI'! t il. t oo r.lar.y ca t e-.
gor i es i s a rene dl1/llfl.:;:in,; e r r or t hll.l\ the eenrccren whi on res ul t.e
f rom buncilin.. to ,,:et'le r w"nt III separl<ted bj- e t"~o-taxor.ons .
I n ll. iJl ll{;1e day , 5 i.U,}lut 154 9 , JUUT. 1~ l:o r i nnJ t l,e
o ther i~llpec tors cl air!, t o na ve looked over r:or onl y t ile coca- l eaf
cardens of rO:n~"aCl " '-I t a t ec of Conn,:.il.ra
"whl cn ill mw.l" up of c llr pen t e r ll who bel ont: to
Cni ne;lao rom" and to J';" r cu Fare ; t "ej' na ve 1 1>
nO'cll;eu and I n t iler.: 14 In.-liar::8 • • • "
" Carpen ter s M 1 6 II l iteral and ,; rDSB tr"ru,lllt i or. o f 9 ' eru kw..."'l o~ .
wood s rt1sam' , wn o lived in tile f o r e!Jt an(\ I::anutnctured plates ,
cups and ot"er cnjec t s IO I"le of WOO d. The lr,s p.. evcr-e wer e aWaN!
of thi " mic tr= c1",ti on j on 21 ': uJ..:; th~ 1nEI,ec ud e h=let and i n at.
" tne.:; 111. <1 10 hOllSe3 " l'ill i r, tr,em 10 I Il(h nn s w1t ll£I. em er call etl )'lIoopa an~ " h o two wi dows . Tne.:;
a r e oue r ocf."rq O:l f r o.,-, lU I t1\e IIl,1bdivi s i on s on
t ne s ide of t ile r i ve r w'l i e !'! belol\t;"11 t o Pauc"r""'._"~ "'.,," •• , • 19,,~,w·,, ~ •• • , " a . e ~arl' e ll el'"ll • • • • .
~:u rra p . 10
wa l k f r om
:In IIU11".mary , t h.e f irs t case of "ve r ticill cor, t rol" o f fe r e
t ht followi~ info ~,ation l
1. Wt a u dtu.l inc wi t h Docitt i es de~ot.:rapll i cnlly and.
poli ti cally IImal l - from 500 t o 3,000 househollit , wi t h 3. j:: 09ulntior,
of eomt 3 , 000 t o a It.llx i mUlt. of 18 t o 20 , 000 IIO'.Il8 ;
2. the nuclei of po"er and pc pul.:l tion denll i t y eemes.ee"i t h t h e center s or BtBple a.n11 maize pr oducti on , These were l o cntc ,]
below 3. 200 lut e n i n Cha'J.plwan.r./;u und ;!unll 'lt.:a . :;'lc lei l i k e Ca url .
a t 3.700 It.e t e re we re e xee .. t i onlll ;
3. t he i r fe l' l}:'h llr al ecnee wen ~c ttl e d on u penn",:cr.t
ceere , both t h OBe 10eate <1 !l. LO V" t hl] n llcl e :' n" .. thOlle Lelow. W;\J ~ ;l
e xpl ains the "ver t ical ity" n iel;n",~e with w;1i el1 t he :;Yllt e" hae beer.
s a ddled ; a ueh o~tl i er8
n) ,ll. J lOOt ven tur-e "'uen beJ on ,j t llre e or fo ..:" days '
thc n ucleas;
b j t h e:t WeN! q:.ll t e ""'''1 1 , >;ol:le tiu.es n c e c r c than
three or foar hcuc"i,o ldc f or e"c ,~ llu bJivi,aor. o f t r-.e polity , on
eaeh ti en
other nghtll
c} these colonia t s mu1 n t ai ne d
a t the1 r ncce , e t'.r.lc r.uclcuq
mul t i -ethnic .
li ) t he pe r l ph e r H s e t tl etl"r. t c were sYll t ellmtical 1 j"
I1 . ~ e conJ Caa e
L......I:e e tnn !.c t:r o'lpS , pol itl ee on e " a rN'
COnB1 '1 ~ r itu \Cdorz: a wl t h n uc l e I on t a e
eilo r e s of Luke TI t l CllCIi .
OU r \Ul <1e r st"noi.ne of t He vuria tion!! IV1 t hi n IUld o f the
llmi.tations of "vert I cal " ecoloCIC com!'l erz:en t lirity e xp><nl1e <1 natably
follo..ln,; the pUbU Cllh on 111 1 'Jb420 of t ne pro tocol o f GarCI DHZ 'U
s u rvey . The Lupeqa kinedom wnich he ~nsp~ot c .1 In 15li7 On o rde rs
f r oll! g ove rnor Lope ;;11' cce eec w"" hu t on e o f tne "'liI1y Ki r...,,:110Illb ofAyllln r a apeecn Il tre tl].~lnc: l n l ar. J froll; til e oh orn; of L..k e Tl t I C"C~ .
ilut U1l1iKe t he r e s t :. f t~.." e l'0l l t1 e.. , t Le L" f " 'lU htlu ne ver be ..n
y'uTT a p • .1.1.
fOT s lo,c h en nuranc e ,
granted i n enc O'l: len<ia t o Rl'IY t u r opean a<i ven t ure r • Soo n a rte r t he
invasion , ~pa ror Charl e e V ha d r e c e i ve d t he Lupa~a hS ft pr i vate ,
r oyal g rant I i n t he wo rds c f t he j:e riod , t h i s poli t y WIlS p1ac~d
~ en csbua <ie Su ~:ajeetad .~ Suc h prlvi 1ese d e t llt u lII C\l8r a1l H (Hl u
vee t amoWl t of I'a pe rnor k , r epo r t i ne t o Hi s Ii" j e s t ,y a Oo\.lt COT.a t t a one
among t he Lu pa 'l a nnd tho ir a bil i ty t o provide t he c r own wi t n hl!Bv~'
t r i bute bo t h i n t e x t i l e a and ~inin~ l a bo r ar, J eve n t ua l l y a l a o co~h .
Only t nr-e e pol itie8 i n t h e enti r e i\.nd e an r ee l on lla ;!
been brar.ted 0.8 Nyul 1"lefa = t1l0 i>'.ma h:1 nn<te!"" H: U.e trol-' l c " l
gul f of Quayaq..1l , 21 tne lnim bi t arltE; er <: ;0,0 r-i vemir. oc c i e of
Ch i ncna i n t he dese r t f u c i ne t he i'l:Ic l fl c coa >; t <: 2 arm t 'le iI~·I:', f. raof Chu cu i t o , t he Lup e qa c a p i tu l o
':'he r e a s ons fo r sel eo tint.: t ne c e thre e v e ry Ji f f e r e r,t
popula t iona 1S n o t d i s c ulllle a i n t ile conhl:lporp. r y pnpe r-e a Vll i lable
t o ue t oday . I ar" t e14l- t e d t o e'-'bbe Bt , deSjlltl! tne Lack of ccnc r-eve
historical ev i den c e , t ila ~ :nc t o ra o f o! c olor i c ~. l c Olll l'le~er, tnr i t ;'
l::0v e rned t he enc i ce , Ve ry ao on a f t e r E .)2 'tn c $'u.ropeana had reco,:
n t eed 'the im~OTt1lflC e of c orr,!,l,,".en tll.l1' J.l- s t l"~ bu tl-on of res ource s
i n t he Ande"l! . T" ey uhlize;\ t lli ll Wl Jer" t.ar,J.ln,; wh en ,;rhr:t.:.nt· eneo
mi e nd as _ t"e bene ficia ry rece rve c un e thni c e:rour , wh" t e ve r t i': e : r
" s pr 1nk l e d" du; tr l bll t ~ on l r: t ue lur.d.il cupe , n o t a ccn t 1,-:;,,0"1l t e r r i _t o r y . 23
At t ne t i me of t he ,;rar.ts , al l t llrt: " of t he 'Er.l'ero r ' l"
I nd u lJH" .. e re oe a c r i bo.1 u~ r 1chi ''I t ;un t ne fI,. ut f a.. eeeecee 01
European rule t ..c of vne t " ree l-'o11 t l es I l t e . 1<1 1y disap!'eareJ ,
fo l l owill6 t he pa t t ern o f d e pepu.l a t r c n e l ae .. n" r f in t ne M,e r l c lln
t r op1c8 . Tne va c e r-oy e and eno Jud ,;eo o f t n e .cud r encr ue !'onae red
thi s 1088 but we r e un .. ble to a.; r e e on nO.. t o "n.em 1 t . In ccnt r c e r ,
the L" paqa , d"ellll\C lit 3 ,900 metere neeve cea lovel , s ..rvivpd .
I ha ve exami ,..e '; ele()Wn OI'1! ( 19M ~ 1968 b) SO"" of n .e pxph ,nationl',"CCOTUl.n;; t o the I hll t. lI" l }U comp led i n I rJi: e t1mea
wili ch t he LU.PIl't li 10N ll of f e reJ. i n 8" 1. J. en c e ill 1<';61 , t ile lIu"",:do:::
had cont a i n e J s ome 20 , 000 housenol J!I , e e re tr.= 100 , 000 eect e •
All hands "cr~ea t " .. t e ucn aensity Wa ll ur,e o f 'tilP lI:ar.• fe\!th t IOll:i
••~
I•!o•
.. ...,..'.cf Lupa~a ~.alt~ . I f ~e co=.~re tn.~. n~bfr8 ~1th t n. Cnup~cnu
of Ca u 1 , 11; i. Fl a i r. t ha t ~e con front hf rt u not.. el . Jwq: in t:': ·
:1' =Cl,raf hl c eeale , of :;.:l rc t ho.r. 5 t o or.e , ;':::1 t n1l :1 . " o.:;r'jl~l c
l to l it il only a a)'l'l.,tClt o f c t nar ar.,j :;.aJo r eeeeeere W'.:1 f:o:,:,t : c~
IH ! ! . rar.c.. .M. . tM.i C Group of :;.or . t nB:'. 100 , 000 l rJlabl t lC:.ts
11 ,bl. t o 110 011111 a e r . at. . r r..,l,Chr of F. r1FIl..nL1, col or.l aU , l: 0 r1!
t han t!l.. f o....r t o . U tur. !1ouunoU. ~. nOU1 1r. :laMa co. ~";lC ~
eol oni•• a:o.Jd b• • • ttl. ,1 a t much c rent. r dn t b.r.c•• ( r cl:;. the n:.l cl . '~e :
.o::!e fiv . , Un , . ven ee r e <lIlJa ' Journey IlWIV . :'"e LU~l.lq ll. neld :I"e~B
on t he Paci f10 oou t - f rom t ne t.l u t &. vallej o n.ar "ri c l1, t o Surnc.
and )!oqu.gua , f 1,l.rtlla r north . Tnare t h.y cal tivat. d eat ee , co t ton
11.11:1 hot P'l'l'.rB l on t he b.flC l, t hey co11 .. et ea .::'uano ami o t ne r ~Kr~r.•productll . 24 iI.o. n t N!Be I!. I'Oll rav.lll _ t nl1t coca lIaf , ~hi.eh t odaJ
i ll grown only on t he .. e t , l:ao t . rn , 101'''Il , wa r; in f N!.!.uropean t r e.ea
al,o ealUvllted in t ne \1.5t . 25 ~,'h en ner ea Di n cond·J.c te 1 hlll i r.8r ec
t i on he ro.... t l nely rode down t o the co~st t o lnllp.et t he LUFaq~
out lie Ml ; Ile lIu: l uded t ne a r- eeeee i n .1111 rec-=-. ew1atione t o the Love lT.or
in Laa..Tne " Ull %lltiOr. or lowl and se t t lecen ts ~:UI llI ll tl
e t hni c , ,"'J.Ch "0 ~e l;n~ 1t lr. :b l nuco . The ~ ..cue , flr.c tne r i.;."-"are
k lngdoa f ro- t ne ! l t i caca anorea , held Ili.l lar ou tllllre on t ne
CORll t , i nterd i. c itated wltn V.OIl. of t ne L'1~.q the ;;aran'la , II.
pol i t1 frOlll t he nicnln."1.<Js sou th of t M! Iti r..." :'i t Cr... r e , 1>-180 1'e"0.....
ted ocean- side enc laves , r e "chil1t: all f llr nortn lOS Aric~ .~"
~. noted l n Cnoe 1 t n... t color-to tll rn tl': .. f eriFne rni
s e t t lementll did not 105.. t h,H r ri t:htll in t he nacleas Md cont,nll ..d
t o be enwn. rahd t ne ee , The r nreree esen ~bo·.a \ :;e l.Ujluqll. confl l"1rr!
t h i s aspect o r tile - l1rch i l' e l~o· Ito<;\el. vnen ') ur o l :ltez 1n:jui red
eboa t - t he CliaSeS of ..ily t he re "ere IClOer 111'11:1n8 t hll.n t here ~.a.l
been in yr" 8 tt" e8• • • _27 C...ttr:bo , - ..ho na.t t-een t 'o'/e mor of t heI nd t 8l'ls of tnt s pronnce- e ..pllllne;i :
- t1Ult when tllS Eat" prol/lf,ee \'fila 1,..8~ected h,)'
th.e yn,,:a th. .. c01.Ulte;~. r..il ". f'ToJe t illSI roV ll.C8 ..htl had be ea ""lIet tle .t 1:1 t he )'r.,,;a• • •11'. It..aT.1 o t r,,, ,' .'I:,c88••• an . lt "" S b~' j, r.cl u ~ . r..:
p . 13
their. t~.Il ':. ;, c u. ht:\ <j t he ;'C, OOO ml!r.t l or.e 4. i r. t he
~ui po ar.~ ':. he eol d [ f u r-away ) eett l e r u h~ve
eance 'cden t:rMt l J 111. .neo lll 1e n ~ l1 wile r i ve r t hey
wera loe ;~ te d. . Tiley d.1 J 11\)1. r e t u r-n ee r e <.r..i •.e r-e
110 1 cllo; e r eou.ntcd \\" 1 1..1. ti~OCC iI: t hia p r ovince . "
{oerc a. Di n [ 1567 ] , 1 ':1'4 : j' . 1'/0 ) .
lOany year e 'be f or e t ile c ene ,, ~ 'm .te r t uk"r. by rJ"r ol :Jlll Z,
a t t orn. y JUI<Jl ? 010 (I e Or:,jel, r ll<l o haJ. Wl J l" re t ou rl t ue d i ffen nce
be t we en t he twc e..·>:tertt! of er.UL101 r .. ti oll 11'. "1. 1. C.ltin t o wa e U~ l ll l fl1n,~
t o t he 1n9peo t or• •'01 0 b..l onCe <l to tl .; roup o! ,,;u r ope>m ncl.lll l r.l u
t r a t ore Bnd clerlcs who r l!ul i'l. ed. ver:; ea rl..' t i,', t t ;,OI l r eu r ecue rat10 and eOllve r8 10n IU" ' l' 00 ..... 01 ~e I;.cl\1e ve J Clo r e efficlH. ~l::
1f t hey cade t he effo rt t o u.ndere tund t ne cJ1ture of t ne var. ~,,~ £ ~ eJ . : ~
Since t ue ll"tno n ti e::c 1n Li ClIl were .•n".:;,.. r e t ll ll~ V.'" cc s r er eai<jente Were an in t ec r lll plOrt of t ne LUjlaqJ, ,a: l ve r ee , r e lo r..aQ ~
an effort t o e~plain t nl s ;
~an 'J thus It iu,p"eneu ••• ~ ,... t pr ivate e r:co~.ie~
<1n.:; wer e IT.:\ ,i ,, " ••i CI. ,1~fJr;\·eJ. [ t." e Lu;:uq,,! of
t " e peo l,l e ;;r. J t:,e l cr. 'J" 1'1,,10;; t he"' hell en b "
eo:.,-t • • • bee.::.u.II '" t he .;ove morll <I I .! r.o t Wl'J""" t....n Jt ne c rue r- w!li Cil t,,,~ Ind uuu , f oll owed . ":lIer. t:,,,ne.rquie of Cai'le t e l;ovemeJ t.ne ee kl ll;;;iol!:s tn : l)
n.ut t e r- Wa 9 t aken •.,!, W'. ~ when he Ji"ccve rl"l t illlt"'y r e!,or t ll on 1.» 1.4 .... ,-1' true ••• " i t '''I... or.fere ,l
t i,a t tn" I ndl ar. lI a.r.d t ile l und whi c h t ~e ~rovi r:ol!
o f Cn:;.euyto ne l ei on tn" 00'''," a lr':~'e yr.c" t i rr: ", rb~ r e t ..m ed 10 1 t •• " hn;! t ha t Juan ..Ie San Juw,
1'1,'0 nad ree eiveJ t hem ir, er.comior.,h be con1'l""_shte:1 WI U, othe r I n JiI..n fl .:no llecelr.e 2. vlli l llbh
I n " r e q'l il'n • • •" {folo 1l~71] . 1917 : .. . 8ll .
..11 t rn s hc.pl'e r:eJ befor e l ) DO; !:,. ciI l" f f or t s ::!1.".c to nm.;;il t
i n l a ter eeeccee wncn t he ",o h ey o f v i e t' l"o;< ';' ol edo to " r-ed uce" t " "po pulat i on f nv:u l e.t tnru'"",nO'l t m e :",de !> . :';"cn e f fo r ts to e ruJe
rnul t i ple ae ee"" 0/ "",c n c t.;lT.~ c /:r o ,,1' l\ll;.l be ..\,.. t.a (J 1! e vcnbe f or e t ne a r n val of ·.l'ol~de " nei u.e .-e l' "i l t; In 1 ';;1:> 1;; b" t ~ he lle
I Utl!l:.ptl "en f.'l'~ l"Iule ~'~ i ee..l ll:e.: . ~Jr."l hrt~ :" 1 ~ 70 eo..l ·j ~ :w
e=;:11t'l'. of M n ;p, "C C le r;f ~ ~ •·..eeee a t l eOLiN! t i... : "r:t c r t il • • t ' ,ni ',':'01':' _ l;C l::" :i ,n".o"':'". hAa ~. :.~ .' ,' c rr .\j ~ I .... u f f , " 0; "' l .l e ..t:;: q ·l:
l r.!on".t:1 }.a r:;l .....n a : U f 0":0:'0 e r I: ~ .~e ;: )o..1:-..·c .11 S:oT. t~ : .l~..: , c , ,;
Iiln.or l lilr.e " i1o l!.:IV. i1t \.ld.ie·j t ha llI 1:'.. . . .1lpc r t nUor.• ,
r lunll.r4 t he Andean po pl.llaU or. I n all . a r l y ve r d on of "1tt'Mt.,~lC
yl 1h .(i:..• • b.av• • trtl "'J. Eu.roFl a::. n..:;I, t o f.~ l litat. 1 nl:: ol' t.cr .:.:'tIU r:'t f or t he /t I n•• • conve r , i 'r: OPF0 rtunl ti u , e e e.. l 0t•• 1 dll'0;:...l<.: tlor;
or 11 0 11". ' a :llun ll1t ranVI 1l<lf lratt vl . I ,"0 1 :1 l ~ k. t o .·"£'.·••1 t t tr.llt.'.• ! l,lrt he r eon81~u'a ti on l t i•• " r . l1l.1 c c lor 1.11ow, d. ;:r i Vlt t f er.e ee.en -
d, ro t and t rade rs t>S ... 11 III tr.t roy al t. '1I:Ii n l ltra t Ot'1J t o •• ;ar " te
t :o.l "Vl ral e tmll C.&r<l"I'S ( r O& tlle1 r oa t l i e n , r.a r : .c;;h.rl¥ : fl "
1Il0re dllltant onu. ~ :l:ac n nold1n,;. , even a Ctn ' ':O yeaN c f ;'\l To;:;e L"'l
Nl e , ha d. con t1n" e d 1n ..n .1un nWlde una " rov1;l ,d IlP."c r t :.or.Ui n f or
e conoml c nn d ;>olu H::.l 5e l f - I:"a.l:"; ,,r.e n t • .cr t e r- 1;70 , .:;' Cf. lr.d .~e l<d"· n c .
beCalte 1nt o:.T1o"ol e . n
.... nd 1n,; VCTlh CIlU On "your n14torlllfl col ::'. " :...e. o f
eucn • " veUlon o( t tle vl<nqal £i1eJ " , I " l 11 n ,tUIT. t o cnee ? , t ,~e
Lup. Q. a . Eh e..r.e rc , 32 1 luive lluu.;e 1; tt:<l t !1P Qe r ~ rubl 11 ty o f It c r,r e ful
,h acnn m l c a t;;1) ' 1n t ue f ll: l d 01' t fle UCCUi . ...h l C~. t,,'l lltke anore
4-"' k1~on¥ ..1n t&ln e" 11'. t r.e ( a reatc or :he a.. eea , or. t ile t euc"
or l n t ile Eaau m v(llll~·£ .
Til" pr<lfue10n fl!l<1 r "4 ,j... Ul:1 c nl<v l b l l l t,: or til n II.rct",cc
1 0b l cal &lI te r ialrt t o (iocoM!len t t he r el" t u m (4 t '...'.n t ll" a e k1ntdOl:: ll
ami t.'l.ir 1-lI.C1!U: ou t 11 , "" ..TOII1ae t o clHrofi c l.I.lturul Il....cc'.nc l\
1n t he vall ey o ~nicn ~o f roc 110 Hr.d ~oq ~e~Uk t o A~~~ anJ ~nmHron~ £
1111 "Oll l .a t n'H r 11nka ",i.ta t ne ':'1 ti.ClOCIO Mc n: . 'l iVErl tr.e (,; I n"l t;.~... o;.,·
control e.xereiz8J on t ;1e CO '18t by s"y~ rlll " l t lplar.o lIol1 t1e.. , tne r"
1. no reos on t o V06 t.d ::' ~C t a a t :h ( fo,n r.C€B 1n CJltJ!"al c or.bnt enn e c e"..r l l y a r eflecti on o f c llronol .. ..;1c,cl evceeee r ae , I ><111 r;o~ N
aurpru:ed i f ..e m s ccve r- 1n n c l r."le yalle.. t;evl!ral l i.s h nct ec w te",en ts Whic h ,il. ll j.l&,/ no ,nn..u fica Uon wnn 'tevvr- , Th e;l coul,;, "ell r.~
ou t l urB o f " i . Unct " , ( :-.1"n", "nll\1 .." , ccr.t ' ....fOT1U··" but J ~!ferll~
in t ilelr cal~~Tbl eomfonentn • • f t oi a tl! cor.Jl~ed In t ile ! '8id ,
I . ",-£e s t t oat ...n",elUI a r:o",,010;,;)' It, .;; ... 11 ""v" : 0 c,,:or.. e ~ '[ " pr. c_
ntl e o and. t a c h e s , to " trec 3 t tn col i lloonl.~ior. " l t n ccnt"m!1"' nl. : ·~
e t hnoloC)' anJ til. r e u·.41 t ll Of t il" s t 'l l} ,, ;" " 1' lt~E n l:"' ", lC ~C .
