mumbai attacks in historical context: india-pakistan · pdf filemarathi, tamil, urdu,...
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Mumbai Attacks in Historical Context: India-Pakistan Relations
Richard KaminskiIntelligence Research Specialist
Counterterrorism Bureau
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Background: India-Pakistan
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Geography
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Land of Infinite Diversity• Religions: Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Other• Major Languages: Hindi, Bengali,Telugu,
Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Maithili
• Population (as of 2008): 1,147,995,904• 35% Under the age of 14; Median age: 25.1
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Muslim Rule• Late 12th Century Sultanate of Delhi• Expansion to South establishing the
Deccan Sultanate• 1526 Babar Defeats Delhi Sultanate• Mughal Dynasty Established• From 12th Century Until British
Conquest Muslim Minority Ruled Hindu Majority
Circa 1400
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Jewel In The British Crown• 1757 British East India
Company Defeats Nawab of Bengal
• Government of India Act 1858 Ratifies Transfer of Power to British Government
• British ‘Raj” Rules from 1858 to 1947
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British Indian Empire
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Freedom at Midnight• End of Empire• Sectarian Violence Breaks Out• Dominion of Pakistan Includes
East and West Entities• Union of India• 15 Million Refugees
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Pakistan• 1947 Ali Jinnah’s Dream of
a Secular State• 1956 Islamic Republic
Established• 1971 Secession of West
Pakistan• 1972 First Democratically
Elected President
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Kashmir• Sikh Ruler given right to
choose• Population 77 per cent
Muslim• Pakistan Initiates
Insurgency To Force Issue
• Indian soldiers enter
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Islamization of Pakistan• Ali Bhutto Turns To Islam in
Face of Opposition• General Zia Finalized Process
by Making Sharia Law of The Land
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Interservices Intelligence Directorate• Lt. Gen Hamid Gul• Government within a
Government• Support to Kashmir and
Afghanistan Mujahedin