multiple approaches towards sustainable development

8/8/2019 Multiple Approaches Towards Sustainable Development

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/multiple-approaches-towards-sustainable-development 1/78

Multiple Approaches towards

Sustainable DevelopmentSeminar, IRRI, Los Banos; 30 September 2005

Jose Ireneu dos Remedios FurtadoBSc (Hons.), PhD, FRSA, FWAAS, Hon. Professor (Mauritius)

Visiting Professor, Imperial College [email protected] / Tel: (020) 7594-7308 / RSM 4-07

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



Multiple Approaches towardsSustainable Development

A.What is the Nature of the Challengeconfronting our Future?

B.C.What is Sustainable Development?

D.

E.How can Sustainable Development beeffectively approached?



(A) What is the Nature of the

Challenge confronting ourFuture?



Photo-oxidation

Ozonedepleting

substances

Epidemic

Scarcity

BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY

LOSSLOSS

ClimateChange

OzoneDepletion

Unsustainable

Forestry

AgricultureIntensificatio

n

Urbanization

WaterDegradation

& Scarcity

Land Degradation

Desertification

Industrialization

UV Burns

PollutionSalinization

Nutrient exhaustion

Global warming

Carbon Aerosols

Erosion

SalinizationScarcity

Epidemics

Ecosystemchanges

Food security

Nutrient enrichment

Habitat loss/ fragmentation

UV burns

Genetic erosion Pestilence

Carbon / Nitrogen / Sulfur gases

Extre

me events: Floods, Storms

Pollution Habitat

fragmentation

Weather changes



CAUSES OF FAILURE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

•Deprivation of a Livelihood & Security 3 Courses of actions for Human survival:- Exploitation of already limited Natural Resources- Degradation of Environmental systems

- Flow of Productive assets:

Rural Urban areas

Developing Industrialized countries

Deprivation of a

Livelihood & Security

•Enforced displacement of peoples for various reasons•Migration of peoples:

Rural Urban areas

Developing Industrialized countries

Displacement of Peoples & theirMigrations

•Urban peoples Marginalization of Rural people

•Industrialized countries Marginalization of Developing

countries

Marginalization of Peoples

•Access to the Rich, the Powerful & the Urban elite

Exclusion to the poor, disadvantaged & rural massesEnclosure of NaturalResources

SpecificationsCauses



Sus

Mark

• Attenuated pr



Generalized Global & Local Crises affecting Sustainability

Crises Causes Specification

“State” Globalization ↑ International trade

↑ Information flows↑ Mobility of people across borders

InternalFlaws

↑ Administrative ineffectiveness↑ Government & Market failures↑ Centralization of authority↑ Public / Community exclusion↑ Inequality in access to freedom & wealth↑ Corruption of government (Executive, Legislative, Judiciary)

“Market” ↑ Trade liberalization↑ Emerging “Mafia”↑ Open access ‘property’ rights – Money flows & exchange↑ Open access environment – Oceans, Freshwater, Atmosphere↑ Profit motive / Excessive greed

“Science” ↑ Erosion of traditional knowledge↑ Weakening of traditional cultures & beliefs↑ Complexity of modern economies↑ Inadequate local capability for research & development (R&D)↑ Expensiveness & complexity of R&D↑ Embedded propaganda in economic forecasts / Political ‘spin’

↑ Emerging & Uncertain natural & human hazards



Sus



S



↑Urbanization / Industrialization

↑Rural abandonment

↑Urban subsidies

↑Militarization

↑Taxation

↓Tax base

↑Resource dependency

Rise & Fall of ‘Metropolitan’ Civilizations / Empires

e.g. Babylonian, Egyptian, Persian,

Greek, Roman, Inca, Mongol /

Moghul, Spanish, French, British,Soviet, ?American

Failures due to:

• Systems collapse

• Ignorance of impacts

& externalities

• Decreasing ‘sinks’ (i.e.

carrying capacity)

• Declining renewable

natural resources(e.g.