I
p , 15
- I o r",e r O! Q t flat t Hey e eve t ill II t CI'I1l : l.:n i C41,;.JJ:lt ; t o
II, pl.. ce " 1\1011 t, 1100"l t l1:,' 'U1 oJ of ,:c cd cl1mate ,
" ne r c t t.oJ ...ee J. t o .:" t o p1',r, t a.aU.I , onl j' en e
leAL-ol e e .."')' • • • rrolll t r,e re t hey cculo tc .. ith o\lt
t ro\lOlt! t o tne coca-1I .. r fj e l de ••• • ( p . ~ 4 J ) .
The ATolleaT. etr.:-.o· c;eol,,", ," r•.\.c concep of YUl'\," c ove n r.o t OJ'ly
tr.. ;1ry 1 e_ l ar. J e t oward t ile i'\&01 f10 tr..t aho t ile f or.. u .,! lI::'opea ~~ . l · t
of t r.e ~, . tt:l,rry ~Ulcr.O' r~. b.~oIr. t &e I1te t or 10 nr.;1 .tl~o~r" l ~ l c
, t·~ ;l.,y of t i:1t r tla tt or.er,l p , 3J tt _111 N:'l;oi:r1l Itr cl'.... 01 Ilt· 1c r.l . KCh .
vatt en t o verl f )' tr.a ;1uto of , ;ocr. ~. t••ru '.p~elon ,
~.rcl Dl e l ;1ev ot e ~ lee' of h i l 1n.~ec t10r. to t h• • e 10.1ar.~r.
Ilr.Q t :'lera l' e o , v.\. a,r.c, tllilt na l::~J:.ct,J t l1. :::. p. rto r.1111¥ . :;111 r r.
port lacila t ha nO ll.II-to- r.Ol,l.tIe a",r v.¥ ... CM c or.l' <llt' f or the .'{,.m::c.co
",gion , b.a ha lio.a r:.1J;t.\.cr. "'Bt u r ~d JlI , tl l'lcpr t rnc t c ar.1l. ecce
1 1ll! g r ovel!
II.. . ~¥onJ t r.. colonl " _n OBe 10catl on and ~tl 1i l.. t l 0r. ~a~
c l olle1)' h e J t o ' C01 0.:1 Cool cOn& l<le ra tlons , C r. .. ~hou.l ;1 note t hat t n ~
Luyaqa ..ppl lld t ll" ' a r c.<l l pe l 4;O' pr l n c 1r l e t o :ul oth.r kin <1 0 ::' e e t t -,
l'::l:, n t _ i t ll1n t ile n",cl ear t e rrlto ry . ' I . l llll1 '" o f a r t l aanll .., .... "., t
up l n prcplh o",. 0;1" c" 8 ; t:l~ lIe brou,.:ht t OL-' tn~r c t"liCtarlen o..l cr~l:'·":
t o t il, t wo 1I101e t1l 3 , t ile 7 -r-rovlnc"a- 1t.1l1 t he nw: j:-.<i.. o f cOlt.jiOr.rr.t
11n"8€u <.
"Th' po l t en: frO& ~fl r t ln ;,.r.ltn ' ~ ",o ~ e t.Y l i ve J In C\l. ~ l '
.. nlch the)' a h.. r e <1 Wl. t .. t nose o f lI., r t l r. ' .;;'SI ' S hAl r . :,;ha rt 'a ""'l t OI"
Ilna red SWl1c,,¥a }~ " I. t ' l t 'l OSO o f Kud . '1'0 eee e r -c tnll.t ou e;1 It.ul h _
l1n'Ilf':e , ... r ti san 8r.t t l el:.en ta "'·er e l oo a'.po .. he ro rn_ 1IlIlt .rlI11 " ", r ,
handy 18 t f>tDp t i r\£ bu t ...111 p ro ba bly r-equa r-e "re">ll/olO C1c>l l hetlnc .
Li ke ea l t i n Hul1r.uo o , c l "'l .m ll. c0 l'l'<, r .......¥ m.ve bien ..o r k,cl. on 14e
equivllient of It '!;1.l1 U - e t hn1C bUB... , j-.:Hcn 10nl 11 etll as '.<l U own'
qUi t , dl shnct t o"" , ; on l}' we en i t l:ar:;~ t o t h" CrR! t IlI t t l f'lIle ntsdo tne t "ll l lat~ COlnC1J, . 311
11 '0. G1V<,n In' f .. e t, t il"t ttl ~ LI.l~"<;a " ~n' 1;.' .... 1)' on" o f
,e v~ral ...;,'JI'ano , I f&J1:. - IUl~N: 1U nC:.JO&C, "r; . 19 l n cll n. d t o .u k : .eN:
t h 'N: va r u ' n t . o f t E•• EOll'1 I f". _!ll Cn luOI r o ll t }" J IG nOl reach t o
t he eea 'o>... t 11<c d t .." ins t ll.l 1k tl0r. o f i13 ~ e r l ~he ral 'lab.:>;; .. '
t o the lnt.rlor o r t r.e cor. t u, .,r. t ? n
p , 111
I f ,, 11 o r- o.u" t of '1.£... :ll t !f' ll> r.~ ktr.~:<l o:t s had Mtllllnr- coca
l eaf r:r ovea , t nu r r.w.T.o c oll ec tln.; st8tl UnS on t ile beach , t helr
n" t pe .,per WlO c o t ton Cn l a s , .nlle ...,8101'1'. '1. " Ooocllt te r . ..orked
t r... lr tl llll>er tra ct" , t ne n the e truu c IlC.p o! t " e i>njl!'&n r e':;:lon wi l l
nave to be d~wn a n ew. Unl l x.. o t h. r partE o f t~e ..o r l d " here e thnl C
c:ro", V I&ll J ttrn t orJ t e n'" t o co ..nc~de , t n.. ,.n:i.. an csI' . 111 require
n.... t rlls "e. and nwe B t o ..on v..y t ne 1 r. terUI~l tutl 0n of holdings . Ana t las o f e t hnoC ra.I' ,'I C .I1llt lbutl on . , th in t ni a eoololll.c contex t
shoulJ. r e ce i ve n"[11 )lrl0ri ty In ..nllean ....sear c n ,
To . UIM'.a r I U , t he " e oo nJ. ca s e o f e C010[ 1" C(llllplellentari ty
d iffeors f TOIll C S I!e 1 I n t tle foll o'''~ .. ay a :
1 ) we a re dea l l DC .. i tn scc ieties on a d i f f e ....n t sca le
f r om t roose in lluMuCU - t he lal< U hor e poll ti es could rea cn populati on
,J.. n!ll ties of 100 ,000 IUld ~ore l
?) t h.. luclei of 1"0"0'1' and dense se ttlemen t ..e r e rece
t ..d STOW1 j 4 , 000 •.e t ertl , close t o t li.be r culti va t,ion , proces sing and
..arenoaal~ and n o t f a r fr~ lar ce . e a l e pas tu re. :
3) '1. 110'11' pe r ll-nera! colon i es , 11k. t ho . e I n !'Iu4nIlCO,
..e r e Ilettlel! on • ve.....anen t bfoua , 3.r.J
10e.teJ I n 0••0' . t o..",rd t he i'aeific bu t als o in t ile ... tt . r .... lI.ell• •
lAlI t • • A~.e o\4\1 ien
a) eoul~ be fo~d a t g re. t e r ~is tane~1l f~
t n e nacl.~. - 10 and more d~. ' JOllrney f~ Lak. tl t ie.c.;b) cou.l d Il. ve •• 1r.ll.r.:J a. a h~dr.d Mh Ol,lll••M . _
CU.Ctl largeT ~ 1l.U• • l.c llllr lns~dl.t1 ons i n Ha4nueo l
c ) tntl r lMlIbi t llll tB c ontinu.d t o be , n um. n ttd
_i t tl t h elr nucle~B and we a esume (wl thout Buf f i ci.n t . vi denoe i n 197 2 )
t i\llt t iley maintll1nd mO l t e f the l.r . 001.&1 , e c onom1c and rltu&1
r i f:n t l I n t h . a n lla of etM l e or lg1n l
011 they "en n;u! t l - e t hn l e _ ... . f or I!XlI:I:Jl le ,
t ile o•• i •• t Codpa l
e ) could be dltvot.d t o .pecla l1..d ~u:u ( ce ra
r:; l c. , lu t &11IlTa ) ...~.o.. locu i or. n..d n e t have bun n. :rro_ly t colo,1C.
Sa ch ".r~l. ttr. l elana.. - ~ay hayt :rapr..tnU ~ 11'. uJl&r.tl on of tl:..
mollt ~-tthnl C pat te rn .
p , 17
;.n I r,troJ u c non to C"u t: ~ III " nCo I '!
ilo t h t ilU CMI ;'/l.;" On u. IIr. <1 t~ p. L ,lilLLqn nwl t , l ~lr p.ehU e f row t: r
and d.eneu t pe p,l.l o. ti or. i n tnc n1t: lll llnJe . In t .~ e I'IIc, e~ t o f oll ow:
won<iur aboa t t n t I'rc $t: nca of · a c olu .~ ~ c c e::l,Ji t>r:f nt :::.nty' i r. (lCC . ( ' ~ ~ '.'1
wncee n·.lcl oi oltertea t a ol r Infl ·..e nce f ror.. t r.t coee t ,
I n J wt"IU';,' 1 ;7<' , ... nen t at: ' &rch l .. e11ll:0' wn o f i l'et ui e e...."U f' ,1
a t t he Un i v e r lil t :J o f 5"n \.ja r c oB 11'. Li el. , Io;H.r f " ;10Ilt'(cWllki ex; r c c!;€' ...
her aoabtll . sne t'lo"l:n t t illS " lItten'. "n. U' l'o.,r j an t e t ile Cce;r t n."l\i tihll>llJ pol it i e ll . !;u .e t: 1'.0 , I'1.e 1.1:0 <lCC u.r-. t-I; t "i un u ~ 'lb i 1 ~' ''0 ! '.'"
"r- eeerv.. U on l:l .Af t er a c" ro t ar;,' ~f 00all : n1 !lfch~ 1I0 1c. ;;.:' w ", lm c'" t na t ;.,n1e' .I.
ece r e vree l o c', tcu or. tl,a O~~,," f1u'l ~ X"hl'.,l l" j b(,~·or. J. vne cor.t r,':;' ,,~ ~
oi:1&le valle y j whil e SOll,e rel'allm>.:l 1IU:",' ,11 . o tnl" l'II c o",l<1 1ne1l,l de Ill:
zr:&ny SB 10 or 12 vallHyB . r ne r e i ll Il O 1'e" so:: t o ir.lH Ot he re 0:: 'rae
i mpor tance of i rrie::t i or. H I t ne ,,""':ttl'. occ"~'l;, t i (;ll of tr.i e <i r~' c C:.i~.t r: '
( Schaedel 1 951 , 19 00 j :,ep,rez 19~8 j li060;,; 19~ : , 1965 ; LUIl', b re 1'l' ~ 1~0 <; ) .
Sl1c h e eee r ve ll:.<ont l t l '''' of' "... ter r e q'-'i r '3 l1.11:: i r.i e t r:. t ion ; t n e onr.:>. l "
... e r e ol e8Iled t1ln·~r. coll.,c~ivo,; l a bo r IU'~ r :' t ..., la : t h.. ~h tri·cClt l<m
of t h i s w",t e r r-equa r e a r:, ll"JU a t t o,;n t i or. t o lI.n. G ·.')"et:",e~. t , "' !ly s of
nandl l ll(; I'm '" l'( " ol v ~r..: JlII ., .. t co I.n ci em.:ll·r.....:u : t ,J . c tR.Oli sne~ 1" '.; ·.1 _
valenc es (l..e n::iza bll l 13'/l) .
Io' h..n ,.ie " t t e"'l' t t o f it t iii>: ''' ffll tli o r :. rcnneoloci ca1 11,:'0)"
mation with q\lH:tione i Ii I:.!, e tnr.cl",; icul fl'l .....l of r efer..nce , ',W I;e l;c:ct' 0
a Ware of t ile e xt r e m.. scarc itl of eo a r e e e d.."1 ir..:; wlth t h e ce e.. t. · ,r"e eyeWi tnes s ecce....ntll of ~'le !::\lroplI>Uls uc not refle c t the Vi ll. bi ...
i lllpo r t anc e o f u·rl~"t l "l. =.J. of' i r r l j,;n ti or._ lICtler:J en t t:'<:l li tio,;E . i er t
of t ne expl an.. t i on of C\l. C.' llcllrcity li e £ 11'. t i,e e:l r ly . cenoci';nl
de s truc ti on o f l c wl = ." "e o(iel; t nr o'Jt:no" t t.:[I' ,."..o,;1'IC([lI j nI l t n i ..
!:lakes it d iffI cul t t o vt-::l f:i t nt'! pr " 'lel: c " o r '. Olw r.ce of ~ "rclli~ ... l r:LO r: ~
eeeee or. t he Ge" " t .
1 . CoaEta 1. c,r c.1a co1ow· r r It.\le " t>o- t t '"r k:lOwn , and B"C:1 cr .o;",
can eO/I.e tiMf> O c":J: ~.('.nl;"c~ f~ r t . \t" :;)!lQr t",.:c o f 'l tmlc 'l. i ~ t o r i c I'"co"j,, ;
C. in rec ... ,a .l e ~ le :, ::l et llll" t~ c .. f ! 4 ,· t I" '" .... .:: iI. r c 1"':"' "Hucn reccr-de ,
:' IL ~ ,,",ul ." ' .t .:" .,,,,, ~ rC j . tl <'; .c t v : r.~ l ·~ ~ r l: '" ~ cons tal e r tue
',l on >:: an t ,I.C \! " ~ "" aJ t ~o ~ 1,"1 ": l'.:·t ' :. !'c r,i "elli!,:OIl' d 1<.1 f\4l cti cn
on t,.1l (;o ~llt , OU':- i n o r -le r t o tf' lIt t ile r;eo..:"."llt ca! lim lts and t he.,~ t ~~c t~r~l 1 1~1 : li t 1 ~n3 of tn~ ~ouel .~ T~e re 1S n O rea SOn t o spyl y
It r;; c c il;<r.J,c all,;, : :l ro'''_T.O~ l t ile NH'H; ; r.llr l'-h ll ~l u we hesi ta t e t o
lCf; t l. t ,
cece II i : :,;",,,11 " t r.n l " ,: "<>U j <: , wl th co " s t ,,1 nu c l e i
l r, 19b1 , tllr<:> Uo;;" t hf' CO\1 r t psy 01 '· ~ ..1ueu,<, r Espino za , I was
li ole t ;l s t 1J.<!/ ,~ r s i e contuln~ n..: 11ti ..-nt.r cu over coca- leaf groves
uat i n,~ as ear l ) ue 155<;1 :41 i'r.rt o r it :IfI S c m ee been published
a nJ s t.J. cile d ty t.a d " :,oe t wo rowr k1 i n 1967_ 1>8 . 42 Hope has fre que ntl y
be en e xp .... ao ed t ira t t he wno1e file , now In t he I\. r Ch1VO de I ndili s ,
wl ll FOr.: N r.y bO' pUtl i Sned , 4 l
'l'ne litlt>", tiOn i n vol ve J. t nr-ec e t hn i c croups i n t h e vall<.J
known t oday h ll t tle :;n i l16n C'Ut cuLf e d 'the r-iver- of ~uibi ' o r t h e
' ·..,,'!;erB of ennul ' in tile :. Il cen~urJ . T:, ~ c<:>" f11c t bet we en t he r:1
wllS old , proba h1J pr~- Inc'J.lc , but Lre.. more eeea ee wilen t he t h ree
fo =d t "emf e l ve e 1n et,e " IUI I & o f t llr e e s ef'ara t e encomenderos . The
<:;u roj:ea r,1l soon l e !1nl" '~ t o utll J.~e ea rl ier 1nr.<1 r i.::il u i n t he i r
o"n q'~ar re1" ,
;:"0 0':: t,. ~ l'o ll tl es an conf1~ct "'e r e n ic;hlrmd etnnlc groupr i
the tn i N ,. a c oas t al one lUlu by 1~~9 n o l oni Er II r::a j or f a c t or in t he
d ~ sp'!t;l ame e , " i t r. ue.=opu1 l<t1on , t he i r nUlll bllrB had dwindl ed t o
J"'8 t a f ew ncuce.ic ruc , Th e Clitlt " one 0':: taB niOl1~d e r o:l.pS, have
l'c e n tne ObJect co! :< " Ptl!.ilf!d 8tU~' ~:i 'oB twor o..s ld4 '1 - they had
o riGin~llJ t een 1\!.' I'r op I'1:. te d b)' l'rer.CJ.8CO ?i u r r o for his own l arde r
amI ,, ~cn r.1F. tier-til we r e Cj!'ante d t o IlIl0t i1 e r pr omi nen t F:urope lLrl r ee 1_
aent of Li ll',e. . :'n" lO e c on :1 }'" rty were t ile Cila c a11a , a subdivision of
t he Y":.l)'U, cente red. i1". t " e mO'mtaine abov e L1ma, south of t he Cant a ,
Li t i .::" t 10n cen 'te red On a ceca- lea! l:ll;1"den4 5 r.ell1" Qulwi ,
kn own t oully &II Snn tr. 1'<os o. d . ~uivee . "'he thn . nu cl e i i n cor. t ent i on
ha l II t temilt 'd t ~. 1"o:"l7' t nt cen tur 1ee t o URe a few i r r 1ga t . d a c1""
I'1"oJ " c i ne; t e;ron o. t nll COCIl- l lll.! whion f1 C"'1"1d pr ornine ntly i n R'.lr 0l' ecn
Clll i its als o ne t ~ I tlp ll rr , p ' M ut" , r.llLllloo , .....t pot a t o.. , BU'"v" ,
l ... c '.llu e ~;1 otnc r :'M, i t . On til i Q ti e r of t h e weete lTl el opee " t he y
-..,.,,",~ ,-,",-----
:."1 ' ,r" "~ '. ,.<. ' •. , ...~ \ ..... ~l. . ..
! . i'1
1''1, I .." t e 'm I Dppro_
1" 'I" ~ '. I '" " c " ,- I .,' ~ ' ~ " : '''' I ' ! ' ''~ ' " _, .:.~ . ' .. . t • • .-:_ I r O<". t he t ,, "'T.,..
I ,. ,' .
• , ... ';' "'1"" :;8 , - '.'~ . " ~ " 1~ 1 ' >C1l,: 1 n " ,'"1 111.::1 1ft til.
I , • " , . ~ " J I U-' . l l . ' ..l . " " - · I'" t a. '. .~ !-""" ~CI '" " flecU l
ir. ' ,1_', l i l.l •. •tl " -• • 0'": ", , ", ,, ~
• I ..... .\;. In I ~~ ~' . 1;\10':::0;1· , I J YU j 'l~,,'l"hon . t ile
•· ..···-'-·1 ~ ,. .. " .··,i.·"., .",., ~r1 ~' t Q ~ r rt' . t ";. • " "' ,flt,: t t ,t r<l n~t n..~
l .t.. , n-,;.., '.U .. ... 1 ·. · t " CJ'" " j ,~ n ~ ,- f.O 1."" : .l r< .." ~ ' ll r a l' can.lids .l e u <l l u ·" ... I..~ ~r " 1 1". <:u: e , \ ,.v :< 1> 1 11 1.1:.'. : , h.~ l ! c1 t hllu' f eeBlee .
:;;nw l r "<I'; · ,,·. I t .,- .,' . •.•- r. : " l .J " HI !"..,,,..,,,..,,\ ~', l""'" "0 \1 ,"uel1 " " Il i f
t ,,,, W t., t ne >.r l ', ~ "C t . 01. j ~u " ,,, , ,1'" :'C I'I.i (, ! ~:o t, 1'"" " r "S'r o"clle J
t,t . a . llh:Vlll t I I' l,:" 'lC. ' U" nr.C1 , . l..n' .1 Ill :! t c t . t:r • •46 Th. I 1t11;0_
tion "110 r ' I;I .. cJ HI 1~ ';: 3 ! " t tlr h le,l,pc t cO"J r t I n Lh .1f anJ " BP
otill i.1,I i.ll T tu..u.un. ti~n LJ' U," ':o.mnl et t n, InU , . 1~ JCDdrtd
.'. 1')10 . 110_ ie .... e~.lu J. ~' .~!, I t '. '' .''' l one) ~r.J eo. t1)' ~roeed\lre ?
