muon tomography for the monitoring of stored carbon muon sources workshop huddersfield 12 th – 13...
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Muon tomography for the monitoring of
stored carbon
Muon Sources WorkshopHuddersfield
12th – 13th January 2015
Jon Gluyas
and
Lee F. Thompson
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UK Policy on Carbon Capture
One aspect of this is capturing and storing CO2 ….
credit: www.gov.uk
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Carbon Capture and Storage
credit: www.nationalgrid.com
1-3
km
100+ km
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Potential CO2 storage sites
The UK is fortunate and has access to any hundreds of potential CO2 storage sites including >400 depleted oil and gas fields and 100s large saline aquifers
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CO2 storage monitoring Successful capture and storage isn’t the end of the
problem
EU legislation is likely to require less than 1% leakage per 1000 years
Monitoring will be required
Costs of monitoring will need to factored in
http://www.co2captureproject.org/operation.html
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Monitoring TechnologiesMarine
4d seismicElectromagnetic
surveys
Land4d seismicInsarCO2 seep
detection
6
(InSAR data from Rutqvist et al.,
2010)
(Chadwick et al., 2010)
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4-D Seismic detection costs Assumes £1M per “shot” (some estimates as high as £5M) Costs for 1 storage site – up to 150 may be developed No inflation
Every year to
25 years
Every 5 years 25 to 100
years
Every 10 years 100 to
200 years
Every 100 years 200 to 1000 years
Injection No injection
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CCS monitoring4d seismic surveys are not the optimal tool
for CCS monitoring, in particular theyare episodic – what happens between surveysdo not measure CO2 density directly
(measures acoustic contrast, f)
An ideal monitoring methodology would be inexpensivecontinuouspassivedirectly sensitive to CO2 density last for hundreds of years
Are there alternative technologies that can address some of these issues??
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Muon Tomography - Techniques
Muon Tomography (Attenuation Method)
Muon Radiography
Muon Tomography (Scattering Method)
Overburden
Muon Detectors
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Muon Tomography – Track RecordExamples of previous
work in the field:
imaging magma chambers
Image of Mount Asama, Japan (Tanaka et al)
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Muon Flux SimulationsInitial studies (2010)
indicates that by instrumenting 1000 m2 and taking data for 1 year then 0.4% mean volume density variations (7% pore volume) can be measured at 1km depth
Monitoring subsurface CO2 emplacement and security of storage using muon tomography V.A. Kudryavtsev et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 11 (2012) 21–24
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Muon Tomography for CCS Monitoring
Muon tomography offers a monitoring tool that is: Continuous – some methods are episodic, what
happens between measurements? Passive Directly sensitive to CO2 density – some methods
do not measure CO2 density directly Capable of delivering useful data for many years
cost effective
but there are challenges … Need to instrument below/around the volume of
interest Restricted borehole geometry not well-suited Elevated temperatures
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17
CCS consortium
Awarded a ~£1.5M grant from DECC and Premier Oil Other funding from STFC, University of Sheffield
Work Package StructureWP1: Muon
detector design and
construction
WP2: Physical and chemical models of CO2 repositories
WP3: Muon transport and
detection modelling
WP4: Muon trajectory methods
WP5/6: Detector tests and borehole deployment
WP7: Adoption and
commercialistion
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Geological Modelling
Hewett field – a candidate CO2 storage site
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Muon Flux Simulations Muon transport simulations are being developed to test
the sensitivity of the technique
Using GEANT4 (standard tracking code for particle physics) for muon interactions and to model the overburden
For example, in the above a more realistic simulation results from assuming that the CO2 is confined to a volume and taking the relative parts of the ‘CO2-injected’ and ‘No-CO2’ simulations accordingly
No-CO2 CO2-injected
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Muon Flux Simulations Muon flux simulations have been performed in Geant4 for
three scenarios: no-CO2, nominal-CO2 and extreme-CO2
with narrow and wide angle injection plumes
A statistically significant change in flux after 5% of a year is predicted for wide angle injection. More statistics are needed for narrow angle injection studies
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Towards a “Borehole Detector” Detecting elementary
particles such as muons requires detectors
These detectors rely on the muons interacting with some medium and leaving a trace behind Charge Light
Avoid gaseous and liquid detectors for longevity reasons
Use solid plastic scintillator
Main challenge is the geometry – position along the bar requires accurate (sub nanosecond) timing
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Timing Measurements “Trigger” on cosmic
rays Read out single bar Look at standard
deviation of timing difference
Promising results Standard deviation
of order 0.36 ns (3.6x10-10s)
Equivalent to a few centimetres in z co-ordinate
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Borehole Detector Prototype
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Muon Experiments at Boulby The Boulby Science Lab is
situated ~1.5km underground and is proving an invaluable testing ground
The mine also has (now disused) tunnels running out under the North Sea
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Allows an important “proof of principle” experiment which will look at changes in overburden
Aims to observe the changes in overburden (density) from the North Sea tides at -764m in the Boulby mine
Cross coast boundary (~200m cliff drop, 50-200m depth sea)
“Muon tides” Experiment
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Homeland Security
Large area muon chambers built under contract with AWE Used in conjunction with another detector type (drift chamber) to
look for rogue fissile materials at ports, etc. Currently exploring possibilities with AWE and NNL for
applications to imaging at Sellafield
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Conclusions Muon tomography may prove a useful complementary tool to
other technologies for the monitoring of carbon storage
There are obvious challenges: Designing and operating effective muon detectors in the
constrained borehole geometry Elevated temperatures in the borehole will clearly make this a
difficult environment to work in
“Proof of principle” work is taking place Plastic scintillator-based borehole detector Boulby “muon tides” detectors for overburden measurement
Next steps Plans to operate the detector in a geothermal borehole in
Newcastle
There are other potentially interesting applications of muon tomography