forests, fisheries, biodiversity)

• Social inequali ties

• Severe natural

hazards (e.g. floods,

droughts, meteor ites,

pestilence, epidemics)Systems enlargement &

dependencies to find solutions

↑Political power

↑Networks / Alliances

↑Trade & Transport

↑Colonization / Slavery

Central ization

↑Economic power



G/B G/B

Technology & Knowledge leading HumanEvolution in the Cosmos

1 = Agrarian societies (E1) use Technologies (T1) to harness Geosphere / Biosphere (G/B) resources, & innovate

controlling & investing values & mythologies, the Noosphere (N1)

2 = Transnational industrial societies (E2) use Technologies (T2) (including the Cybersphere) to harness Geosphere /

Biosphere (G/B) resources & affect other societies without equivalent Noosphere (N2) values & controls

3 = Globalized mixed industrial societies (E3) use Technologies (T3) including the Cybersphere to harness Geosphere /

Bios here’s G/B resources & exceed its ‘carr in ca acit ’ & need to evolve an e uivalent Noos here N

N1

N2 N3

E2

E1

E3

T2

T1

T3



Human Actions

Mineral extraction

ForestryLand clearance

AgricultureGrazing

Fish pondsWater diversion

IndustrializationCommerce

UrbanizationFuel consumption

RecreationTourism

Intended Effects / Improved Quality of Life

Food production / Fibre productionHousing / Water supply / Sanitation

Consumer goods / EnjoymentCulture / Knowledge

Unintended Effects / Environmental Costs

Deforestation / Habitat destructionSoil degradation / DesertificationPollution / Eutrophication / Acid precipitation

Global warming / Climate changeBiodiversity loss / Natural disasters

Human Actions affecting Biosphere Sustainability

Source: Lubchenco, J. et al., 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: An ecological research agenda. Ecology, 72: 371-412



NaturalResources(e.g. Land,

Water)

Highly ManagedEcosystemse.g. Plantations,Irrigated fields,Canalized rivers

Natural

Ecosystemse.g. Forests,Wetlands

Goods & Services:Goods (e.g. Industrial products)

Services (e.g. Hydropower,Shipping channels)

Amenities (e.g. Recreation)

Goods & Services:Goods (e.g. Wildlife / Fish)

Services (e.g. Water control,Fertility, Groundwater recharge)

Amenities (e.g. Species, Landscapes)

Short-termBenefits:Economic

Social

Long-termBenefits:

EconomicSocial

Biodiversity

Positive Impacts (e.g. Clean water)

Negative Impacts (e.g. Polluted water)

Natural Resources & Ecosystem Benefits & Impacts

Human needs: (a) Economic security (e.g. Shelter, Food, Drinking water, Consumable goods);

(b) Social security(e.g. Protection from natural hazards, like floods); and (c)Ethical security (e.g. Upholding the rights of other people & species to resources)



Environmental Sustainability

Gross & Genuine savings, 1997

Africa

East Asia

Europe & C.Asia

Developing countries

0 10 20 30 40 50

Percent of GDP

Grosssavings

Genuinesavings



(B) What is Sustainable

Development?



Sustainable Development

• = Balance between Efficiency + Equity(Access & Inclusion) + EcologicalResilience

• = Realization of Freedoms, Choices &Responsibility in Transforming all 5Forms of Assets or Capital

• = Consciousness [Investment + Control]Systems Stability + Diversity +Complexity + Resilience (i.e. Control of

Humanitarian crises, Inequalities &



4. Re-organization•

Accessible buildingmaterials•Accessible energy &nutrients

1. Exploitation•R-strategy•Pioneer species / Opportunism

2. Conservation•K-strategy•Climax species /Consolidation

3. Decomposition &Release•Physical hazards (e.g. fires,storms)•Biotic hazards (e.g. pests,diseases)

Extent of Interconnectedness

between Variables

Weak Strong

Change

inAccumula

tedCapit

al

(Nutrien

ts&C

arbon)