':'1l.. '.,t·,.• , i s " · , ...nl f l <: ..n t f 'l Tt o r \.h' ' '''1 1l10n o r th."~n~ ,,unf" I ' (" "eiltd 1'f11) . :'IUr;"n '>n io " ~Iur .... 1I.lc1I t hro....,;n"'," len t o " ........." .. t .... ~ lo ' <» t n '" ~'. .. h .• ;. .. e~jon " "o r4 ' 1 h.w .
ltU ..l I n C" u<. 1 "Ulol 1I (e".'let t n. ee..U ....! .."ru , . 10 t he dUp\lU
:r. l'ot '; 1·'-T. c , .OI' I on~ ·. je. 0,0 . 1(... . t,. eer.U e t t h.. c l.:uu o t oUl. r . ,
t o ~l 'l ~. :):' ',,:,"n.l In'!'1!' .._on . ' 7
.,1, :", ,-, ' , '.-0,11 " ;" r r . 1, r,r re t c,..n '. obou t t he I' re
".c· ,. " ·. I' · l ; . ·" ,. I·:; ,.: : '.c ~'i ':" ':" " I _ ' : 1"1; 1; ,'.~ ' .>:' "nl r:c>~.. It 1p ,-,_
'~', : "", H -. ,;:-.1, ' I' :··'lll , , " · 1(, C . I' ,.... . ,,\ ..1.' I· .• · ·.: .I. \ U .... ..r,<-l l 'lll r lcn t o
.... ,... ._. ,.te .' ,. c-d ,.e \l,, · . .. I, t ec i,, . ': ~ ~ .O".• ~ ~ : ' M ro-, t .UI " 1:' . ",,10" 1 ,CQO
r r. tt l: ~ " IU ~ l t '. I ~ ~ , H..1 n" ,..:l 1I '... "'- ' " . ... .. M r u r 1t t r " (,; •.n .~ hue!
te1 o)!I, e.I ~ o ~ .... co,,,. t u 1. 10 NI" ot ~olh ~\le .
II . 1.o..1r.n1 or 111n9" t u U c o:t.:t •
.•ltllO ~t. '. t r., u ·... r .. few ) 'W . , I< . U ll dty, 1n 1559,n. n . ~ aft c l t$ I'-'t ,l t u '" ( ," : .r " ,' :oh , o i . 'l1 l o r<.! " I t ',h <l l
" ! r, ttl,.. 01'1 u" j't , t·,, :'o " e rue r-e wer-e ;rr~a8 ,
[ til e 11'::,10 ] " e re ,, ~ 1 -j r.. n l r..wnc d t:y II l o r d calle;!
C;.t;.crlj.m,a wllu wa c :I "m., " I r.ll>;>.ll and n llJ " a ll a
,,,, h<l iv ~ a l on l l; lts own rlt:" t , s'~ bJ ect t o [Co Il. :
;;" " h , ~, n o hEld r.nu o~.,-;e:i. ~t '-'Jltil 'i'upa 'i T"';"-
r ,,- ; c,n q.-.l~ bee wr.e t tl.. cve r-tor-I wno t ook away t~, e
e n i J. l.lr,"". . . •" (r.otE, 4 9) .
c ee ? " ..11 .;" ....." t 'i , - " y"nM. of t h e r.at,·/e" " 11 0 n ow (1559)res i de i n t ne t o..n of ~ :.u b i , " c on!·i. me ;i. trl" ceeer e r on o f niB l o r d :
•" ne kf\:"u l t III' I< mlo.,:;te r ns-. r li.t:.r t o aU t he old
•• •• t ,,,l t I>" rore the ~;nc" eneeree t hem, t hey we r l'
ndo u:nd owne:i. ,,~. R t crc called Col1ica pa and he
~k r. t np 101'1 of Col liqu p. ~.u n18 IlOffia i n OCC"'~l ~ ;
r ue ~ llolE valle~- f r ot:: th.. s ea t o t h e s e t tl ement
of ~uibi nnd he he ld it rund owne d it unti l t h e
y nt;ll ClOT.,e •• . ,,-.-,,{ ue k. ll eJ t ne s a id. Colli caps
M 'i ':.ook ove r th Ee saill le.ds • • •" { t . lnr ) .
" TiIOl;l,' of Ci;::clllla" u c c e} t e d t ill $ 'Ie r sion : one reccur , o f
-""i l ~ , "v s ubJ ect of <lCn Oll"llltob.l , 101'<1 of til., subdivision of Ch :<_
calla , " c..:e l "' e ven t~ Fl u!,' , ~who kn f'W (kinel G:18 i no.c a ua , - eai d l
" i :-: t he Ja,yE ;"e f o r e enere wer-e any Yf\gR8 , l on;; ee_
f o -:~ • • • t he Cllli ~£.lla ':;!l.t:le r e d ~any mer. of war- ene
",i t tl t hen. t he;)' r eeeeee eaeee t o Coll ique and t heyre t llo rr.;/d ,;, p- r i ve r t o t he t o-..n of ~l,libi , where
t ile r", w::n: II. l ord c l> l l ed Cha WllBca xa who tri bu te :l
~ \I t i;e l or u. of Coll i que callei c ot t r ce aa , l:i:e e:aJ(: nlOVl!lICllXll. re ce rve a t ile eaid. Yauyu of Cll l ealla
pt lllll fv.ll:r IU'Id ero'~ ht t l:e:o e i f t l M d ~. 1 n-l: e l:'" • • •and th 18 18 how t he fO u d ~e·.1,Yu I nd i anl er.terld• • •
t lle eu ::"J, land.8 of :<u1b1 &r.:i I llt s r C&ll".S Tope Yncll
Y"~ l:I.r.1'i" who comp . r e :!. t lc. It • • • • " ( t . 149r ) .
COl;;! or , o f Cfl.I,YI. .
re ,;l on Wl t r. d iu ~r~d
o.n oct0t..mllr illl"l wl t r,s n , wl:oo lived i n t he
anJ o; re l< t _.:; r llnduon8 . n. n r u d. t hat
j). il
" t ,, ~ ..,, ~ d ~" _lIJ !O • • • " ere Wet. in ',<lI r , f l e b t i ni",
t .ll .! t "i ( '"m " t,,, f o r(> Ine ~' r, ..."'l en t e r .. (1• • • • " ( f . 1 39 r ).
l' i ~ :'~ lJ , 'r:.lc "e , "f Cnl,,, .,.,a:c,, , W'\O " ,v, c! """lr:l or t he sald
I an" ", of ·~ \.i\ !.>l • • • 'til. rla J n ~ s own «c r e ..;:: e t""re ..-hi.e f. ne j,st!. pl an te 'l
n ne!! tn" ciaiC 01" ,;, ,,,,r. ·in..;" YIlj)a1Iq",i " ( !. l"~v l , s t ll.te:i t he t
" ,, ~ fore tile ~' n,;as er.tl!rel t,,"8£ t encs , t he s"i<l
in" i ull lI uf Uh"c ~ ll " ll "; Q ...or•., for t I:. t o cor.·p e r • • •
t r.e l W"..Js of .." 1M ,·,it,\ I'lcnj' ,."rrl or s ana t h ey
re l1c n NI ><1m o&t t o Colliqul' bu t t hen they t urnl'd
'<;"el{ r.:,J " l l i e Cl ti,elr.selvee Wi t h the I ndians .....ho
c. t tile e ae.e l1ve-;> i r. ~ !!I.i ~ l ~.ndB of '~u ib i ..ho
...e r e ;, Ill,q!1 1n d1om8 , cu bje~t t o n l o rd called
l.:o1,l.l c lI." , 'm" rule" i r. Cc ll l ".~e . hr.:! t he y
0:(1 <11' Illl ,..;rllel:l"nt " l t h t 'l&£e •• • of Chacal lR.
Hla t t"",y no t be ccnqu t,I r e li. ~· lt th&. t t heir le.nds
b'l r c v - an d tnl!.t w'!.-Y e",,,h wow. 1. know wha t was
<'llR an": t i,ey .. oul J no t ficn t IUld t ilu s , he eaye ,
~il ~ t t lley 01ace 1• • • in tn'! lands of ~u1 b i Ii. mar k e r
• • • an:! t he r " ••• tne '... s ndt en e settle:! t he ir
J" e o p:i. e ami t hat t hey hRd held. and owne d them fo r
'i t le,,"' t t v.·o lIves unti l i t pa Blle d and ~opa Ynca
• Y\ll,unql,l,e e"".e • • • • (ff . I b9r - v ).
e . :One teu t lltlony o f t llose f r om cen ee ,
I f we e OIt. ~I'1"e t,u: t ect l t' O!lj' ot' t ne Ye.:l,)' ''' wi tn t na t of their
ennmu~ , 1'8 fi n'" t ",.t .>t l vl te 11.11 t h e n,IIl·Cle n , l ltlC;lltion . 'lCId r e es-r
g' l r... t i on euer-e WI.& IllcO E< t r,c <;liff e ren c i bl! t we en t ilem a l t o wha t h a d
n a lii/ene O a t ,u~ Wl I n pr~ - Lnka tln.e t' .
TIle l ord" o f I.:ll1I t n ,.t1',I, not u""" "'r i r. ..e u on i n c cur- t , They
t'e n t or.. " ·.lon t' rro-.e l . e o " rc:os" ...../10 could s'U 11 r e cal l " s e . lr~
~i ll llyn.c ll t>a lO1Id t ilS y::.,;o ," lie ststs ~ I
p , n
" •• • t.~ r"I·e ~ " e j' r.f::l3 , l o n l ll o r t n t e klnedom. had
e~cl' arn ved • •• In , "'1' >1 •• • t lle r e wa ll a lord in in a
o'm~ n e at '''"Hll ..."'~ f, O ~ .. s,-,cJ ect c f t ro e Chief s c f
Clin t ", ltr;~ WHO W>.l S c a lle d CnaCU!lecaxa Hl'ld wa fl • ••
"':.lb~ .. c t t o "ncttL.. r- lard , the l;oll icapa , l o r d of
..:olliqlle • •• • t o wllo t he m. id caeue ecaxe gave tribut .. "
t r • nov) .
I'rotl t ili s ~'Olnt c e , h I S tea tlll".ony dif 1'.. r e .:1 f ro", t he Yau.yu vers i on :
" ':'h e lrd i nz", f ro", ~ar.ta ~ re t enci ir.g t hat • • • C;ui bi be
thei rs , brouc h t t o.;etne r c;,...n y wllrr i ors t o a t tack
t it.. eaio Chli Wllecaxa and t he salll CollieBpa •
•• • ! p" rn i llt' of t h e t;r e n t strerlG th brought by •• , .
t a os e of CIl.:l tn , t Ch bUl: ,e Cb xa ] was "ca r ed and as h e
fa "'"hi h UlSel f I n t r.e middl e , d i d n ot kn ow wh e r e
to turn and " e c r e t l y ue s en t me~ s engeru t o .. . e e e e e
c r C...ure e Xl'l u r. 1T,l': t hat h e W~.S a fr iend .••.
Collieapa c a t he r ed Gl!il'l1 wa r r i o n and :l:oved t owa r d s •.•
t ilose of ';anta who • • • r e treste d and t ook cove r On
ti<.>::le nill .. , frolll whe re t hey sent mes sengers and r-e-.elllve a e then: • • • llfld t.ney Be t tled ••• and t hus the
8111<.1 Colli e" lIa .:a~e it [ ? ~ t o them and t hey agreea
on t he bo r de re o! Col l ique rmd Cantli and iii Jr.a r k e r
""11 pl a. ce J on a h i ll .. . " ( r r , 210v_211r ) .
Tn1. "1 tn ' tl... , "rl;l OB, fla B on e of t h e fe w na tive8 or Can til. t o
te etify . Nlot ile r Wa\! "to oo , i d en t i fi e d i n t he t lllt1mony S8 an " in!i.de l " ,
a e c e e t ook nis cutn "In a I:lnnne r h e llJl.iri "11~ t ile o\letom i n hi. 110" 1"
" • •• t ne ou i d Col l ic B.pli in tende d t o oonque r t oward
t nll h i c: llJ. r.n l1 li1 , in Cur. t a lan<.l . , I&ll I1 t n. Cant. want ed
t c t, oV' i n t O t r.t landll of the ~ "~O ll and thus t he y
COll.II II.I'Id paued thro"'6h t ile eaU t own or (;luibi. • •
II.I'Id t he lord who 11 vsd t lle re raoeh .d t h, 1lI ....ell ,
wi ':h girt . lind o the r f ood .. . " ( r . 21Bv ) .
It h n ot our PUrli oUe n.re t o verify whi cll or t nl" vlnion •
....... n iB t or i oally llCO\lr a hl . 50 It may b. lI".! U ehnt t o n ot. that t il.
t nr e e att.nio 6:rO\lPIl "Cresd on l
Ku r r o. p. 2)
1 ) "betor e the yr-<;IIo " tilere haa b e ~n f. cOlllt al polit~ , "'lt ll
i te nat i n Colli el".Ie ..nd. rul ed by II. Collica i'fl j2 ) t illl.t t ili e couetu.l .,oli t y oon t.ron,d rt llC\lrOlie 11 0:1'. 0 ~O
k.il ometer . \lp-Vl,.n ..y f r c-m lI':'8 n '.l cle \ol DI it W1ll 0 Po te r r a ced , irr l.t;"tc LI
ila r den, plllZlted t o coolI._1I U( , 51 I,o't po p"c r lJ "nd frui t ;3 ) accne !<r,d con t r ol cf e\ol cn inl llnJ r e llou.roes by t MI COl>,II
tal people req, \ol1red mill. t.!l. r y vrotec tion to f nce h18'hl nn .:l t ilN!n t B.
ne ee lOl l t ili, ... oJ.J u.p til one ,"or., c:t"e .nt' " ~ eu1o,l lC comple
ment ar i t y" or- "vor t1c,.l cor. tra l " '/ 'rue thI'''~ ~"UF'l"'l tl(mO aocve
111.ltlgae t i t ba t .:I oubt" remain , T" . 1nfa rT..l<llta l<c r ee1 t nnt. t ~.l! l' co;:le
of Qui "'i wert :tun g" , ll V1l'lt\ .. t ece e l ,OL'(' 'M, te n "lti t '.Idl! but we
. t i ll don ' t kn ow if tOle;.. "'e r e ~ e r i l'l;e r.. l u", ttll!I,:en t o .!i..!.!ll f roc: Cal liqu e ,i f t hey continued to U .&r Oi llll tr.ei r n ,;n t ll 1U\.l pa r t ic i plltian In t ne
s e t tlement8 an the beecn - to conditioI'. will cu 3e S,,"'8 In <i 1s Fensa ble
in de fi ning ~arcn l pelar:on . " 'i'n e Col 1 1Cbj:b CG.,l ,l nuve e ~erche j e xte :-
na l , pol i t ica l control c ve r '''l WI , " l thaut '~ '''ti cs1 ' ill;plicBu onll ,since t he wi t nes s es de ec r -i oe« Chaurneca xl>. all "a l or d i n h l S own ri{;h t " ,
wno ~paid t ribu te " t o Co Ui,p.s , 'tl,ia "",biva l ent tes t i rr. ony , t o " ".i on U,,,',11 : .' e eee ee :..l i n a f o r e i. ,,""n t On<,.II1 , r each s" us t nrauOJ, t ne
dou ble f il t e r of tile t r ..m:;la tlon enu of t ile selec tion e xerCI s ed b;;
t he scr ibe , For these reaocne we canno t 1;" cer-mr e t nat tr.e coca-leaf
gar dens af «ul wi Wto r e worsed oy cc a e t e.I dw"ll er~ , sent J.n f "om Coll i q \le .
To help us cle a r u p nucn <1oubts abo"t c1)aet_t:;.e~Li - ercnr
pe l8.{;oe" 1 a '"t;c ellt t ne flll iowi rlj.; tuctical '~o v e H , wni eh way t u m ou t
t o be hel pful :1) hrc r,,,eol o/\icfll s t e pu . Tne coca-leaf cultivato r I'
:...",.., ~ h e ir 1 0r :l6, Case III , lived. i n a ZOlle wnere we ha ve ..- i t nes aed
"sys temat i c e xcavatiann in recent decades . ' illtnoucn I n tne pr-ece -,
d i n/; pa o; e s I illJ.Ve t rm vec my I'''''..lll t o emru c crol.lpa tnllt fl OUrl ahed.be t ween 1 41>0 un;! l~"O , the Il,, -,.'e r i nfonnanon On coae tal It. r chaeol''t':Y
lS so l ns t ructi ve t na t i t ce se r-vea e pec r a'l. a t t ent ion ,
In 1911 , '~ , ('. Pa t t erson llwr.mari;:ed t he ehlm/;£Il In
hUlllan occupat i on I n tile v311e~- B be t ween Chbnoay and Lurln , oovenng
II pe r i od whi.ch be;::nn l ong 1<£,0 lind r-enc ned to atoo'-lt 1<; 00 of our e r a .
-" I,e i mpor t a",::e of tile c r opo c ...l tlvated. up- a- r ve r- c rew and be tween1':lOO and U'JO SC t he co!:cUlnpt i on of :lor:: es ti ea t ed plants eeeeee an
i lllpo r t an t sU~l- l en..n t t o t he traul tl or.a l d i e t , ri ch 1n se. pro 'te l ne .
AroWld 1600 tIC, when eeee-aeer lIIl&kes lts a pl'" a rnnee . 53 i t is adde<1
t o pean" t s , ....e" l ~ot"' tces , r.ot pe p~" rs . Louava , 11m-. bean8 - allof wll.l eh _e re kno..., 1≪1 utl l lUd ear lier . Ir. s'lFe cos8tsl valley$.
t ne ;118tanee bo! t ..een toe ~arl t Ul: e r e"Ourcea and t ,." inland &a n:ier...
" aa no t c r ea t ; i n tile L", r1n val l ey , f or "~3lII1' 1e . one eoul j SKplol tbo t h zene s f l'Ofll a slJIc::1e set \ l_en t . i:!U \ ln t ile CIl.l116n , ~ \ne r i ve r
of ·~"'l b l , ~ we are t ol d tll&t ~tne lar,;.. r I'ro porU or. o r \ he population
lived i n cO&$\ a1 , !il' t11ne: vl11 a.e;n and tne Bl:.a11er proporUon near
agr i cul \ ural lwntts i n 'the low valley ••• ~ th",s exploiting res ources
of non_contl~"'ouS he ui1.ats .
!IN'' waS one t o acquire 'the "roQuc.. f ro= t h. Yu b¥1S '?
How di d the s eaf oo d. reacn iuland '?
At f i r s t si Lht , bar te r , ceremonial , xchQn6's s s wel l a s
tracie, a r e al l possl ble u.newsra . ucn of t h..m, a t 1.1mea , haa probabl yprovided t he p~a ..e r in t he hnd~ e . 3u. t t he excava t iens . umms r i zed
cy !'attereor. e ffe r I< new ellpl ana 1.lon , t....aed on a compa riaon of
r:lll t e rllll ccecrexee (Illld. no t of isola t ed el elr.ente ) , ..hich .. s re t cee
te d. bOl n on t he coast and up ths val l ey .. . Batterson s ta t es l
~An anaient r o l'lll of s oa i al organi za tion in t he Andes
is or.s of cOI':InWli ty self- suff icienc¥ • • • The mos t
illlport l\ll t ecneeqaeeeea of tnlll f o l'lll o f or&aniza
tion l S that t ne 1ll" lIb"rs of a cOllllllWli t y IllUSt s i's c"th"ll: s el v. e l n an e t't l clent mBnT.e r t hrougllout t he i rte~rito Z'1 1r. oraer t o acqul re t ne r e. our cestileJ·
"eeJ . Ar. ... " ne re t hes " ~80urce8 occur IC&¥ be Leea-,
t u Ul do.. pro:xilti t y t o ea ch o t h. r o r ..t co ntld..rablt Ili.tane.. , d"pendi r.g on t hs .eQlogieal
patt.rns that pravai1 in their 'te rTi 'tor)' •••• • 54
It 1s ..,Uen"t t hat til. t . r.denc1 t oward.e . ..lflluftiCier.c¥ ~,
,P"'...·: Hli 1n'to a 11.ne:1I 1101111 . 1I1. 1J lepara1t4 'tun'tor1.. , .Met.
a ps-aNnUy pNvailid. ove r 10m. 4, 000 yea" 11 qui ts coaFarable t o
t he ' ver t i cal a r chI pelago ' des cribed in the wr i t t en ec ur-cee oft he 15 60s . 1 do not i nsist t ha t a model of s i multaneous utili za tior,of many , dis t an t t ie rs by the same pol i ty endur ed wi thout modi f i ca_t i on f or ) , 500 years~5 until we run i n t o it among t he l iti gati onr ecor ds of l;luiwi . But even adllll ting t ha t the re were change s of cl i ma te or of poli tical organizati on ( the Wa r i conques t , for exampl e ) ,whi ch coul d have affe ct ed t he ~ 8elf-8uffi c l ency " or the Ma r chi pe l ago" ,i t s t ill would be interes ting t o modi fy aome of our current archae clogi cal pri or i tie s: we could i ni t i a t e t he s t udy wi t h occupationswhos e ethnic i den ti ty has been verified , l ike tho se of Oui wi , to
reveal eventually the anteceden t s of t he s i t ua tions des ori bed I nt he t est i mony or t he l ords of Col l ique or Can ta in 1559 . 56
2 ) Ethnohistoric ste ps . ~oat of t he mate rial s useda bove to suggest s Mthird csse " a r e drawn r r om the litigati on recor ds
of 1559 , a classio ethnohi a tori c source . Other possi bili ti es are
not excl udsd .
The S8me court r ecords quo te many ot her wi t ne s s es, s omeAf r i cans and othe rs from Europe, who had a stake i n t he a rgument .Even the Andean testill:ony r-eac nes beyond t he t hree ethni c groups
quoted above . Finally , one can l ocat e cons iderabl e pUbl ished andmanuscript evidenceS? dea l ing wi t h t he peopl es of t he Chillonvalley at about t he same t ime , but where the f amili ar li t igantsap~ ear i n quite diffe r ent cont exts and so met i mes arg'l e an unfami _liar point of view.
I will begin wi t h the testimony of a f ourth ethni o group ,t he GIl&r.cayo or GIl&ncull o, 58 reei (l.er.tlI or t he u tile valley , only ar ew l eagllee away f r om the coca_leaf croves i n di spute , One of them ,
"don Piego M Ch\ll!lbiqlli byM has heard it f ro ll! hie eldere an d t he 01<:1 •••
t hat t he s a i d l~ds (l..d not bel ong t o eithert he I n<:liane of Can ta or t hoee of Cn.call a ~~t
t o the yunga . • • who ha(l. had them an(l. owne(l.the~ an (l. t hey alwaye had diepute e with theYa~o I n(l.1ane of Chacall a about t he l a i d landeuntil t he entry or t he ynga •• • • " ( r r , 11 9v , 11 9
~..
Anothe r , Caxallau x8 , whos e t e&t i mony is i n ~rlnt .59 confirm ed t hat
"befor e • • • t h e l o.....land I ndI ans who live i n the val 1 8~' r;
t owards t he "ea . • • came . •. t z.e r-e wa s 8 Chie f andlord called Chumbiqulbi [no t to be conf us ed wi t h' don Di ego ' , above] t hey ..... ere all the same [peopl e)
and wer e called yunCas •• .•of
Ch~biqul bl was a l owlander and 'lowland an cestryand wa s a lord in his own r i gh t who ga ve cotton andcooa-l ea f and maize and other t hi ngs as tri bute t oa l ord cal l ed Colli ca~a • • • and t hi s lord ruled til lS
l an d [all t he way) to t he s ea .. . " t r r , 191v-98 v) .
Fi nal l y , "don Luis" Zacal l a , l eader of Guar aui , 60 added t hs t
" t he j ur i s di c tion of t he l owl ander s wa s kept spa r tf r om t hat of the highlanders of Canta and the domainof the l owl anders reached above t he t own nOW cal l edQui bi , t wo l eaeues hi gher , to a place cal led Chuqui
co to . •• " ( f f . 190r - v) .
Early control of t he coca_le af groves Up- r l Ver by t he coas tal
pol ity a t Col l i que is thus con firmed by t he hlstoric test l~ony aswel l as sugseateo by rue a r chaeol ogy . SUll , tile original que s t i onwhi ch l ed me t o ~wel l on t hes e mate rials _ ~ WSs Quiwi oontrol l edf r om t he coaa t , on a ' ver t l cal archipelago ' pat t ern ? - has no t beenan swer ed . Since i n 1912 we could not ass er t that the " tribute" ofcotton or coca- l eaf turned over by Qui wi t o t h e l ords c f Coll iquewaa s imply t he normal t r aff i C between t wo 8e~e ntB of t he same s ocie ty ,le t uS apprcac h t he ' ar chipel ago ' f r om anot her di r ection .
On e of t he non- AI'Hl ean wl tnesse s l n t er vi ewed dur i ng t he di spatewee Rodr 1go , who was al r eady a fre e~an on 14 Oct ober 1559 when het ook an oath " t hat he ha d f r e(j,uentl y been t o t he au d l an :l. s of c;:,..i bl "whi l e et11l a slave Of Fr anc i s co de Amp~ero l
" aoon af t er t hey ki l le d t he mar qui s don Frar. ci ecoPizarro [1541] he went t o t he ea1d lands • •• ami 8IIW
t here col or,i ets sent from Chacalla and col onistefrom Cant e whc were t here , al l mi lCel1 t oget her • • • "
( f . 23v ).
I"" 27
f' e r.r: e.l r.o t BCc"pt . . f ..c t t Ile U 'f,l. c.tlor. of <liIJorJ.er
1n t he '1:.1X. "'. .... p ' (....hU t y of <tn e ,.ttle.r:. en t . ....1\.11. \ n e::: or vIL1 .•.:.1l:le
In t .niB Vlry .arly t " U lkor.y 110 ·U ..II. \ co tto n ; ,;nl ou:d. lItton le .;r o:.l;;C
"orr l Fra l l nt i n t he c e clO-l.uf . ilO <t n l:.uln t"1r.C'1 011t U e r l , t nr fre:::
t il.orlr r e l p. c 't l v, n'..el a1 , wmcn unlO n Cl. t ne .. r o..l ..l Ct1vlty o f t :le
gardenl . M ol t ney wr. ra not a l on e I 10 w ltne ll ~ from ;; '..I11raUl tee t H i e'l :
WBltno~n 't nB yn..:~ h ..", ~111 a J. 't he Ind.'~~' o f t n i e
lerd t nl Y ea. l l d ~:.llbl , lULl of t h em liu rv1 vaJ. kr. J.
t r.e ll. weI'.. er,..:-.U·" U <,l aZ".o yHlIi ro e<l of f all Y a'~'o I r.lli
....,s •• • • 0 •• n ot " oJ l "u"" I""':' 10 ae t " e l r l :.n oJ " • • • w
( I . 1';Il rl .
':'n.e 1 11I..i.l t ....e o..1O use e f " rel .. t. ~ v ~ l .t u,.0L11 f a n ::. oy t .. o
"enel:ly" etllnl e (roup8 , ,,1.. .. tne clllll'.oJu!<tir.e preaence o f II. 'tt.:. r.>. .
lIIua t have II t ruC k an ",Uen c be e r-ve r- lI"e ,ien iiod r i go a ll a r llt lle r
"m1xed_upM f1 e t t1emen t . Tn a a ctuul f1 nllr i nr ef trl" a c r-eage a t ~-"' ~ \H
..a ll e ven more co~, plex t hun he t no......n tl Cllxa l llHlx" t est1 fle d. t i13'L
t he n ..e r-e- l o..lan.;i co1on15tll " en t t y 1;nt! na t :l. ve ll e f tnl ll r-e -,
t.l;r. wile r?r.'ur.e .J H. t nes e l an j" • • • " III ch "oo r-.:e r
or. t ne s .. o f r.wtr. c ayo I&li l t Il3se • • • of H.e Seeoa Il.'l<l.
t :.at U ll ,otl.... ;! y.. ..yo Jmuu.>: a re Ir. voeee l""d,; 1;1:
n l n~ s nl ll nearby .,.0. t he &a l;1 Inol ans f rom c..nta
also oo r <:l t r en t ile 1",, <:111 o f ;;", i. Cl an i [ l l ve) In
ethe r fi e1..u "" u rn nl, (I. t e e n 01' te.e ll<lid l owl un d
Ir.Jians " f 1:011 1 <: 1.1 .." • • . " {fl . 1:av-l 25ri .
>lhat 41:1 this II tn. lOa on · oorllt rsw /!l eW". t o 'Ln~ WI tneln ,e ll
a t t fle t u :•• of t <l.e :: ..ro ,,"&T. II'V" a I OI1 " ~::tm '<1".<:1 nO" had t he a ..
· OoNerB w beer. ae t "! I:...."r. IIUPP'08 1r'll'_ ' hil t e "'e o. e tnnle ;;roup ment1 cnt ':
In t n. l l t1t:at10n oa3 It. O"'ll e .. t" rJ.31 e-...J t u r.. , "e woul" oav~ ~e
a_I t careful /I1I j "ro t rac t "., I! XC..Vlou or o f r ue t ern \ ce a an.t fl C~J&
i n ols pute eerere "e eO \oll <l no..e t o ><Z'.l1 r ,,:.Cn ",,,e ll 'L l. or: ~ . J.:.nr " ' l e
aOme prel i mi na ry llonelu.. l en " (' £D. .."r- rhfl1;" l . ...· f: UIr.l rIF. tnn t tne t -
n eli ses conve.Vl! u SC'.," of t ne ,,18torl.C ""'1"'" n;" . o rl t:1nai1y t ile
coca-leaf nau " l>e l ollt, l!<l " t o 'tOn e ", ,, o f Cel l~ 4..l " -"" 0 , ... t 1I0lll a pe i.nt
\>e fe re t he ~lUJ~e rierlzon , nll '>' cor.. true t ~.>. t:le t errace" ~J t he•
1rrl6s <t ~ er. ..e n ,t . "'"...r.,: t"" "" ' ~ C Ml OJ 1;n" Wrl. '." r " f ~U l lll. w . t l<"C;;l l i 6,..
.ery ea rl y on , it mus t ha ve ~en ~la l ~ t ~at t nl s r i ver dl d
no t belor~ t o t he lo~landera alone :
·" ' nell t he ..a te rs d l d not :rl o.. 10 the sai d r-rver- of~u i b i be~aU5e of droaght . t he In d1ans of Cants andt nos e of t oe a ent10ned l ord [ o:r Col11que] would Gett oge ttle r and lOOul.d open sOClie lues ..hi eh a n> :rol"ll:edfrom the anO" t hat fall. up i n t he mountains . Theycade thia water eoce do~ t~ro~ t he aaid r iver
of Quibl.• •• • • ( f . 2<l6r l .
We aa" above , from t he s t udy of Cas e I (the ~O~ll-leaf grove.of Chineha o or t he s al t l icks of Yanscachi) and Csse II (oas es ofSams , If.oquegu.a or Ll uta l ths t faraway resources had t o be s hared i nthe l ong nm .. i th ot he r ethn i c Sroups , A vari e t y of eeologi oo-poli tical pr... urea were e l<e r ei.e' d on whoev er ..a s the fi rl t t o establisht he out l i ,ra . The te ll t 1~ony of t he 10.. l and l ord. of Col lique . quoted
above . eOinCid~th t hat of the Cant. and C~aeall. : t he fi rs t . whO~ay well have been t bo ae ~hO .et up t he garden• • had t o give i nand Bha r e the irriga t ed Boi l in ~l... i ..ith t he highlanders .
It ~s t o . , e 1n t hi s provin~ial quarrel aomethl.r~ beyondor... core t r l bal ·conque s t . · Even a f t e r t he lo.. lande rs gave i n . t heydid nOt loa, t heir a~eelllll t o t he co tton . ~oea_leC' and t he f rui t .The bord ers draMa up ra wi t hin Qui.. i - t he ~eaea ae t t lec ent ..oul dapec i f y whi ch !Yr r o hat t erraces and ho.. much i r r i gat i on ..at ar
..ould go t o ,ad: ethnic group 'harl r.g t he given acol 061e t i er. Preetima t o t i me the i'art i tion i. al te rad ba~aulle of tl!mporary hagemonha( t he I nka f a vor , d the Yauyu , tha Eur opeans the Cants ); pe ae . 1n t hecooa_l eaf COWl t r y was alwaya a tensa aild pre cari oua truo, . Yet t herewa a ord ar and purpoae 1n t he comp, t i t i on . At any g i v, n period , al lwer e f ami l i ar wi th aaeh othar 'a r i Ghte ..ithi" tlta , srd , na . Ae oneAndean witnaae cor.mante d whan a.k.d t o a, t • ~on,y prie. f or Qui"1 1
· I f t hay war a hi. , h••o~d not 6iva t hee f or ~8Il:ount of !rooney or ar.,y oU.a r t h1r.g ha :::'a:ltt be
6i van ••• ••
p , 29
ce ee I '; : l .. r ,' e cc..sv.l f.lt.,. JC1:. E,
tf t ile t h ird case r e sel:bled t ile fl re t Slnc e i n both weaealt _itn amal l ethnic bro~ps and tne 1r e tnnic ou t lier s , t hefo "rth may be Elald t o match the ee ccno , \.;uch as the Lupaqa , t he Northcoaa tal k l ned~s ~e re f requently powe r f ul politlea , wi tn populat i ona 1n the hundreda of thousan~s . ~~t lf t he se were a r ohipelaeosa t all , t hey pol n t ed i n the OppOSlte dlrectlon : t he lrri 6atedval l eys , l l ned up perpen dlcular t o t he ?&,cl fio o.oas t , harborednucl el downr i ver will I e thei r col onies , lf any , would reach t owardthe CO rdlllera s and beyond. Sepa rated by s t r e t che s of de sert ,these groups ~ere r epea t edl y l nc or porate d i n t o l a rter , mul ti-valley- k ined~s and contedera t ions , - of l ocal or hl~and or i c i n . Weret iley a rcnipel860S ?
The answer is MO, l t lt were sl~p11 a mat t e r of ga r risonaup-ri ver , contr oll in& t ile mout~ot canal aya t ems or t he narrowsa bove t ilem. l rri gati.m being lndi spt'nsa ble f or large_scal e agr i cul_
t"re on the North Coas t , nyd r a ulic Installations would encour86 etne bui l dl ng of defens i ve works , hi gh up on the river 's course .Suc h gar r i s ons .ere par t of h.ydraullc t e c l"onol ogy and not peripheral- i al ana,, ;- " e know t hat n ee aT.:i 8£ain hlgnland s tatee c oul d brir.gcoas tal pol i t l es t o heel by cu t tlr~ of f t ne wa te n des cendi ngfrom t he e l a ci ers , Tne pre sence of s uch coastal garrison s up- r i verne i t her s uppor t s , no r weak sns the probability of cOU t al archipel&£os .
I n 1972 we a r e a t l 11 unabl e t o verl fy t he presenc e in t heil. 1gnlanos of percanent outliers wnlch would allow coas t al lOrdsdirect accese t o pasture s , ooppe r ore , PA;ak an cha fo r t helr t ubera,or coca-lea f , t l~be r an~ honey on t he &astern slo~es .61 Theevidenc e s va l l ab l e today doe s no t pe rmi t s f 1~ aSJertion t o thi se f fec t Md t he f oa r t A ea se remains nypot he U esJ..
W. st111 l . ek 1¥11 pr1:ary ec ur-c.. f or n .e l'o r t". Cou tl ike t he li t igation or inepecticn prot ocols eited .bove , Jet t he rei s hOpe f or . trea1 t~roa&n. b2 : he 11ttl. th. t t he . y. w1 tne.eaeeount s by Ci e za , Cab, l lo VI l boa or Calaneha hav , t e offe r hasb" n eombed and s~.ri z'd l it nes da no elabo r a tion here .
- -._- --p • jo
To I:j\lo te I. Unt;h PlltH lI.(; t f rllll. ClI.cc ':'.l.o 'l Nl oo rt , . 1'1 ' 1'\ t n. 11'"';" .. n ilto'..a. 'lC ~ar.a.U·4 nOrtr.W:lT.3S,l t "If·. t c: o..r '&t;eo",1. ..... :1 .tror~~ r ea l ltnr:c , "
:.n C.. ; _..::. rl: l. , • .1101.. l a d .ll bU.t fo r ill <l. !r= t n. a1r,.; er Cr.lt. .. :
• • • • lLT.:J Cnao C. ......e , ..1;0 . .. "...11)' n.ll~ P' O J:~I r-e .. 'l)t or .....r . pnlVlc.e :1 t r.e~ " 1 t r. .. ! l&.T r.=ber c!- ,cl-o u r ••::'011. ca;tal1; ..II. I II. Cr av, 10;.1\:1 , lil a o..-r.
"ln~ar. • • • • b..t , "en taol ly t n, y ".r. :1.r • • tl:1 • • • •~( Ca eello \' w bo, [15ab~ . & . III , en . XViI lS~l : 11 . 317 1 .
;';vln • .lon rel1s t~l\ee 1lll0, ,Uh.nce B Jo not 1l'\.11 cflte tI':~
pTtaenea af 1 0 01 0 6 1 1: c:oc; ;lhlT.ent llr i t l . It.i t t :l' Y !" Il,)' poir.t t o II. T1i;l cT.,
Chiml,l_CaxlUll llrc l , nil an ar-ee, or pI l'l\Ull bl r eea t-cn ,
;.c c o rJi.~ t o Julio C. '.' . 110 , t Ole re:ntion be t w.." n the
Nor tn Cout IlZld t he tl.i.;."llanul 1r.l!,eul a t ely East " fll ;ul.lb te rltl.
AlthO'..Igh 're llo Sd/t.1tt e<1 t nh t " the ou.!m1 n u. t ior. of ccunt ry " agnc...l
t ....Tal developa.ent~ can be OC II U ''V. <l or. tt.e Coa " t , ne a rG\' e:1 t :lut
~ .. l l t ne cu.l t lOrell e t N r.., &101"":: t ne Ill!SlmO re lo r e
me re br ar.cne ;; :If tnl ~ ciV1. 11:':l t 1 0l'".1! of t l:e i.r;:1ee )
• •• 1~e &rtl! o r 1al l nn , ~hl~<1 , Luc n l . e re ~erl vea
I l t"e r :l1 r ec t l / o r ina l rectl , f r= tne c .>.1 t "ree
or tt.e ;";'rd.Qor. or f r<L ;l,y"':"6 . ~ {no te .. ~l
I f . ..on ~ derl v"t . "".~ 01 cor. flr:ooeoJ . t~l' ..0~1 :1 Ofen apa r en thea l l a bo~t 1'0 .. s lol ., ~la lBl"''' I; ~ n o. t ..... co", t tol vlIl l ey s " eople "
oy lU'• ..r.d e>m nll c lt, .. " t h e L:,ul. -lIr, . Tn la " o-uoi "J;J, ,ye t tLr. o t ne r e" }l l ~
na t ion t o ne i" \la un..ie r llt" n <l tile not" bl~ f 1 o'.." r 1nc:- .11",1 n:l-1'. r.E10r.
of t ne Rar1y jjO rll:On .o~ 1 1e.. ve t h i S res .,arcll ni.r. t in t " e r,and ll
of tne archlle ~l ot:l ll t £ .
Shi f u r-o; t o l " l.er perllN8 , we .11"''' 01 t ne ueee r-t i cr, of 3er, l"~'
and. r a-u e ,1 IUcn1 .,n (19';'1 ) trw l. H ' tn r t:>ITe .."r1lel' l. 8 l."t;es o f t ,~c
~ Clvl1 i ;:a t l on o f C"J!<:J~rca~ t ney f owl'i e c ~ " ;; }l"rent r .. 1" t:' c" wIH,
t n o s e o f til e :-lortll Co.."t . ~ Or.l;,' "lt~n t h" c(:<o.a t ..-ne ll: va " ..<t t ·y t:t..
iUg hl=den o f t ile j" l'oU C .rc r-t ecn , t , rt '1I.~.f peue tr-e re t n.. Ca;unare"
r e gI on t;r lr"; i r~ ..-i t r. t""",
~QIQ' DE- ,,,. a i lle . __ .... o .. l e l rc.oo tr•• U"rtr. ';:o•. ". ~ MO."
t-ro-..v' t " l tn t1:eRl VI_rl o·_<, c",,," lal pro<i"c ~ . • • • 1t I S
..ll f:' ~ c....l t t Ci l'lliA " SOO N" I !' . 0' .le .. l _I t'; .. r, ~"c ":" ,,,l
R111:l'>. t l on <1 , ' to. O:li' tl<r,y OG R<! ""lIt •• •
.:'\
~rom t~en on, olo a. r re l at i on.
b. tw. en t r.o• • of Ca:a:aro~ and
- they do no t e••= t o h.ve ever ha d any gr . a t ImpJ r _
t an ee ar.d in no e. ae do t hey r eprea er.t a r-a&~ lV'
delcent or t he popul.ti on • • • • ( pp. 481- 82) .
: h. at~ti,ra;r.l o arrar.ce :.nt of th.a. : a t erl al e al : ew! nedo~bt l abo~t t heir irl-!r~a datlr~. 6 6 ~Jt we carr-ot d eter=~r.e t c ~arhew extenl ive '~Oh •• t tle: en t l cay have be en , nor hew e~ch ceae t~l
enclav e. ~'1 hav e r~c ti cne~ in bl gr~and circ~.t&r.c e l .
: he Relcr~enl point ed al . o t o the ce:;le=enta ry ~he r.~. e r. e n.
or C.~a=arca eol en i e. on t n. Coa . t , dat.d af ter Cnavin ~t !t~ll
;re- I rJc.&1
Thi a corr~ent deae rvee mor e a t tenti on than I t haa r eceivedlif the =odel of m\ll t1-e thnie "ill. ndl" 8llaly zed i n t hue ; Il&ea ;:: re_va i l ed alao in t he Ca~ amaroa-Ch1m~ a rea , t he o~tl i era men t i one d byt he Rei chl e:'" could. r eprea ent t he poa tul. ted u ttlelLent pa t tern.
Going now bey ond ar chaeology , 1n • s ltUltion whe re thewn tten SO\lrce. I " lIinll':al , 1t 1IIIY~!efensit.lI t o ~tU1t.e llr-eJ i ehc•and ethnograph1c da t I , even when these are f r ag=ent a ry .
=he ll~iatic eVl dence for t hl l reg i on has beer. s~~rl zf1
by Rowe (1946) anc:l Rl vet (1949) . Her e 1 will 1111li t Ilyself t o .e. t trlo. c tt he a ttenttOn o f the r-ee de r- t o an obe e rva t ion of Fernando de l aCa r r era , b7 who i n making a lil t of t ownships _e r a t he eo. et.l lar.
g\l&ge wae 8poken 1n 1644 1n cl ude l so~e fro= t he CaJama rca ~~~ t r i c t:
Santa Cru z , Rep08 , San ~iguel de 1. Sierr a and San Pa~lo; alsO t nepar~ ah of t he Jo:a r ai'lon r er ee , Cachen · and othe r t owne 1n t he pr cvr nceeof Guambos whe r e t ne sa id l an..-uaji;e i s Ilpoken an.r.'fuany ot he r s ln t he
. "mounta1ns euch a 8 t he val l ey ef Condebamba • • • •~ ( 1'1'. 8- 9) .
C1t i n;o t ile ....ork of C;. rcllallo , Car rera explalr,ed tnee e
colon i es a e be1ng of I nka or lC1n :~ tney t ook t nem to t he highlande keep1n& them as
nOltll.fle ll 1n v.rl O~s t owns• • . ever Blnce t ile)' nel dor. t o t~e 1r motnertor~e and al t hou&h t hey knot ile h iGhlar.d [language ] they ape ak t he1r O.~ morefreq..ent l y ••• •
~.u rra
Tra' late ~"te '1",o1.e .l b)' C.. r r-e re, coul ci be ve nfled byexcava t 1nb a t t ne ~laces he ~entl0n. SInce I t IS not i&COnCe lvsble1.nat even In pre _I r~a t 1~es t ne r e Was re8ettle~e r.t I n the h l bhl ar.~ ~
of coa s tal 16r~~~e -5pe~ers , a. a~e. ted by t he ae l chl e"a .
Con t e",po:-s r y and recent e thnog~i'hy has been used by Ant o_n lO kodr!glJ.ez S...ys~ (l9b9) . U81 ng t he netwo:·k of f a i rs t hateXIsted as l a t e aa 1940 , centered on Si c bal in t he vall ey of ~oche.
itod r !glJ.e z ..u.gge &ts tns t in the past t he r e used t o. be "an lnte r r eGi ona l move~en t thro\J.6h the dr a i nage s of Si ncicsp and Ot u zco"whl Ch f a Ci l itated t he exchange of hi ghland and cos tal pr oduc t s .On his p. 151 , flb • 2 , he offe rs an "ecologIc lI<a p- on ""IH Ch he s ket cne s tne 8cope of - . pos s i ble SOC lo-econ0Q1C £nd ean rel atI on undert he cont ro l of t he Cn,"'''' k~nbdo: , - wh1ch 5fons oreci 8 "s~enl flcant
SymbIosis" wi th troe ne1gnbo r l ng hi ghl ands ( p . 14 3) . Such a .~bl 0.11
can be explained • • ut il1z1ng c~erc1al and .i l T*tOT,T move.en ts
(Anton io Kodr !glJ.e z) b\J. t 1f our concern I S wi t h P~-~\J.rope&n tlmes ,ar. alternate i n t e r pr e t at10n i a no t e xcl uded .
The t r affi c be t ween coast and highlanda i n the r egion ofCase I V attracted the a t t en t ion of Paul Kos ok (1965) , whos e pos t h~oua WOr k on the No r tn Coast i s f ul l of s ugeea t i cns f or f uturer e searcn . Noti ni C1eza ' a observa t i on tnat the peopl e of ~otupe
-exchar..,e a t nlt.ea w11.n t ne h1Ghlande rs" ( Blo: . I , en . l xvii ; 1947 .p , 418 ) . Kos ci< f on:ul ated a '1u..ati on whi ch eeeae unaVOidabl e if onelr.qulrt! s aoo 1.i t >.ndellll econolCi ca ; 1f t he t wo ge OlT*phic ZOneS
Mea ch ~roduced d1a t inct raw ",at eriala ar.d
craft~en ' s gool1s , a condl t1on t hat undoubt, dl yled t o an exter.Sive exchar-t:e syate~ be twee r. t hetwO regl on l •• • ~~t wny dI d ~o st of t he chroni c_l era f a i l to d' i cribe ~ om, of t hi s t r ad. Ormen t i on ths t rad.rs , (p . 99) "
'Xhe answ. r Koao k off ers to h1a own " ulltion i s usefll1u nc. ha bellina by a.para t i ns t r a dl f ro.::. oth. r f Ol'll:1 of t raff i c ,Ye s , t.. a'¥s . t il. r . ...al traf f i c tr", t r.ot al l Itovell'.en ta of goodl ar e' c o~erc ial ' I f or sxa::pl s, tr1 'cr~ t s ean be earl1er, can oOlx1n aT.d
:::&y ev.n rsplace t rade . Ps r aonall" I would 10 ev.r. f .rti:lrl in Itar.y
p , JJ
pre- capi tal i lt eo cl . tl •• , ~o.t of t he co o~. ~OV. fro~ on. locia l••ge.nt t o ano th. r through lir~. of r.c iproc1ty, r . 4i .tri but l onor tr l but • • not co~.rc• • An .li.n obl. rv. r can .alll y conf~l.
ar~ of t t.l abovi . conc~l c proc••••• wi th ba rtl r or tr. OI. o9
KOloit not. 4 co thlr unu.Y&.l f act , t hl. tu:e frolt tro.;c. n c.nt 'J.l'1 , but Tlhrrir-e: t o an oral tra4lti on t o . illch w. t-..dno Icce•• 111. larl i er . 0u r ce.1 Calancha ( Booit I II , ch . ii ) clai~a
tilat t h.r. b. 4 b.en 6, 000 I ndiar•• • ho - pai d tribut e- bri r-e:ins gold ,.ilv.r, coppe r and other hIGhland pr Oduct • • Th. f i €\olr e of l ixt ho'J.s and m.y ••11 bl . xagger a t ed , but t he " bringing- .voked a
t.lling lluut1 0n fr om KOBOill
" . • • nO chroni cl lr me n tiona the Chlmal a s h!lvi r:..:penlln.r.~n tlY oominU"d t err i t or y i n t he a r er-re e ,I n t he l ight of t hi . , how oould t h.y obt a i nt r i~~t. from t he Si . r ras 1" ( th. at r' l s i . i nt he or 16 i r.a l ) .
The l ate histo rian ' s SOlution t o t hi s dil e~1 • • • t olugg••t tha t - t ile Chi~'J. rul.r ha d a t rade tr. a t y WIth hi s Si erra
alli" s - (ltr ... in t he OTl£:u.al) ; pruUl:1&bly t he e llch~es t ookplac" wltnln t hl. f~e.ork •
• • can think of AnO th. r .ol u t ion : t h. r • • a. traffi c and" xchange bet• • en the h I ghland. and t h" coaa t , but t hi . t ook placeunliung p.nr:an.nt per i . her al col oniea . " t up t n t il. hlc;ill andsby coas tal polHlI l . I can even con templa te t he pOl u bili ty t hathighland 10Cl l t i .1 nad t hei r own outli.rs on t he coal t and t ha tt he t wO aet -upl funct ioned l i mu.l taneoua l y • • • Tnl! t o-and-fro 'toOKplacl! withln a g aven s ::!lt l!m , a lIngl e macr o- or,gRllll'atl On of people ,s pace and r.s our oes. Such an explanation would BnI~l! r KOl ok 's q~ea
n on , quoted above , and . ould . xplain why t il" European eyewitnes se!'coul d find no me r chanta or marke ts , deapi te t ile I nCI! . ...n t t raffl c.
Case V st<>l11 ethn Ic c rours , WIth t h. Ir nucl .i H I
t n. wlna &Klt . TTl alopel , apparfntly w1 t ho" tarch l pe}agOI.
Thl! f our cas l!s above ba ve I n co~on an orC;aniza~ l onal
~ . ) 4
r eat lOre l in e l.l on. 1I01l1 01.:1 C c OI:lt:lem~ntarl. ty , t ile "o - c" l l ecl ' a r cn1
pel ago ' . 1e n !'ou i oh e xp11<l'\utton or obuer vecl n culn r i tu8 . I n
c on t r al t , tnl f 11 tll il a r.1' llt l. ve i r.l, t t<r. cel t ue 1r.I.'ICi tlmtll cl tnl e d
lIavir.G Wly IIcc n . t o r elo:. rc ell O'J. tIUQ " t tlll l ' nc"" ~ 1 l<r.~ .
tne re we re <m I y ;:> 00 lIO "wenol l1u i r. t ha e t hn1 c f l' ~ " P
l oo llt eci in tne yun qa of Ll.I r n z , i n t h e va l l ey e l.I ro~d Sonqo .
Th e ~Of ", lation ine.,e c ted in 1 ~ bl:l lI ~ o ke Ayrr.a r l' lm~
OOIl'.ell t o ou r attention ~ ~ O'lL.l lla ~jl IlY cOI. tro11l1<1 e x eene i ve ccc..-le ~ r
grove ll. 70 Q;L ven t llll e uey cOllver t ib1l l t ,Y o f u.c 1111<1' cn t ile ~:. rk f ~
and t he s t r ong er.-.oti onl4l Iit t",c,llLer.t . t avo :'.~ : " coca ll.cq",ireJ " 1'.01'
I:IOU8 i mpor t ance i n trle col l.'lildl n:i.llir.C e conomj... 71 F.r.01 eS5 M.Our.t !J
of pa perwork in tne ""rcr.i vce dc c \.U" e ll~ i t a C·J. l t.l'l"tl O!". , p.roauc t i v r t y ,
oec i 11a t 1on ll l.n pr ioe Imd cue d es il'8Qllity of it& '..I.e e . In cont rast
wi t h the l i tie a tlon a t Qui\Y i , whe re tile dlsp"'te , at r ea e e on t ne
eurrece , wa s be t we e n Ano.ean Crou.,s , i n So:'!'!." tile qUIlr re l rnv ca ve a
Eu r ope an5 : t ne nea r -a of a no t e e encor:Jendero , tl.e 10ea;' rO~'Rl off1 0i ,,1
(oorrecidor) and t he royal court (the euu t en c r al ,
~;uoh 115 tne i n5pe c t i or. of the '{ac,""" , lr.ent l One o. I\cov e
i n Case I , ttle inspe ot or s wen t f ro," t c wn t o t own 1U"l..i fretl noue e to
ho use . A.ltno\lt:n ttle lllu:.le t.<l S1<rvc ye .l ", e r e q lolt." ~wall and tne .,,, op l e
i n vol ve d we r e few , t tle r ecord cc ver-e Jr.ere tnun u tncusanu j)&l;es .
Tais refl eots , in pa r t , t ne repor-t anc e e f eo02- 1 N.f ",nen compar-e e
by t h e !>'uro"eana wr t.n o ree r- ere-I'll O'..l. t 1l1~0 trlI' Oilll r te & o f corr t<pt. o"
;-",ga inst tae flrst l ot of in~p"c to rs . Ttle AWile' lci a o r'le red a a eccn<i
i nspection In 155-; ar.<i tile n ew llu r ve:.o r 5 or o·.l{;ht b:J.ck new info n~" ~ ', l O~..
For t un a t el y , we llIlVe !l ~ our ;:1 12.;0..0.1 hoth In'' j'ec~ion8 eee can CO"'I'"retnelr resul ts . 7 ~'
;. '101'(1 « oou t t ne da t i r.", ot- H.e '''' ve ",l ir.e ;ec~ i or: ~
incluJed in t tlC E~~"Y . ';'" e s.e t "'Hl """te l' ( 1 ~4 9 ~nj 15,,:0 f er t n t> Y"cnr:
unO. Cnu payc ll"' ; 1 ~ b7 - t oe l,.u p.. q,q l5~ '.l _ ~U1 W,j a re conteL'pOr"l'.c o'..l ~ .
But t ne ..., are slOlific"r.t dlffe renc ..,, : til" cn=;;e s H e te" V'.Jlg ~ 0:"
La !'a ~ sine.. 15}CS , w.'Er. the r;"rOl'eLllS f 1r s t penetr'l ted toe reCim~
were more pr ofo=o. ~r.a" e lsllVlfle r e . ilr a e tl <: <:n"ncell oocu rre d t"rO C; ,~:l_
out t ne nn <i e s ; 1-n li01ne places , notably t ne ,··,,~ t h. m eOlls t , t he pOFc;
1atlon was co",,, let.ely f;OI.E bi l ':H,O . :'r.1'.I." '.... re r.ot "II J.: sas t r c,. e I"
the coca- le,.f u r cvc e , but t,'e convEr~lei1ity cr :,'" l eaf in "" t. ~
I ·' ;;
" ,_ 1. ' <: ' ; .,., . : ' .•" '1' . , ~ " •.". """ I '. ' '' ' : 1,.,,1 0 ' " t u",t " \ "e . ,: , .,. ,11:1' .: ~ : , · ,; ;O ' ~ "'" ." ., ,, , " , . ~- ,•. , ' ~ " .' "re "", ,· ' " U.-:I~""t tt'.." ''' ' ' ' ., 'I . ,",, " ' _; . / . 1,4. ' " "..,. " .:. , I " ~ " ~ I 'W'<" " 10 I n ' * I!:e;.
- .. , _, ..., .. l i . : .r .::. ' '' , ,, ; _1 - I ~ t "" I. t'\~ ~· h~'\ .. " ~ r
..,, ~ ": : J : , ....~ " " , ': - ~; , c: ,: "j '.· l l. <·UP. \ r.•·.r. .. ~f r1" 1'" ' ' ;' I'l l , I I f ,,,,,, ~ .. ;; ~ .. ..' "" Ic: e n,.. ..~q'l:\..,
· t ·I"" " " 0' : ' .-:" h""l' ;! i>-... H .·;;" t n ,r f l cclr. i nt; 110<"1";, .~ ;.. • •• ; , ... 1 ~ , · t. , I ,, ! t a t·, .. ', t f SF-"U1u. r 11J lll'l~
t l~" '!'" "" ' " nQw '·I,\ ' .r H., .r ~11..1f'. anll. t r lrt(t"ol .n " t,. 1.1,.. ~I ;:;" kJ:j frt~ :r_1r1 . J J:otat c:r ll
" ... 1 . ~ ·.H ... "·>Il l ..ll \.110 \"e~ ~ o r,ll.' f\ ~o?) 1!I1n c: t
"t.,,,, lto,k .. IIot, " d I..' e r r o:' t t o plant t to... 1 11111.
[ . c " c: ':.. ~ l uf J 1"" 1, t-t• .t rt1 J b. fou •• •• I f f. 221 v-
ll ~ e ,' tetl t h .g ,.y ~J 1•.JrO f " "111 .. tin ce nh tlll e cl. by · h 1r o
" f' . ...n l nz.. , In" II...i . l.n " 1" ",, <)tl tlf t ne c: h" r c ,", ani kno;'lecl.ge"bl~
, n nu .. Cll" t J.l ll'l1l ~ 0r. 1.'" \l 1' ~ wno .. ,,,: 11!.C'.1111lr wi,th t nt r 'I:1 0n f or' ..-t n t ;,· ~l' '' l'£ ~ ""t . t .. t "" :0 fe r I , :~ " l . _!!t fo",r C! r f i vll 'yea n,, 'Ie ~'-"'rt t an" ... . ...; n . 'sue n,.l on t!or h ltr.lIfl l f } ~ .... \1. he
· Ilr.o* _ ~n.. \ .,1tIriUr V...y " e re ""7 J: 0o[' . ncl. t ".l
,1<." " , I! It. ••} / 1" .•" , ..II t nt y do u::1 t h.., h.r-
'a c t I. " '" I~C "" ..: ,;;,, _~e,. f t i ,'. n llf{Vlll tile S".nl :,r;. e
" " , .: '.. .. I Lt .. · lrt l .. . • ( r • •, ' 1 1) •
. • . ": ' ~l,. " :', t c. :: · < ~l' ...i ,~ ' il .......·" ..:. ' . " .. j ~".. r r r r~ SCllq O
1 ~ " ' l r . ~ rr t '· " .l t n:o l ·"t t " 'Jt t\r.~ h/ l"t t t " l"!' ,li ll. n o t CO'" Il ~o
~ i"!t . { ..d U l l1! ..H II clo ln or a.rtJ' flU." r t iur-S lloo. ~ I f . jOld .
A\t"O.oQl tln l y 3 3 )' e. , . n.. '" d.pu"- d nc. ~ on10 .. . . U n t
,;rant . '" in t n eQLlfn,11l to O.brid 4.. lIo j •• , t t.. 10.111' ul. ... ha4
' . ~ " I ~ n,: ro " o unr l" r UlI lpa.Ucm tn the c:olonlll.1 f:II.rk . t Il1 J
,. " -
.."I ... t 0t" ·~,..,1' t"ey md pl ar.t"" •• • rt e i ue 1n " i be
. . • • 1n On te r to p><y " 'H. t t ney owed the ir enco
'-"'fluero •• • "n j i. t Is a ho,,,t t ..n yea r s s inc e t h ey
""J pl lU'l t e cl i t . • • • " (r, 316 1') .
5"c r, mcr-caee ~n tt,,, t::"r Cacl' ~lf\n t l' j t o c ocll- leaf was un1('r
tak l'n al t"o u..: ~n the I'o!,'-!la ~ lon " " U ve to ~onqc and the neignborine:
C:lII e ", p~ and I:hall:m a "a.. <I '11 lrl c11 po . ',' ;-,e only 1l01" t i on e e e.... e d t o be
,:; " t " 10e l:d)o r; t n e1r lnt rod~ctl 0r:; I n to t " e vall e ~· s. hail p r ofoun d
conseq Cl e"ces . ~ i c l lill" " " co f eucn ni!l!l1:ul" 1eo"le had a l ways be e"
!,1'" Ben t i.r. 50h'1 0 , outl i e r .. o f "lU"lLr.O ~ol lt ie" like t he Lupaqa .
In r i r.,; tile s ecor... 1n8I'e c ,;ion , 15t>S/ . t ile pmil's,,-ry s en t by tne c our t
re.e.c i r. 51r.a co
" col cr,i ;:; t s . • • • Wll C :Jre not " ClbJ"c t t o c bl ieation e
f or tne encomende r o e • • • t:ley ha ve l and wh i ch 1S
us'no,e'l to t nenl • • • an a ti...· y are subJects o f t he
l ON S of ,;nl! pl aces t h ,-,y C ,W;o' f rom. , . " (f . 5651'.) 74
I t i s lIos",ol" t .1lt t eue presence of eucn highl and eot enr e t e
w.. s tne br i ~, ,, ~ t n" y ..s e d " ""e n , t ceceee nec e euary t o i mpo r t labo r
f o r tile n ew Crn v",; :
"t" o» ' (nlre] t ile Ile1p of cer-eem I mlianll kn own ae
".;... rus v;no CO", ,, t o """I''' tue ecce- Leer i s pl an ted
an d th""e "1''' Jii r e d t o help i n t he ha rvell t andpu t tin.. 1t ,n c &llk e t a and t o take i t ou t and t he y
"I'll .,ui" 11'1 coc :l-lea f • . . " ( 1". 1981') .
"hio;tll'm<.lers ••• wnc r eeve Lcadeu with very g rea tb ra llne ... l1ll J. .. a llris o f cooa _l ea f t h s y carry t he ..-.
ee r vee ena l oa d on t o 11lllll!tu ... .. ( f . 2291') .
'.ie OlU'.not teU i n l ':ln if s 'Clo n ~ iere.tory a cv ee en t e and t h e
ui n n g of f orelt,n l a llor hltcl pr e -;';UL·0t:ean en teceuent.e , Fu t ur e s t udi e s
l i ;"8 t nose W'lde r tl!.ken by J Ur e:en GOlt l (19701 p , 473- 74 ) wiJJ. have t o
flr.ll out if euoh altenla tl Vee t o t.ne a r chlp l 11t<lo u:htl d i n t hEclI
h a r Ilarde n e bet' C:'e 1 535 .
Wne r e t h e re i e n Q dOub t , n or h e o1t a t i on , 1e i n the cone i s t en t
et", t ..mer. t o c f t n e J. or de of 50r.'1o, t hat t he y d i d nc t h a ve llny h o1dlflt;a
I' • j ,
1 i .
ua :l ,;" r ,fen!! 01
:; 0:. 1 ,,8 :'e j,or te";'
h~~"r~ r., l : ,, ~ .. ,; 01l.~' t·." f, H " ''' '
1 ) tIlt· (," T,."' I," ~",rro 'lt",J ~t'l .; tnl'l r ncme s a,, -i e e vv-.
~ e", en t.s ",,, .. n , t".., ..; rr ", n ,l. 'c c , n.:ilz e , ''''''·' .c ,\e n"" c~ar.!! , fl""l.ll t s.m: "
c ~l t . ;: c !l " t i l l ~nl .... cr:t . tl- ·J'l ~ "OWfl "" "COt~o~ ' or"lomos" . Sor.-.e o f t n ..
"ml'1e t " a l e o I ·e~c rt.;a po t lit o e >, ;
J) at 1'010£ J i llt " n c e frOI" n.e resitlencell they s ll
c~ ,,, ,-;'e;..t ; e"en, }I"t c h n'let i ve own nal:l e . Al l hO 'Js e- ..•" 'HIIlt;' ene r r- OWII ,;Ur :lenll , e ven t he ynna of the Lor-de ,. " "
...n t i n l: t ile t wo
,;, ,,., wi tne""es <10 no t 'It, r e e e cout the distanc e Ilepa_
t10>r" . ''''l~ ' ,:.l repe"" ll l n t e r e s t pJ lr. t ne reeve clalmed
" t hey were el""e to the i r t Olm s , the,)" ean ge t
to tne ,; roves i n a .lily's ..a l k , anJ e ven t hoe e
f a ra....ay cr.n be r-eaccec i ll t wo dR:fs • . . ~ (f . 268 r).
T" e i r OH,cr-ents ,1l.t\"G, 'e eu : one , .. tre."er , wno Olflim l!' d'\.n:>.'t i.n t e e C1d n t ,j'l!'urs ne na J known t h e l o..lander~
ne naJ neve r- s ee n .... ue r e tne reer V.lI e 1;1'0\\r. "~ecallse l f g rowl' very
far f I'or.J tuee e to"'l;£ .~ '~ne i.nr.v. bi t an t r, also tho'-'l:~n t it .. "s far and
e ven da n,;e r ous : t ;',c t.: r oves were UOVl',,_rlVCr , n ea r t he h a bi t a t of
f or e s t d''-ielle r s MIO treqacnUy ..ttack~d ana. Kidnapped t he cul t i vatore . 7 t>
I naVe oeen to Son'!o II few yeu r- e bllck b·..t n o on e knew whe r e t hey ha d
nnce 6 ro"", n.e lu.( .
,,"n t ile r d i.l<.eno i e" en '/\fIlieh t here wall c ontrovers y
wer e any r ..acur-ee u tee Son';!o I:"."y ha ve c on trolled in the highlands .
:>e!'pi t e e ener a l <lenh.l!\ , t.ne i n llpe c to rs report II s t a t emen t b}' t ne
two 10rd>s of Ciudl"n.. wa o c enre e e e a t nat
" in Chtaoora , wh i oh ie II t own nea r Pu car a [Lake
Ti ti cHc,. r e r,l on J . they hnd 1 , 70 0 head e! Cu t l
I Han Bne e p whi cn wn. I'lerde d by t he u o! c e t e
oora , ",n om t tle y Jiay i n oooa.lea:!' and t he y ha d
110 o t h e r ollttle be it from Ca llt ille or o:!' tr.ie
co~try ... ~ ( :!' r . 75r-v) .
Tn e " owne rllnlp ~ of t n, ..e enee jl Willi ol a r i fi e d by LluJ.la Ee t e ". , a wi t
I, e ~c fro~ C:l.a CIl>lLl I 1I11 of tr... 11ldu lno of Son q, o , t ot:'tthe r , " owne d"
t ne an1 l:<ule )
t..... rra ~3a--
"to ,,~ l ., " 1'tn 't" .. nerJ no(; tac)· neve a i r ed lor.. lr. :llar.
!rOlL , "UC3rtl ItJ'l 'J "e 1 8 I'ftlU I n eeee- aeer • •• IllHI. t hey
nav.. no :'I Uelr.e. [col" n l &tI:1 I n t>l .. .lllf')llar.ds , noran/.,,~ re d ..e •• . • (I f . 14 t.",_14 'tr ) .
~. t>,pJ. lU ."~t ::' or. of t nl" ~" ·'l'!:"n t c~r.tra'llc t10n I S t he eas.e
t of fe re.l f or t tle ..r esence 0 1 nlfnlar.,J~", I n t ne lWlg,a hd pu'll: o"t., i t o t.r.e leAf t...It ,,I t,,O... t lI .. ttllne; 11'", t ~e r~blon l t he pre lleuri' s 0 :
t "e L ..-roi'ean l:;lIrket eco no.ooy . 6.J.t .ne r e 1 cannot prove t h i s In t he
case of t ne ell t::rf'_"\ t nerveeee ee , f or tile ch ee p a t Catacora "e nave
t ne t e lltlmon,y of Il wi t nes :I ,:er.enlll j nCB tll e t o t he s cnqc cause :
" t,le rer ce of :;onCjo Iillll. toe otoe r t own. , • • IIllve <' , 000C'l8 tl l l i nn anee p ...nren they were eree ee u t o t "ke by
i,loii" l\11.a ae ver e e e e ( tl.e no t.ne r o f t ile encomendero ]"( f . j 02V) .11
Si nc e tl. e ne rc a t l:tl tllcoru ..... r.ot t ne l r own i de.. bllt an
Invell ta.e n t t.,)' dUM "".. , 1 Ilue.:eet _e .. cce i-t t n" IlCcuMlc,)' of tn~
Sonqo te.t~on,y: 0411l1Je of t nelr nouse ~lIroens and t oe coca-leaf
i: rove ll t il~,. l.aa no " cce llll 1,0 o tn"r e ro" s , r.or t o L"'I1 ot !le r ,geo,gra_
,;!HC tle !" . I t . aB t nil> .. t.Benc~ of \t,e a rer.i.f~ laco t hat ~neouraee:!.
Coe t o u :e l ", J," : i1 r :::l ne r e , uS .. f ltti, ceee , I ."'B nop l r..:; f or B l1l:::1t8_
:tor. to tn" ...::IJ,,1-
nO. 10 elt" l alr. "t IU.., Bc""nc", ?
" I'rdill.1 r:ur i ot.llervBtl or, : t i:r nuelei B"rve,)'el1 tf t he ine ~ B c_
t or e of CII. Be w ..er-e a l l loeOl."t8l.' 11. t nc : .e.IIl tern lowlandt , t he hUlll i 4y::r.q(\, Ir. Ill l t ile f uu r I'r e n ouo C..Bt lll , t Ai s ti er WII.B oO!lt rolled
fl 'om ..1 t uou t . h ' t ne r- e " 1"1 r e fl ,"on ...ny r,....cle i native t o t h i 8 zone
cou.l", no t or " e r e 1I0 t l. n >;e ret ted 1n co n t r ol l ll\l r n ouren els elVhBr e "
tnt' II.r.B..e r or an BWB r o t o t h i t 'iue-e tlOn _ill be delay e :!. 8ineB
t r.e J Bt a u ove r tnt r oll! of t he ~;aBun: Blopel i n t ht l1evelop:;entor ,.r"h an c1v111 r.aU or.a n.a r.o "t "'tn reUlvBI1 . 76 II:Bar._hll• • Iwoo,;.l:i 11k" t o or r t r a !'l..·..t1blt bu t ve ry lilt1 Ud u plar.aUor. or
Cue t V. It ha t u.r. o t n" r a11l 1l \l.var,t~1I Sor.qo . 014 11 10" 1U u :c.p
tlonal , r."'C lIUVt poai t i on L~1l ta rt 1n t"crau J ir. t h" "nll'a.1 Ar.<laan
!,a n " rr" OU>;l l r., \!. a bove .
J.. n l~' t ne J,ro tr"ct~" l ' tl';U ti. O ~. oveec ~,l tl vato rs rc '~<>n ~ r J. t, . ~ " " I:.ver. 'l ,,' '''tl f.~' of
, . ~ -
t ~ e abili t J of Son~o
t askets cf coeb-leu ;' ,
t "" " '" Fee t e r ''' ~'(' tl t " .. : e;i tile r ":'(1'l en', r t "" k "n'i t " t ,\ey had
,; i ven t,\e :tnl;" ' " ','"c ,.l ,n ' ''''',.r. t " u t t t'e r- oV ~ r <le t "i ls bu t there r e
c vcr,tl l "'b r e e::-,e ll~
"1..,, <\ 1. H. yu,; " tlm..s t "o r '1 o f s cnqc we re ll:any more
1r.oi"",:: "' l~ j til" t r i b lte they gave h im i n any one
ye"r " e r C tell r ""an aeo" of eoc"_.l e ..r , each guanacc..cu'l u <>'1 otout t i,ree bask"t" , and e'l ec t h i r t y" "COS of coca- lsa :' ur.<.i- " e,en poco is about a eee -.
11'1 1. and,. "aIr c.nd ole o 1.0 led tOE of co ca-l eafw"l{'n wue >l bo'''- t n oeoxe i e of t he ki nd now i n use
' al ;:' t ni l' tney f;uve t o ti, .. ~ll(;1\ I n an.Y &i ven year.. t t "" t, m.. w" "n he s en t wor ,1 as ki ng f o r it and
It " a Ll to hE C'~ t r.er~ d '0)' t he ~JlC"storB of don
'utr~u: C'lllt i , t ile pr i ncipiI Lor-d •• • • !t1ld t hey
cur- r -reu ). t t Co Pcona wr.i ci". t e t hr ee league e r r om
i,;;l<.lq" i ,.lJo [ 1." " r~ ,.l n 'lt.',e of La :Paz ] and mese who
owed t r i bute i n t hone days were rrom twent y t o
fo r ty • ••• " ( f . 72r) .7'J
;,'ne r e 111 t rion no QO'J- b t aoou t tne link he t ween Sonqo and
t ne 1ma state : tiley mm<.led over co oa-leaf , in kind and i n l arge
'....lIm ti ti ee . tlc,t "N" a1~o know t hat me r-e wae no " t r i bute " In ki ndi n t nat econom.y 180 t "e r evencea of the CU llCO nllt llt eeee from the
Ilc r eace wni cn in alici, r eo;ion waa a i r ene t ee aud cultivated fo r t hi s•
p",r;l0eo . 'rha' l",c81 ni1ni c ~roups pr ov i ded tneir enlltrgy but OWIlt<1
no t nine rrce ~"ei r own llir<i erl t neir tra.;!Uional lor.;! . continuedIn lIaminutrlltive cll lLrg lit and apparently oontinue d. t o have a con l
to t na ~.land.I ' of tneir ~cient arcnipelaeollt . I n addi t ion , tn l
stBt e nttfl!ljltea to cnate new etllU r l Vlnun t hr ough Inginuringworka build i~ t erra eee anJ irrigation canal. , tran.r.rr i ng peo ple
Into nlW r egions ar.do i mporting un hmlli a r rllouree. , l1kl OM l l1d
r.ITdo, t o newl y i r.corpO rlt,tll1 ,l ogr npn i 0 tilrl .
" ._, ..
' , l V" " tJll ~ !-r:.,,,eW01'J; . l:-"f "X ~ .L..::"t1 I)n "t t.:""" " (an:i ~t 10
,.. ""C;:,:",'1.10n "' 11 ,,' 11 1''' 'l u i '''' '' 00 1. 11 n r ",.", ,,ol o.:; i cul and do c ..ll:J er_ta r:,'
ve r-rt'r cnt r cn) I s t n"t t ne coc"-l "" ( CI-o"Je& of S,,~qo were s tat"
Ill an t >l t 1on8 ; 1." " 200 no"e"noills na <t c"en ,,",Il oat U"r of Cus co .
u st"t " " l slan .J~ , l.IlEt><ll"d an.1 " ".IUnistEn' ,1 frorr. the capi tel .
'~'I 'S aoee no t jJI-c c l ,...d e til" >,o"si bl l"t; o f the In:Hlbl tanto ce ln,;
na ti ves of t ne a r en , f-.t.L11iar ,n th l t r, ccnca t rcne and wltn lar,;e
" ""I'" cultivation oJ f t ne len!'. l;atives Or ne W"olr,"rs , i n 1532 they
we I''' b'~ey creatin.: r eVen" e" fo r t he l r.ka , unue r- much the SMe
conu r t r on e ,-<3 .:;oven,e d tICe eo tablisr_"t.ent o f ~('Q e cus e not oe r r ee
Cl.IlICO in ";; ;e .l\.4nuco r-cgao r;.. I na ve :J.e'llt e reewne r-e wl t h thes e
e t Bt e c Ol onia t s . 3l
',;11."" 'He "ear "r t"e", i n In" ';'''-,; '08 0;- t he i nspect ior4 of
1~o8 1ffi<1 l~ t>9 , ~ne 10wh.n <.le re '13<1 ~ B t l< 1l1 i 9he <.l t ~.elrJs elve s as R
a e lJarl1t e etlmi c C;1"oll >" witn t n e Lr- own ,: ,Hop e,m encoaenrt ere , The p",s t
d(>pend~:: c.' on ::,...000 III 1;,,1. m ccen b" t neitl,pr t s i.t s t r esse d .
~Ie kn ow tha t ill tal! ear l;r cecc.re e a ft e " 1 ~ 3 2 hlP.r.y ethnic g r ouI'e
to ok over t n e s t a te h010.i",-,s In t ile i.r ;, e r r i t or i e e _ after
a l l , 1:.o,,1. of tl1.n"e In e t ul 1ll t ior,s hlt 'i beer. Hl i t'lla. t e d f r om tf,em by
(; ,, ~ c o . lillri awar'ene su t u.. t tile ! ';J .~<l p~en~ we r e On t he lookou t f or
""e8 t i1""" a c r e".,,, . c cvo teu t o tn" S,,:, o r t ne lr.ita c r-own wo;.:1 d
e nco'..l.ra,;'e '" "I' :'""1.,, Qc c,,~a t lon by t nc lc c '-'l ,.e op i e e ve" of f i e l de
-.~" i ch 1.11" BtDt e nllO Cr pa tl" l t nr Olol,) , ,~ab1i. c .. or ks . 82
r ,-,e I nk .. ' tn t] tree ~;o<1e l of e col cr i c c om!!ler.;rr.t!lTl ty .
In the pra Oe<.l lrll; f llt,e s 1 hlLve barely Clenti oned t he I nk a ,
110"" tjl e~" :>:m llle li t ile a r cni "ell<E: o etrll.teQ lnh e r ited f r om e a r l i e r
"ncle"n 80 0ill 't1 l1 a 'H:J. Wl,h t ct." n;.:e~ t l';e;; pl..nne:1 c r- were f or ce d ~ o
,, <109 \ .. ~ t ne lIca le of ope r ,U i ons outC-r, ..... .orlS kr.own pr- cp cr- t.i one ,
Only 1r. di tlo;;'SSl llt.: ua e e V j i d I hlLve t o refe r t o CUIICO lIB a lIe c isior._
make r I<ll :l nuole'J e ( Qr i6 ri~herll. l ae n ll!F..ents of the eeee e ,
::'ll 19 55 , lJefon I bs oWll e awnr . of t ILe impor t anc e of . cologic
compleclllr,t a r ity 1n t hs ..nliu , 8 3 1 d1ec\lu ed s ome of t ht chan, es
t ile :" nlw i ntI'od"oll<1 i n r it.:h t e-in- lllr .ds , t h e a d,mi nil t r a ti vt handl1llll
or t ne ~any i r.cor90rute ~ e t nnic t.: roups and k ir~doms I< S well a s
lln l< l\ile ll i n t h . lIoc i fl1 II tr~.U t1 cn't1cn . With ou t repel<'t i ng wt a t I
" t ,.""s~.l Ii ~- '''' ~" "CO , 1 a i n. t<: " u r v":J to e cr",r.;:" " In Our und er
.. t (lnlii r.;; o f ;,at '" i r.lt:l IOI lIt or y J'H' c eLJ o" t by Our awa renellll o f t h e
«ret» f·.. l " LC8 •I ',,,, 11 "e,; ll. ",i t" tn l' CIlNl1101v/;l C [\lIsUIl p t i on , e t n t e.,
i n t hl' rt r u t J,r, rlc,.; J'O " n ot t n l ll ""ct lon. ',:e " " VI' Illl yet n O i nd epen
u..nt a r c,meal"",:lca.' c OHfi r.,... tj ,m a:- tL~ " rc _~ li."'ll1La 'S 1'1"e"en c<, in
pre-1 M:' tucer: - r c 'lnnot e Xj'Vn;. the " ,l 'Jc t,'mce to t e s t t he nypo-, c·.; .
tne" l :l t n1"o,-,o, e xca va t i on nir." e:ac t cct " 0 nor, ti li ty to the exple -
lmt i on l t lle l r. a ~ :; l r.c <: t he ide~ of son." k l n '.i of "ve r t i ca l " e xc tlan.:e
t " 011 in ".n'le:m li t e r a t u r e . 85 thi l: e""" J toas empnll.B i11:ed t tle rea se
t rtb" ,t tve , tn t e11,al , WIt".rc of' t.m s e xc"f'J'lC;e , r e j e c ti ng e xpj.ena t i orc
," u c" 1·" r cei vc<1 i t lll'< "ccemez-ce" or " 'tr'l( l e . ~
;'I1'.e r. t ne urclllVela.;o Wfl U t trs t i,resente d t o coli eacue!l
l n 1'0 00 , "erna:." l ¥~ enzal1 ll a8" G u-.;':;~\lti" l U,at a uc n un el abor ate
system of pe r iadi c ca ravlUl" . mul ti - e thn i c outl i ers and endu.rine
bonae bet\o'een tlUcJ.eCls IUId tlot' pe "" Vherie s req '~ i red 1m ind ispensable
pre_conditlon : t'le p r e Vi 0'.15 e xr a t en c e of pe'lce- kee ..ing states . By
s't r e1.c;llq ; a ;eace- e"for cinr; ,-,,;:br ell'l over 'the .,,,,1 t i _e t hn ic cone l o
t :erltt" , o,;\;3CO o r so"'e o t.ae r- , '!Ul'l i or , f! t " t e could deal wi t h t l,e
,:i r"-t e;o pr e:flnti on t r,e oa ravlIIJe , arc~tn..t e nOW pe riph e rlll s e ttle
r.. en 'tB 1n ~onqo 0 1" '..Cl i l:. i "ere t o be s h:. r e J "n,j f ieure ou t h ow t o lis e
t.~ e Sis a", f o r co".j)l ~ te lj'· new purpoeee , : r. 19'/0 , lli ch a r d ? Scnaellel ,
"'..0 a ,,-, r.o: knew of' i'ue:u aii" " '\l c ....t acn.. r;r· 'Hor do , made the sM,e
pou,: In " J;ere'lwl co,nmuhie"tic r> .
Cnly u r clllloo101.'..7 CW, reecrve t he all- tlng of tile early
s t".:;ec c r I'c olll[; ic cal;:.,le:r:entan ~j'· . ne r e I 'Nt 11 only r e pe a t my
r.ohor. t·,w t !:l" C'l c om..l e'~ent:trity It old" r ~ lHl'I t he Inkll , withou t
,: ue lls l r.c; «t t il.. ec t uu t o. litf. However , 1 will ir.1I16t on my intuit i ve
f e f'l i roG t :'la t t ht 1Il0del , tn0\.ot:ll Ilel >:e <t by t he .. r eeenee of a a t ror.c
e t ll, t e , <ioe8 no t re ..:wi. n it . 1 t lUnk t lll<t t h e vertical arch i pe l ag o
" r0 6e ,ma ';I''' ciua l ly J <lv,lOile d. in t h e nn;iee ae n reepon<le t o a n
im~roved p.tce~tion of ~dean ~e~,rapn;· and lin increased f um i l i n_
ri ty wl t n tae rf'W~ rd8 When u l e plirlit .. t i e r e eRn be broUdht togethsr
1n to a e i~le prod",e tive and ~o l i t i c~l un1ver8e . 87 I n 11.", of
!:/te i n£: t il" etat e ntl n 1'1'e- Clln '(lti Oll cf t he aron1 jielfli;o , I prepc ee
t Mtt t ue noll ti - atnnio prod "otiva .':lJ. ll<ll!lin 1, : r nt 1v, e xpe ru e nce
"Ilined t l: r o"'i)l< "0010(;1 ') co '".,l eu.en t lil'i.ty was ll- elil ient f fle t or
I<.UTTU p. "
Lt l.V1T"; t f.C rt . o ~ ..t. on of '" .lll" c. ""Cr. o l o.; ~ c ul r-n, r ~ l ''':
t ·...r .. l eon~ ee't ..nl t o ... t~L' " .... n " rc" ...o l Oj;:f hr. .. t r,t '.1'" o! _ r i t te r:
rt eoTJ.t wi l l be e.c r-e el ot ol y eooHlulht 'H , 1 r e t ..n. t o t ::c c ..r.t .•:·; ·f r om llCOOol t 1400 t o 1 51>0 , wn l Cli 111 t ,a · c n e t lU; t er ..r. e e Bt\da.. I n t ,jC
.. r ori1vn . [,I t n. (,: ..BCO II t" t e e~ l' l>nJ ~ J , t ,l ~ 11".K" ~ 1 1 t f' (now r. , e t " f
tw O Cly:l.IlBtitl ur:'l a lso :I " II~, l r."'l". t olh l c ) C' I>Tril" t o t roe c~r.~.I (,I,.. l
peopl es ......1. t u -r 1 t llr i c I f _ ..-,0..e t or "ve r-t r c -.. ':' ocr.t r ol ' 1!.1r el"'J !,.",l 11 r t o ';:Ol t of t ".r. t .... r o . t.ll , ::'.'\t t;. ...• I'c ., l " c ;' O(('rI .t.cr••· ~""" l: :..a f f e r er:c . 1r. t nt cor. Uf.t ';l" " r. t o t " , l_ rc l. ~; .• l". ·o.
All t ~. "lti t ' '''.C+; I:.. :-..("n I,; " "co l .1"," • til o:.tl;. lr..: rol ~ t:u:
(ir ew t o r•..n"~"lIt 1 1 nc t ",,,.,..u,,",,, o ( t.l1" r. , 1: ce c ..::'.e :::.c r e d.l ! ! I C ;~ '
t o r t he col on i 8 U t o e xe r-e i ee t ,'''Jr n ll: i J -l.:.l 11.;;,t l:' i n t liOnr onc,
n81 ho n,f , t e t ll i " I'l.-!. r t ~c~" at '(Jr. n,'. trI MlIl .J. ', l , ~ "O I~ O". l C cr ce ree.enn. i .
','ae yoo ial W , .l e c" r.<>l... l C conten t of 1·.,ju; t r : bOol t l"" <;t' t·.' e~r:; n-... lll .. 1..l;
lUl.o. ,"f r i l'he r~· Cl\W:","" ; t uo " x.· l 'H t " t u m of" t"O~t _II .1JEt::: l 'u , ,,- , , . , ,, ,
Lay lI.. .. e ...r - In i;',,~ , i. ,.,,~ .~o!l_te, t u tl ." l ....l,n ~ (or. nr.; i.ow I t ,,: ."
o f tle r.1" " earl~ f o r "r.<l:'Lo·, .. :cr... ( .... ..~ ,,~ C'"",(.I .. " f1 0cl.f . ';'.•.,
Crcr- l r\t. ~ereer.t"-.:e o !" :'.c: , . l e~.:!.t',"1! (""r t<. I ~cla), r",."t". '" tf. lr.I ,. :"
' co l o:.. zts ' . Waf< '1' -'1' L" ~ .. ~ tti llll.. <:",r.:' '!1. , ''r.c <' J ! l" r~: ., - s eal e hn .
J lI t fl1l t a r cil i.::du,:ce .
Inen >ie CGB~rVf' t nt' Ir.k l! c t ,'t r '.r'.' i ':: 01 .l. t . l : ""~ l on c !,..l ls;>e r " e cl ~ co ;'o n' B~ , <,~ >,e ,. ~"" t tne '·"~1.,,,_"C ! 'It ' or.ccl '' :·o r r. , ;l~J _
.. t hn i c 8e t t l tor."."t.t r ccee c I. ,.·!n ,,1 i ~,,· r e t c v.».o .. , ,s re;.,~""e.! r; •
• tr..o t uro.. l oOI."I ' l" , -,, ~i"'r, ti , rJ:'.,)l"oto t"n:lI t r., r_i.l . t ; , r~ c :oer 10" :" p ....; OIl" 1 n.w::. t ,
b,e" of t"', lIe ~-",,_. " .JJ..... ~ o ~ ~r. ~ u.!' •. ec t ....:'l e~ : ,H,: '
CI" \< & El~,, :;- l . '.i 72 ) " .\<' V.1 t'!, . U. : :.(" £~__J:.. r .,t. r: of ~ ,: ~ " .r"f'r.
"tin t . o f >(1() "~ ~I. e"ol,,' r. ~ n t I.e .' .1::0'00 fr~-1 . ;; .I'CO r, r .... , ....." . -_I.( U
Lefo r" 1;t> ~ . T,\.. r",,~ ,," ..~ r: tf' ll ..".·ll' 1 , _( ::-. "", 1 . ~ .. . r N.Il': 1." ,oIC,' ;; : ·
anJ 1I.. ~ t.u,-o e .. t: "" .. r ~ ",.,> .,'" ""',ll ,- tl.l' , ' ~' ~ . , ~ l eft " , r.~ ..-
.-
W&ince t n. dayE of I nca 10pa Y~~knqai , father ofGaayna Capa c •• • t o cuar j t&1£ DO ur.try In _Illen the
yr~a ha~ recently reconqu ere d t he Chu pacho , 80 t~ey
would not r ebe l ~alnat h1m ag. l n • • • · (ff . 14)v . 175 v ) .
The Euro pean sour ces , botn h iat or ic and adm i nistrati ve , us econai at ent l y t he te rn -mitlmaes- when r efe Tl ng not onl y t o faraway
ga r r i s ons bu t alao to t hoae s ent a way t o work the coca - leaf eardenenea rby , on behal f of t heir nuol eua . 90 The que s t i on whi ch a r i ses is :wa a tile r !! any h i etoric and a 't ruc t r ual co nhm' i t l be tween the ' i a l a r.ds '
con t r oll ed by t he YacnB, t he LupaqB or t he coas tal people or Col1 iq~e
"",<1 t he lu h 'tal')' esta bll sllllitmts ..n l c h t he I r..ka l nstal ::' e d t b ro",,£ho:.lt
t he i r territorls.? Or 18 it s i mply • ae~t lc cOnfus i on ?
~I!n in Huanuco , t h. Cusco s a r risons _ere not the onl y ~itma3 .
One hears i n pasal~ of ~four herdera ~ardi~ t he c~el i da of t heBa i d y~a~; they came f r om H~BS , t o t he nor th , ~wi th t hei r _ives .~
St i l l othere came f rom even far the r to t he north , from Ceyambe andel aewhe re , i n what today is Ecuador. Wtrn t t heIr functions in t he newcoun try may have been i a unclear (1967 : p. 402) ; t suapec t that t hee tat~s of s uch nor thern colonis ts differed froa t hat of the ~Anan
qUlchuas , ~ bu t am unabl e to docu=ent It .
The aout he rneT8 were ~ thi rty coupl es~ &nd t hey we r e t he re~ for no ot he r pu rpoae bu t t o g ...rd the forta . ~ 9l It ia nota blethat even in such mil itary cont exts , the ec ologic dimenai on is not
a bI ent . The fortificat i on. wer e " three days ' walk " eas t ward . Who di l1t iley gv.Brd aSBina t ?92 To what extent we re auch s ettl ementa on the
eaatern elope s fo rt r e llse. in t he Eur oFean sense?
_e are t ol d t hat t he garri a on. had no f ielda nearby "becau ll'i t wae i&poeeibl e t o hav e t h. 1: there . ~ ec t he eoldi ers weN grar.te l1acre~e alier-at ed from t he Chupay chu i n the higr~&nde 01 HuaTa,B,plua ~ai le &nd cotton fie~de " to harveet cr oFe f r ol: the vall eya ~ ;~t
al ao coce-leaf 6ar dene in the h ot country . I n t he oonquer ed t err itori es the Inka atate r epr oduc s l1 t he ecelosi c circ~etancee whi ch t heeol on1at a expected , in apite cf t hdr cor-.pl et el y new 1l'.11i tar yf wo,et i one .
• • •
?ne Brcr. 1 pel~o CC~BlatS not onl y cf aeeeEJ t o an~ con t r olof a vs r le t y of out h e " :; ; 1t8 l<.leol oL)' prOl:li sl'~ t hat t he eol or.i l'! ts ,en m ..hen r elu t t l ed on a I'e=t&nen t USIS , did not l OBe t he Ir aCCeBBto t oe nacleae . ~nB t naf~e~a anere toe pe r1 phe ry I B very ~ar froc
noz:;e balle '?
Toe ·Ar.ar.qulenaas· s ent t o Huanueo Teaehed t he i r ne_ 8et t l e=ent only a f te r montns on tne road . How di d Bueh f a raway colonl l"~l~taln con tac t _ I t ,, t oei r orlLl ns! ethnic group ? Ho. co~d t heyexe r c rae t he i r r l gnt a In tt,e nuclel l ef t hWldredll of 1ll11e l! behi nd ?
There IS at l l l no detai led answe r to s uch que s t I ons a t t hes ts t e l evel . ~e aho uld be ready t o enter tain t he possibili t y t ha ta s the I nka . ta te e xpan<ied ita us e of t he a rchipelllgoll , t hes e begant o l os e some of t he i r cnar-ac t er-t et.t ce an~ r i e hts whi ch ea rl i.er r:.ny
have e ppe.. rel1 i ndi llpen sabl e .
C ie~a and GarCilaao ha Ve bo t h t r ied t o classi f y t he s eve T2lki nds of mi tmag and t o l1 i s t i r.£<I l Sh theQ from other h~ groul'ssepara t ed f TOlll t he i r origlnal e t hnI C Groupa , l i ke t ht ..011a Or t heyana . I have analy:r:ed t iu s c ate rlBl d Be..he ..e ( (195 5] , I S80 ; 1964 a )
anl1 .. ill h ll:.l t lI:,Y ael f here t o insatlr.g that t he t.aintena!lce of one 'srigr.t s i r. tile nllel ear re{; i cr. was tile dlll t i nc 'U ve i ndl eat"r " f r:it::e;II t8 t UII . Thla allo..e<i f or t he maIntenance of an i~eologlc l Ink betw••nt he l ocal arehip. l 8€o , a tl l l l iter al l y ' vert i cal' an4 t holle of t heII t a te whi ch hac t .any ne _ f = e u ona and ,..a C;I. d i nto t .rritorilP lIcar~ con t ils away from C~6CO , By 15 32 , belng en~, rat.4 .. i th one 'llor i gi nal pol ity I:'.ay "ell nave e eeee e Cl or e of a legal f ornaU t y t ha::6 aubB tar-tive link.
Ther e we re c tne r t.enaacn poi nt 6 in til . Inka s t ate; t ha ml t ' a. y' tem ins t,a4 of t r i bu t e t o iensrate revenue. f or t h' . tate; t heincr,•• , i~ t n. ~roportio~ of t na t ot al pop~ati on . xt raote4 f r omi t6 , t $ic cor.1I&t t o b! lI:i~a; , VBT. Il. • • gUa or ll:a!'!a r i , 4e:l.i cata l1or. a f ull-tic. ba ai a to atat. purpoa.a l t he ef f ort by . ta t . r adia t ri ~~tive i r.atitat ior.a t o l::onopol i l •• xcr~.ga ar.4 ot her traf fI C i n £oo~s .
Each of t hus i nBti"l:uti ens f ur.ct i or..:l in 1r.t1.zc.a t . relat 10~
.it h t he v.r t ical archi p'laeos. I n 15)2, Ar.4.~ . ooiati.a, t h. ir .cor.ocin , a :i :::. i nU t r a ti ve ST.Q. politi cal al';: ..... t ua, ..... • : 1 or. t he
t nr e aho14 of prof our.d t r an e! orcat l or.. whi ch t he ~~roP'ST. i r.v... ior.
1'.al t t4 .
1. Ill.lrra 1360 ; a lat er , re,· i s e<'l vernor. car. ee f o:.md 11'1 Cross 197) .
2 . kurra 1 '},~ 19663. Orti z de Zwhga (1562] l 1967 and 1972 .4 . Aur r s (l355 ] , 1380: ch . vrr r •5 . Espi no%.. 196) ; 1969 l 1969-70 ; 1970-71; C ui. ll ~n 1974; r eeee 1970 ;
1977 ; Ros t worows kl 1967-68 ; 1970 ; 1377 ; 1978 .6. Aurra 1967 ; 1972. See c~ents and cri tlciaa voiced a t Interna_
tlona! Cong ress of Americanis ts , Far is 1976 .SymposiUlll ed t t ed by Jor ge Fl ores Ochoa in r- re eee
dines (I f t ha t Conerus , 1978 , vc t , I V.7. As ear1l as 197) I noted so~e of t hese e eographic l i=i t . and
s t ruct ural l i~itatlona , a t t he f i Tlt Chi leanCor-e;reaa of' Andean !Can and Cul tu.ra , held at Ar i ca .Publ 1Shed i n the f'i r a t i aaue of' Avancea , La Paz ,1978 . See alao articl e in tlla Bame i Slll.le blRamiro Condar co Morales .
8 . L~brera. 1972) 1974a ; [1969 J 1974b; Lynch 1971 ; Nine ~ At encio1976 l Ndne ~ an d Dil lehay 1979 ; Lorandi 1978 .
9 . Boni no 197) ; Brus h 1977 ; Ctcer es 1976 l Caro 19 78 ; 110rea 1970a;1978 ; Fons e ca 1966 ; 1972 ; Harr i. 1978 ; ~ay e r 1970 ;Platt 1971 ; 1976 ; Vall ~e 1971 ; Y. eb.t~r
1911 .10 . Th..... d.r will !'ind det. l h d mapa of' t hia r egion , 10e. t Ula"
Bettl.menu and e t !lJlic groups , i n t he pocke tincluded in voll1Jl1s I of I il.i ,go Or ti z 19 67.
1 1 . Tile names of the ea ver al l ords and thei r .ettle~ente .. ill bef'oun el. i n t he s ame pocke t , vol U11l s 1.
12 . Addi't i onal detail s ..bo'.l.'t 'the ~·.l.eroa and 'til. eI..e ill:al e;odel ofad= i nl.trat i v. organi ~a'tion in
'the • • • ay of Gor don J. P.ad d.n in Or 'ti z (1562 J .1967 1 Fp. ) 69-80 .
1). Tile f'ir8't B't't . mp't t o eol l.e t d,,'t8il . of t il••t~~o-claaaif'ica 't l on
of ....11 . .... anvi ror~.n't . "aa Jav1ar Pul,gar Vi dal ' .
(1946) . 5.. al ao For.Beea 19 66 ; 1972.
"".., .-
14 . An early a t tempt to contrast these t wo compl exe s wa s ):l.l r r a 1960 ,wr i t t en a t a tlme when ' ecol ogi cal complemen
tarl tY ' ~as not und erstood .
15 . Fonse ca 1966 ; 1972 .16 . Garay , Ti noco and SanChez were all early enCOffiend eros in t he
Hl.lMUCO r eg i on bu t the ir holdinl;S were notincluded i n the parts of I i5. i go Or t iz 's inspection whiCh a r e acceseible today . All t hr ee wer el one-time res i dents of t he regi on and welli nfonle d about "yndian" aa t t e r-e , See also
Va r allanos 1959, ch . VIII ! Esp i no za S. 1975.
17. On t he a rchaeology of t he margi nal zone r ea ching i nt o thel owl ands , s ee Bonavi a 1967-68 ; 1969 .
18 . ~~rie Hel mer was t he f i r s t to publ i sh t he text of t his ea rlyinspecti on . For a compari son wi t h other frag_
men t s of thi s i nspec t i on , see Murra 1982a.19 . For the g ' e rukamayoq and other arti sans s ee oomparative charts
I I I and I V i n t he poc ke t , vol . I of OrtiZ's
inepection (1562] , 1967 .
20 . Diez de San L:iguel , Gar ci [1567 J , 19 64.21 . The wri tten s our ce s f or thi s r egi on have been s t udi ed by Dora
Le6n Bor j a de Sza ezdi ; t he archa eology of t heisland of Puna has been surveyed by Pedro Porras.
22 . The i mportan ce of the dwellers in the Chincha valley has incr ea s eds inoe ~ta r !a !lostwcrcwski pUblished he r " Aviso"in 1970 . Thi s souro e docu&en t e Chincha' e r ol ese t he t ermi nal in pre- Eur opean l ong distancet r af f i c t o t he warm Watere or t he gulf orGuayaQuil . Chi nCha apparsntly also ~aintained
exchange r elat i one wi th t he altiplar.o .23. Th. And.an r a ctore taken i nto ao oount by Fr an ci 8co Pizerr o i n
g ranting encomie naae betora 1541 when he waekilled, a es erve carerul hia torioal atuGy . SuchgrantS or ethnio groupe Pizarro hd neve r ..eni nevi tably depenaeet on the i n t ell1 gence he waaabl e t o t a p among An etean 8dmi n i e t r l t or e anaethnic lorde . Ther. i 8 ~pla e Vi~ce t hat he
cr~te~ whel " pol it l e s , nO ~at te r how uncont i
guous t he I r terr itori es . See Porr a s Barreneche~
1950: p. 1 36 and no te 36 ; La r edo 1958 ; Y.urra
19"19 and 198 2b.24 . The cont emporary use of maritIme r es Ou r ces by al tiplano dwell ers
has been docurr.ented b~' Fl o r e s Ochoa 1970a , Nunez
Atencio 1971 (per50na1 communi cation) and Ma s uda
1981.
25 . Ro s t wor owski 1974 .26 . For Pacaxe , s ee vol. I : p . 338 of Retaci ones Geot'jr~fi cas de
Indla'" [1 58 6 J , 1965 . Fo r Ka r anqa , Nurra 1979 .
27 . "Accord i no; to sai d quipo all the Indi ana who were he r e i n ynga
timea were 16 , 151 Aymara and 4 , 11 9 Uru , whi chmakes 20 ,270 Ind i ans i n alL • • " ( p , 66 ) . During
his i nspection uer e r Di ez en ume r a t ed t he "tri bute
paying mal es • •• • II , 658 Aymara and 3 ,782 Uru ."
Fo r a debate a bo u t the s igni f icance of t hese
f i gur es i n poat- Eu ropean t i mes , s e e Li ps chu tz
1966 and Smi t h 1970 .
28 . ~urra 1970a : p . 148- 50; Wach t e l 1971 ( trans l a tion i n to Engllsh
1977 ).
29 . The 1611 dict lonary o f Sebast ian de Covarrubias t ranslates" r edu zir ... e S convence r s e . Reduz i do , convenc i do
y bue lto a mejor or den . " The 6ubj ec t is literally
" re duced" t h r oug h conve rs ion t o a "be t t e r-" o r d t r .
Du vi ol a 1971 1 pp. 248- 6 ) , ha s stUdied the systemof • r educciones . '
) 0 . V,lIe r e coloniu adminis t ra tors a f t e r 1570 had no qual"'9 i n
9pli t tinS 9uc h holdings f or t he bene f i t of t he
g r a n t ee , t oday ' s l a nd_ r e f orm bu r-eauc r-at a eene r ee r
t hem "inef f icient" i f no t ii1'l a &pee t of "e baen t ee
landl ord iflm . ' As late as 16 61 t he people of t he5ama vall ey , on t he coas t , compl ained a bou t
be i ng governed f r om t he ne i ghb oring por t , Ar ica.
ThlY i nflill tld they ' be l on<;Id ' t o Chucu i to , tendl YI ' walk I way , in t h l highland• •
' :ur r ll ,
I
31. COCl pare t he re l:o=endllU ons of GlI. rl:l Dalt [] 561) I:onl;e rr.lr-t; t :.<~
Ll.Ipa~. _ltn t hos e of Gutlerr e z Flor es [ 1574; .
Onl y s i x ca l endar yea rs s eparate t he=. tN t t l:O'y
belol"l6 t o diffe r en t pe r- acds , Whe r e Da * ouHreJel: t counsel Whl l:h clal~ed t he Lupaqa~re
abl e t o "gi ve " much ".,o r e . Gut i e r rez s anc t i one1
t he r ne r ea ae i n all t ri but e owed and double ~
t he l a bo r draf t t o t he Pot osi llI i nCII , even
tho~h t he populati on had. decrea sed.
32. ,"urra 1968 ; p. 124- 25 ; 197011. : p , 143- 46 .
33. Th ie rry Sll.1pl" 1978 ; 1981.34 . Cupi hi the allllplifi e do aFellin;> of ~ whi ch Ir.eans pottery ;
s i n l:e t here are sever a l s e t t lement s by t ha t
nue i n t he r eg i on , "'e ·..·e, e F ~lll net abl e t o
l ocat e t he _orles i n 1 973.
35 . Sun i cay a hall. been idoentifi ed a ll. t oday ' s Plater!a. k~rra 1970b : 59.
36 . Di e z doe San Mi guel [1 567J , 1964 : p . 291-98 .
31 . El pinoza So r i ano ha ll. pub l i s hed a ~e~oria1 wi t h c l a i m. t o o~tl ie rs
i n the Easte rn 10_1ando , by e thni c 6 rouP. who
appa r en t l y did. not con t ro l any l an doa on t hePaCi fi c s l o pe and coaa t _ l i ke t he Cha rka o r
t he i\arlika r a ( 1969) .
38 . Ro.t.. oro.. ak i 19711 1918 .39. Ro_e 1 948 1 hoaOK 1 965; ~arra 1 96 6b .
40 . l,....r ra [ 1913] , 1 978 ; Cbere:: 197.9 1 Sdc: or. 1 91 .9 .
41 . Archivo Gen.ral da I ndi a. ( Sevi l l a) , fi1, J u. t icla 41 3. Thill.
aource hal bean UBed by 1'. Di llehay , 191 9.
42. "E t nohia tor i a dl un val le COlti ftO durante al Tahuantinauyo , " i n
vol . XXXV, Heviata del ~uaeo Nacional . Li ma .
43 . It. r , c Ollllr.endatlon t o t h&': eff . c t wa e aBl r oved a t a 1I:.. t1'"' i n
~adrld t e l d in Nova::b, r 1978 , c.1Ie ~ t o
c~part t t e . oc i t t1 e. ar.d eco~c=i • • of t t.eAndea ar.~ .lI':, eo- kurica . S.. Rev1tta da III.
~nivl r. ~ d.~ CC~ El~~ .r.' I , no. 111 . Xa dr i d 1980 .
.. . Ro 8'tworo" ail: i 1918.
4S. 1I0l two rowalc i 1961 ·68 , p, 43. Th' dOll<i r.i can lI'.onk Cl"par dl Carca~ 1I1
ltata d t ha t t h l ga rdln W81 11011',1 2 , 000 pac.. by
300 , b~t it 1. =c18ar 1f all of i t wa e i n
4.iaputl .
.c ~ . . ..
' 6 . AG I , Justi ci a 413, f. 331r .41 . J(\lr ra 1970a .
48 . ~\lrra 1980.49 . AGI , J us t lci a 413, f . 127r .50 . These versio~s and t he ~a terial ~rovided by ~his source on t he
I nka occupation o! t hi s r eg i on a re discaaaed by
Ros boro..alr.i 1967- 68 : pp , 21-24 , ,37 , 39 , 48 , 56-59 .51 . ~r{. Ros r-oro..slr. i has s t ressed t he value of such coca-lear
groves on t he ..ell te nl s lopes , -pa. r tleula r l "- i f . e take into accoun t t he distance fro~ and
t he di f f i culti es of rea ching t he gardens i n thee aat e m 10wlllnd" .- (1967-68 : p, 8 ) .
52 . St~er 1954 , 1958; Pa t t erson and L&r~ir~ 1964 ; ~atos ~endieta
1906 ; En~el 1966; Lanning 1967 ; Tr imborn 1969- 70 ;Patters on 19718 ; Di l l ehay 1979 .
53. The fact t hat . e f i nd coca- leaf in coas tal a i t e s does not neces s a r i l y ~ean t ha t i t Wa 9 cul t iva t ed on the ..es t ern
sl opes . Some pr obsbly came f r om t he ~azoni c 10" l ands . Dat i ng t he moreent when cul t i vs t 10n begins1n t he we s t ern valleys may ha ve fa r r eac hi ng
import anc . (see St ur.,er 1958 : p , 14-1 5) .
54 . Patterson 197/.. . s - 317 .55 . TC Pa t t e r s on and RS Mac Neish were kind eno~h to 1.t ~. Bee
t he ~anuBcript of a book compar i ng vari oaB rea l ons i n t he Andn , where -interacti on sphe r es "coul d be de te ct ed. I t i s ev iden t thet i n di f feren tepochs and 1n di f f eren t BO C18l and politi calc iroUllls tSl:l.Cee , t he - i n,,:e rac ti on" or t he "s r cnipe-
~.lago· would be ~resent or ab. ent , i.ould aBs~e
di s t i nc t f orma sr. d values . I t hank Patter s onf or l e tUr.g 1<8 en t nei r t her. unpubllBhed t ex t ar. :i
r e, ret t na t t hei r f~iliarity " i th t he pre s ent• ••., did not er.couraee the~ t o coccent .
- - _•..._.-- - . .- - - - -
I
56 . For ~ areha~ologl eal e yaluat lo~ of ~ne ~ yert leal arcnl rel~o·
ae e Lorand l 1978 .57 . ~ar£a Ros t wor awsk i has asaemble d mos t of this ~ateTi al - aee
pa r-tle u l a r ly the es aay o f 1967-68 ami h e r bQok ~ .
1917 . 1978 .58 . Thl. e thnic group afioul d not be confused with t he modern ci ty
of ~~ancayo - eee EspI noza 1963. I n 15' 2 t heGuanc~ lo wer e granted to t r eaaur er J uan deedee r-ee r »e t nee you have no co a stal Indiana ,
• • STant t hese t o you f or the s ervi ce of yournou ae ••• • • ~he s t Udy of t he ut il i zat i on of t hearehl pel~ by Europeans , f or t hei r o-n pur pos "a will be very n!vealil1€. see Wur T. 1919, 1~32 l:.
59. RO llboroW8k i 1967- 68 : p , 40-42 , 54-61,
60 . Thl. person~e re-appe ars i n t he i nspect ion of Yoar t i ne z Renclfo[ls n l . 196J : p . 6J-65.
61. In 1969-10 Eapino:z.a Soriano publUned an a r h cl e cl a illli r\6 t nerewa s historical . videnc e docum. n ting t he estab
li .~ent in t he h l£hlande of CaJ~arcs of coa e tn~
eel onies i n Inka t i~e• • Thi a evi dence 1a notBV.lla bl • •
62. In r . cent ye ars t h. re haa be er. an inere s se i n eoa. t a l et~.noh u
t Ol'J.C wor. - . .. . d.. 1& Gal:s [l~40] . 1974 ; Ii.therl;1977 ; Ram{re z_Hort en 1978 .
ti3. TeU o 19421 p. 712 .64. Lathrap 19 71 , 1974; L~brerB. 19 71a ; Pa t te r so n 19 71a .6~ . Th. Rei chlens a tudi ed t h• • e re l a t i ons at t he site of C. r ro Con
dor.b (CaJ~arc.) . Th. y ro~d · t he =oa t a~.~~Ir.t
and vBrled .rch• • oloi i cal ~.t.rial b.lonilr~ t oa cou tal migr . ti on • • • • ( p . 496 ) .
bb. • ••• t he mentiene d comple x eee e e undone onl y t owardll t he en':!. oft he Cajamrea III peri o':!. " . t hrough t he eudd ..nintr~. ion of ! i wanaku an~ ~i':!.dle Chimu ~sterlal s
whi ch can t hua t . d. t.d• • • • ( ~ . 476) .67. Art. d. 1. 1. n6¥! l UT$& [ l b44 ) , 1939 .
.. ~"' ~ , .. . .
I
6a . COllIpare C.. rrenl · ~ lls t .nt:. t l.a t U", Es; ~r... t a 1909-70 , p , 21-2 ; .
69 . 1 ha ve de-.l t ln aOllle de t a ll wnll t he qUeftlon of a:arketa l nt he Mdes . [1955] , 1900 , ell. VII . Por II. di ffe rer.teval ua tlon , see Ha. rtmann 1968 .
70 . The ba Bic BOUrce i s a f ll e , i nde~e d Justlc ia 651 in t he Arch i veof t he Indl eS , i n Seville . I firs t eaw i t ccur-teay
of Waldealar Espi noza . :::ol te (1970) ha s also lltuclldt hl a source . a, has ThET~Be BouyB.a-CasBagne .
71 . Other Andean good, which ear l y a ttrac t ed t he -ent reprl SB ofEur opean t r ad er s were clo tn (~urra 1962 b)and t hemul lu ehell e (Murra 19 75 , arti cl e 10) .
72 . Unfo r t una t el y t hl ' t e xt re~aina unpubliahed .73. The co ca- le. f f ields of Sonqo . ere cona idered Wthe be at- pa rt
of t ne extenaive land grar. ta r ecei ved by ~arshal
Al on, o de Alvarado . I n 1568 , after hia death . hiaheirs cOl'lplained t hat they receiva d 'only ' 900baake ts of lea f a year. Nojaa ha d rtcei ved 2, 700but by 15 49 t he 8Qoun t ha d been r educed t o 2, 000 .
74 . It i s a notable fact t ha t her e B.€ain t he coloni al regi zr.t r e spe cted t he l inea of highland arcbipal B.€oa . Si ncet nes e t l ny -islands- cOl'l i r~ f r olll Ha tun Qol l a an delaawhera on t he a ltiplano cont i nu ed t o ba governedby " thei r ownw l or da , t hey .are not given i nancolllienda t o e i t her Rojaa or Alvarado , even thought heir e"cla vea wera within t ha t er r l t ory of Sor.qo .Zepi ta , a aUb-d ivia ion of t ht Lupaq a , of Caae IIc ontrol led a aingle hou ae hold l n t he coca-l eaf ~~t
t ht f a ct i' r eCOrded a. a aeparata i natal lation.75 . On r i6ht ' i n l an d a t Sonqo aee a~e a t lona of Gal t . 1970 .76 . 1ht obl1 />at l ona o..al1 b,y t he f olk . or Son'!.o includ. d lllany othe r
£o od. beyond coca- leaf; • • ~ . honey , timbe r , al lof which o_ a froe t ha f onat a , peree1va:1 a.dar.ger oua .
77 . ~oul~ it ba t oo ..~ch t o 1~6tat t hat do~a Ar.a wa . 11mpl r f ollowi r.,t ha Milaan pa t tt rn of - cont r ol l1r.g- r n ourcn in ama~ illlum of t1er, ? Of eo~rtt hi r !ni t ht httilars ..a aa 1Il0at un-An dean t hing t o 110 ••• •
' .. ... lT d.
91 . c re ee ment ions such " f ort r e s " " c" 111 several ~ lace s On t he
EaE tern fl'Q l1 t1er : Bk. II , en , x xi.i; 1 967 :
p , 76 .
92 . Se e Iiheo Or tiz [ 15( 2) , 19 67 : p , 400 and notes 5 & 6 .
, . ,}~Cli sh v e r Sl on of 197 2
Bloli ccraphy16~ ~:urra ,
:::,"~,~~19 b7 - 68 " I n ve s tig a cion es arqueo16"i c as en el ~:antaro L: ed i o ,"
Re v i e t a del )juseo Nacional , vcr . XXX" : p. 211- 94 . lir:;a.
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[1 611 J. 1 94 3 Tl!s o r o d e 1 .. ler.gua castellana 0 e span ol a. Bar ceLona ,
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1960
lo: ... r r a 1972 Bl bl i og raphy p. 2
!la s de San I.l1gud ,
[1561 ] . 190'
::lil l eha y , Tom
1979
~vlol • • Pie r r e
1971
Care lV1B l ta neen. a l a provi ncia de Chacui t o • • •
1,;888 de la Cul t u r a, LlIllS ••
"Fre-hi s panic He. our c e Sha r i ne 1n t he Cent ral..nae " . ~ Sc i ence , vct , 20 4 , 1'0. 4 388. 'fI8 sh i!"l€ t on .
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(15821. 1969
1969-10
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1915- 76
"Le complexe pre-cl ram lque d' El Farai . o ,"Jo~rnal de 18 50 014t 4 dee ~4ri caniste• • yol oLV. par t 1 : p , 4 }-')6 . Parh .
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"La gua r anga y la r educc i 6n de Huancayo , ·flevi s t a del Musea Nac i onal , vol . XXXII I p .8 - 80. t aee ,"£1 melllor lal de Cha r cas , " Cantut a , r evi sta del a Un i verai dad ~acional de Edueae i6~ . Chosiea ,re N .- Los mitmBa yungBS de Col l i qua an Cs Jamarea ,s i gl oa XV, XVI Y XVII - , Revis t a del Mus s o Nac io~Bl , vol . XXXVI : p . 9 - 57 . Li ma.-Los huncBs ali ad os en l a eonq uia t a , - AnalssCi en t !!icos , vol. I : p, 9 - 401 . Huanea.yo .-Lo s ml tmaa caftAr en al raino da Ya re ( Pascol , ikl l e tln , Ins tituto de rsfor:a ag raria , no . l O:p. 6J- 82 . Li mB.
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11 0r eo Ochoa , Jo rge
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-~ r ei no lupaqa y el ac t us l contr ol vert i calda l a aool og!a,- rsa d at the XXXIX I n t a rnat i onalCOn&rsaa of Ama r i oani at a , L~.
·~otaa aobre re b~oa an l a visita de Gut1arretPlo rsa [15141. His tor ia y Cul tura , no . 4. Li mB.i ns t e r ea de puna : ~vw&miehi g p~Brunakuna .
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1970 MAl cuna B cons i deraCl one s aee re ll de La pr od ucc16ny di atri buc16n de la COCa en 01 eetado 1nca,·Ve rhandl ur£ en . XXXVIII Interr..t l or~ Cor~re8. ofA=eTl cania t a , vol . 11 : p . 471- 78. St u t t gar t .
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- Xi r.sh i p and t he Ver t leal Economy ot the ~y:i
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lie l ..... r . bri ..
(1955) , 1961 RLa vls 1tae16n de 108 pueblos d.. los i ndio, en
1549R I n Inl~o Ortiz (156 2 ) . 1967: p. 289- )10 .!iuMueo .
" os Ok , Paul
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1965
REl val le de L~ba¥eque .R AetBs y TrabBjos , 2dO
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""
Donald • •Th.. Uppe r Amazon . Lendon .
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ko r : d , · In ~ Kino and IR T8¥lo T, Art an dEnvi ror~ent i n ~orth Amer i ca . Lubbock , Texas .
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L1p s ehut : , Als jandr o1966 · Lo que a prendI de l e s 1n fe :n:;an t ee del vie1tad er
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Dt 1 08 pus bI os, 1.. cul tur u 1 lu artn delanttlrJ.o Psr.1 . L1~a . ( Sn al ao 1974b) .Pa ptr about CnavIn , rlad at t ht Pr1mt r a i~poa10
dt eorrtlaci onll antropo16g1 cal &ncl.1no-mtaoams ri eanaa. Sal ina s , Ecuador .
l,m br e raa , LUIs G. (cOntlnucLl)1972 k~port on ' ver t i cal i t y ' an d a rcnaeology pr e sen
t ed t o t he co l loqul U= a t t na ~use u= of t he Uni _ve r slty of San ~&rCoB . Lima, J an v.s r y 1972 .
19748 ~L06 re l noa poa i -Tiwanaku en e1 £rea al t1pl 4n i ca ,Nevl s t a de l ~~8eo ~aci o~al . yol o XL : p. 55-B 6. Lima .
1914 b The Peo ples and c-wl t u rell o f Anc i ent Peru ( revieed
edi t i on , trans l a ted by Betty ~eege~ . of Lu:br e ras
1909 ) • • • •h lnetOn .
~;""rra 19"1 2 p. 5
Cal 1eJ6n de Kaaylsa ,no. 2 , p. 139-46.
1n t ne·Frece~lC Tranahu:anceAl:>.. r i can ..r.tt 9'u itl , vol.
HallIi ro
- El per f odo ce r~i co i n iti al en 1_ coa t8 _. ent ral
del Pen1, - " c t ae Y .: ..lIlori as . vol. I of XXXVI l n te r
na t i onal C0n&r eIlB of kmer i cani ata , p . 509- 18.
Jo:a toa kendi e ta .
1966
Lynch, Tho::;as F.lOTI
Sevi lla .
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1911•
li:end i zaba1 ,1971
iVna zon1a: ~:an Ilnd Cultur e i n a Coan te r f ei t Paradise .
Chicago .EIU U O
E.t r~c~~ra y f unc16n en 1a c~lt~ra and1na I !!!t~. Thea i . , Uni ve rsi t y of SIUl VAr eo• • Lima .
X:.L r ra . John v.[1955 ] , 1950
1962a
1962b
Tn. Eecn0ll:1c OrEa::i n t1cn of t he I rJca St a t e .J AI rr• • • • Greenwi ch. Cor~e e t1 eut .
M ~ 1 t. and Crop 1n t ne I nca St a t e ,· in S. Diamond ,e=.ut~rI 1:". History , f . 37, -407 . Ill " YorA.- An ArehAeolog1cal · p.e-St:.L~1 ' of an Andean lthnoh1. tOr~cal AccO~.t , · ~er1e&n Anti9 :.Li t y. vel . z5r.o. I .· Cl oti1 and it. P'..nc t1cn. 1:; t he Ir.e. $ taU ,·
~~erl c an Ar.ter o; c: cg1at . vol . 64 . no . 4.·N. .. " t a on ~' ta1n,r ar.d S.rv1l. Poi'Ulat~ ~n. 1n-ra..ant1n. '.i,Y'J. , · Act.a , y ):e:::o r1 .. , XXXVI I nt.. m a t i one.:.Cor~r••, of ~.rlc~1 ata , Sevill a .
"",.0. . ... ,.
"",rra , J ohn \I . (Cor.tln",ed)1964 0 ~ lJna a;>ree l a e i6n etno16e;lea de la vil!lita ,~ i n (ia rt l
Dl e ~ [1501 ] : p . 421_444 . Ll~a .
1906
1967
1 9bbb
1970a
1970b
1906a - £1 Ir.Stlt",tO de Inves t ieaelone. kIIdl naa y su aes tudios en Huw.ueo , - Cua :ierno8 de InveBtieaei6n ,
1: p . 7- 21 . HuAnueo .- Vlda , t i " r r a y agus en el Pe rd ant l gl.l.O," a reViewof K080k 1905 . ~evi. ta " eTUana de Cul tura , \II I _VII I :
p . 270- 13 . Lics .~ La vl s ita de 10. enupaehu ca.o fu"nt" "tno16g1t a , I i'l i f;o Onu (15"/ 2 ) , 1907 : p , 3Bl- 406 . Hu4nuto .- An Ay~ra Kl~d om l n 1561" , Etr~ohi. to ry , vol. XV,no . 2 : p. 115-151.-Cur r ent lles earl:h and Pros l-ett a l n Andean Ethllohi at or y _Latln American Re.earch ReVi ew, vol . V, no . i : p .
3 - 36.~Informae16n etroo16e l ca e hl. t 6r l ea adi ciona! Bobre
el r"ino lupaq,a, - II1 . t or i .. 1 Cul t ura , ve i • 4: p:49 - 02. Li lli.. .
19/ 2 "El ' con t r ol vertI cal' de ~ m4xi mo de pi808 eco -16eic0 8 en 1 0. e conce f a de l a 8 eeeaee..des and inas ,"Ift lEo Or tIz (1562 ) , 1972 : p . 427-476 . Hu!nuco .
(1973 ), 19/6 - Lo. H mi t ea y h mi t a ci one. dd ' archipl Uagove r t ical ' en l OB AIId e~: Avan ce. , vol . I : p. 75- 80 .
•
1975
1919
1960
1962a
La F..z ,f or=aclone. econ611l i ca a Y polf t leaB del lIl~do and i no.Ina t itu t o de Es tudi oB Peruanos . Lilllll .-La t emprano. per cep ci6n europea de l a compl ementar i dad ,,0016g ica , " pap" r read a t the XLI II I n tema_tional Congr e98 of M.ericllnh tB . Vllncouver , Be.~De reehoB a laB t i erra B en 81 Tawantlnu8yu ,"ReviBtII de la l"ni ve r si d. llj Cg", pl ut enBe , vol. XXVIII ,
no . 117 , p . 273-267 . ""'d.rid .- The mi t 'a ob1iga tione of e t hnr i c gr oup. t o t h8•I nka sta t 8, - George Col l i er and Renato RQBaldo,The St a t e in V- eBc- Amer i eB and. t he Ande•• Aead. em1 e
1962b ~Early European Utl1i ~Bt10n of Andean Organ1 ~at10nal
Pat t ern. , - i n vcl~8 hcnor i na _ i l l 1&= Sea ra .
Ne t herly , i'at r ic1a J .
~iurra 1972 Bi blioerl<phy p , 7
1 977
Nunez At encio ,
1976
Nllilez Aten c i o ,
1979
Oberem , Udo
197 8
Local Le ve l Lorda on t he Nor th COallt of Fe ru .
The lll s , Cornell Un i ve r lli t y . I tha c a .
Lautaro" ~eogl i fo ll y t rafico de caravanllS en el d es i er t o
ohil eno ," i n volume hono n ng Gus tavo LeFa i c e ,
publ i shed 1n Antofacasta , Chi l e ; p. 148_20 2 .
La u t a r o and Tom D. lli llell8.,)'
~:ov1lidad c: i r!ltoria , amon!H social y della rro110
en'loB Andes ~~er1dionales ; eeszsase de t r a fi c o
e i r. terllcci 6n e con6rr. i cn . IU'ltofsea e t a .
•"<:1 a cce ec a recursO .. naturale s de d1f er entes
ecc j.ogf a e en l a .,ia r r a e c ua t or iana (sigl o x_ I) ,"
.. ctes of the XLII I nte rnational Cong r ess of
Am ericanis ts {Par-aa 1976) , vol. I V: p . 51-64 .
Or ti z de Zuniga ,
[ 1562 ], 1967&: 1972
Fa t t e r a on ,
1 971a
1;\1go
Vi lli t a '.I e ' I ll ;:r on n c t a 'ie !,e6n de Huhmco .. •
;;> volu:r,es . HUW1UCO . Pe ro.
Thomas C.
"Central Perl ; its .t'opul a ti on =d Eco nolllY ,"
"rcr:aeolo!~'y ' vol. a I-I . n o . 4 ; p , 316- 21.
1971b "The Etlergence of I'ood I'r-oduc t Lon in Cen t ral Fa ro ,"
i n Stuar t Struever 'll Prehistoric At;nc"lture .
Patterson , Thomas C. and ~jward r. Lanning
1964 " (;h ant;i Il£ Se ttle",ent Pat t erns on the Central
Coas t ," i1aw pB Facha , vol. tI ; p , 113- 23 . Be r keley .
Pease c: . 't , I' ranklin
1970
1978
Platt , Tristan
1978
"Hota s obr e l os visitadores de ChUCUl tO en 157 2."
"i ..to n B:r Clll t u r !l, n o . 4 : p . 71 -76 . Litt;n .
De l Tawant in~"yu a 111 his toria del Per l . Ins t itut o
de l>a t ud ios l'eruanos . LImn.
" SJ·"' ~trie ll en lI11 roi r : Ie concept de Y!lnlU1 tin
c hez t ee xee ne dOl acr r v r e ,« Annales (f;scl , vol .
J J . nos . 5- 0 . i'lIrlll .
78 . La t hr ap 1970 ; ~e~e rs 1 971.
79 . The wi t nes s es f r om Chal lana decl a r ed they gave 20 guanacos ,
20 pacos and 40 maltos ( f f. l41 r - v) but they
carr i ed i t only to niqui , "which wa s about t woleaeues from t ni s town . " The equ i valenci es of
the an imal-named containe rs are still be es tabl I sh ed.
80 . See Murra [ 1955 ] , 1980 , pa r t i cUl arl y chs . V and VI I I .
81. Orti z de ZWl.iga (156 2). 1972 .
82 . Mur ra l S80 .
83 . Compare Rurra ( 1955 J 1980 : ch, II and ~~urn. 1 980 .
8 4 . b:acNeish e t a1. 1975 .85 . Trimborn 1923-24 ; 1928 ; Tr oll 1931 ; Condarco Moral es 1970 .
86 . Fuenzalida . 'pe rsonal corununicstion ; jrur- r-e 1968 : p, 14 3, no te 29 .
87 . I f we a s s ume that t ne a r chi pe l ag os arose only when an expanding
s t a t e , be i t t he I nka o r t he ea rl i er Wa r iBni Ti
wanaku , provided i h migh ty protection __ t hen we
wonder why it en dur ed i n so many pla ces af t e r t he
s t ates vani s hed. The r e is am ple evi dence f or its
enduring t hr oughout t he COlon ial cen t u r i es despite
pressur es agains t i t by encomender os , haciends_
owners or royal edmi nis t ra to rs and t he i r stt et::pts
t o " r educe " the populat i on i nto less di speres ds e ttl e~ents. There ar e pl aces eve n t oday wher e
the ~dean population attempts to or de r it s l i f e
a ccording to the standards of s ool ogic compl eeent ar i t y, r e s i s t ing t he pr es s""res of :r.os t Il&ron orr. i st s .
i n te rna ti ons.I devel oplllent experts and t hs burea'-l_
cracy of I an'" re f orm ( See Fons eca 1972 ; Harrh 1 978) .
88 . Frank Sa l omon ( 1 978) has s novm that a r chi pe l ae o, w.re mere-d""oed by t he Ir~ a in t he northerr. An"'ss , a :-ee l on
wh.re t he PO.lT, a is aOs er.t . See a l so liu r r a (197 ); , 19 78 .89. Ths record. of bo th inepsct i onl , t hat of I~ieo Ort i E ( (1' b2J ,
1967 and 19 72 ) and. er Gur e i Diu ( ( 1 ~ 67 l . 1964 ) con
t ain many U .tl,IllphB u.n from bll ew. S.. d. e
I::spinola So r a M 197 '~76 .
90. Th. varb lllitiy Juant e r i B1nally ' t o leave , te escap. ' .
--- - - --Kur r s
J aan
kelaClon de l oa f and8ment oa . ce res del no~.ble
da.'1o que .... s a1 t a .11' n O c ...nla r a 1 0 11 in:h oll
BuS ( uero• . • • • Col ecei 6n de libras 1 doc~entoa
r e t er ente. a l a hi a t or i s del Pe~ . s er les I ,vol. 31 p. 45 - 168. limB .
Por ras Bar r en echea , ka~l
1950 ~J8uJ a , eapltd m ! t1 ea , ~ Re vls t a lli st6ri ea , vol.
XVIII , no. 2, pp. 117- 48 . Lima .
Folo de Onde6ardo ,[1 571 ] , 1917
P'.I1gar Vi dal , Jan e T
1946 Las oc~o ....fio~e8 " s taTal!. del Fer j. Lima.
R&lIl! r ez- :!o r t on .
1978
Re i chl en , Henry
1949
Susan· Che r r e pl' en 1572: WI an41hh d e 1. v u lt_ gen.. .... l
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and pau.le
"Recher ches a r ch'oIogiqul'a dane II' S Andl' 8 de
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ve , XXXVI II : p , 1 ) 7-14. Paria .
P~rou ," Geogr a f 1eka Ann_l er ,zone e Br i d. e du
I . Stockh olm ."::...ver ,
RdaCHlr.u a lt06nlH cas de Indiu
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Ee~ede. republ l ehed i n Bibliot eca d. A~tore.
Eepei'lolee . J,;adr 14.
R.pe rB z , Gonzalo de
1955
Rev1Rta de 1, Unl ve r n dad CO:&Flutenn
1950 Enay. rea "- a t .ympoei= on - Eeor-o!:! ' ., . oeie ia4en 10' And. a ., ~.,oa:t'riea ." i n ~ov.~.e 1975 .x e, 117 , vei • XXVIII . l:ad.rid .
Rl vat . ra'.1l
1949
Rodr I &ll.a & :Suy.uy ,
1969
"L•• l angua. 4a l' anelar~a O;!ioe~ , . da Tru~11lo , "
J ournal , Soe1h' 4.. Am'rioan1Rt.. , vea, XXXVII I .Par h .
An t on i O· Char. Chan , e l udad da a dob• • Obaarva elon, a ao bra
a\l. ta" aeol~11ea . · i n llan o)' and 'ehad al 1969 _p. 1))-5 2. 3'",anoa Ai r .. .
'"' .,loa t ,.-a 1'')'''''1 •
l 'Jb'!- bS
197C
19 1)
1971
1978
I..... ,.!"~ !'.tn ollj. 8 to rln ue ."" valle cos t eil:o du rl1Zl te ~ l
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;.""' ~: ., . , - bl . 1.11:;& .·~.e rC&<le~1l ..l.e1 vei r e Je Chlncha en I II Epoc" pn-ni ...,6nl ea : un Qo e ur.e~to y un co~~r.tarlo .· ~~V l s t ~
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~ ~ l~tacl on~a p~nt s ~!nicli.a de coca en l a ver
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vol . x....xlX = p. l 'H - 224 . t aee ,
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1981
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n iaux ,~ "#h.r~ ,el! d.p Ia Call a oe "'p14 !19 \1~ :t . )::""l1 ril1 .
·SYlt~mel pol1 t .qUl! ve r t ica ux a~ marehe e de
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" .D Z .Z. ~5' ~"'''O'""----7" ---- ·1.. , E
Troll , Carl
1931
19&8
uDi e geoGraphi llchen G~~~l8£en der kn~lnen Hochk~lturen un~ ~ell lr~a Ne iche3 , u J bero_Amer1kani sc~e3
Archlv , no. 5. ser r r n ,Tr.e Geo-!;colocY of the l :o=tamous f'e[lon" of t heTropical Ame rlcall. aor~.
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1971
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19~9
uta ecologf a s ubJetl va c~o un elemento eaenc ial
ae la verticalidad , u Revi s t a del Iil,-, ,,eo IIac10nal ,
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1971 La vlll10n dell va i ncull : I e.. ind iens du Pl r ou devant
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cueee ,