Low

High

Ecosystem Organization & Renewal Processes

Source: C.S. Holling, 1995



Ecosystem Functions, Flows and Adaptation in Relation to Capital & Connectedness

AccumulatedCapital

Connectedness

Weak Strong

High Renewal (A):System changes sensitive to stressesCarbon (Building materials), Externalenergy (Power), & Nutrients (Catalysts

& sustenance) access( Rapid flows)

Conservation (K):K-strategy: Consolidation / Banking(Risk-averse)Climax species / professions

( Slow flows)

Low Exploitation (r):r-strategy: Opportunistic / Gambling(Risk-prone)Pioneer species / professions( Slow flows)

Release (W):Hazards / Risks: Physical (Fires,Storms) & Biotic (Pests, Diseases)Carbon, Energy, Nutrients( Rapid flows)

Source: Folke, C, L Pritchard Jr., F Berkes, J Colding and U Svedin, 1998. The Problem of Fit between Ecosystems and Institutions. IHDP Working Paper No. 2: 38 pp.Bonn: International Human Dimensions Programme



5 Ecosystem Principles for Development

1. Ecosystems = Biota Abiotic Environment2. Ecosystems powered by 5 Resources:

vExternal Energy Acquired + Flows + DissipatedvMaterials (e.g. Nutrients) Cycled

vSpace Colonization, Livelihood, Organization

vTime Life-history + Events

vInformation Control + Investments

3. Ecosystems conserve Energy + Matter

4. Ecosystems grow by Organizational Efficiency,

Complexity & Scale: Strong systems capture Weak

5. Ecosystems store Information in Physical,Chemical & Biotic structures: Baryon number (Genetic constitution), Spin (Environment) & Charge(Association)



The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Functions and their Uses

Regulation Function Production Function CarrierFunction

Information Function

Providing support foreconomic activity andhuman welfare through:Protection against harmfulcosmic influenceClimate regulationWatershed / Catchment

protectionErosion prevention / Soil

protectionHuman / Industrial wastestorage & recyclingOrganic matter / Mineralnutrients storage & recyclingGenetic / Biologicaldiversity maintenanceBiological controlProviding a migratory /nursery / feeding habitat

Providing basicresources, such as:OxygenFood, drinking water &nutritionWater for industry,households, etc.Clothing / FabricBuilding / ConstructionmaterialsManufacturing materialsEnergy / FuelMineralsMedicinal resourcesBiochemical resourcesGenetic resources

Ornamental resources

Providing space and asuitable substrate, inter alia, for:HabitationAgriculture, forestry, fishery,animal husbandryIndustryEngineering projects, such asdams, roads, etc.Recreation Nature conservation

Providing aesthetic,cultural and scientificbenefits through:Aesthetic informationSpiritual / ReligiousinformationCultural / Artistic inspirationEducational / ScientificinformationPotential information

Source: de Groot, R. S., 1992. Functions of Nature: Evaluation of nature in environmental planning, management and decision making.Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff BV

L l N ti l & Gl b l E i t l B fit



Local, National & Global Environmental Benefitsof Sustainable Land Management

ECOLOGICAL SERVICES

HABITATS

AMENITY

Recreation Tourism

Land Races Varieties Crop Germ Plasm

Plant remedies Pharmaceuticaldiscoveries

Wildlife Species Diversity

PestregulationPollinationSoil formation

Water Quality & Flow

Land Use DisturbanceRegulation

Microclimate Global ClimateChange

Transboundary

impacts

Nutrientcycling

Other NTFPs

LOCAL NATIONAL GLOBAL

WORD\AGRICULTURE-RURAL\CHARTS\LU-BENEFITS01.PPT



Object of

Change

Subject / Tendency of Change

Self-Assertive (‘Hard’) Integrative (‘Soft’)

Novelty (‘Hard’)

(e.g. Fine arts, Discovery)

Confirmed (‘Soft’)

(e.g. Amendment,Revision)

Competitive

Ideas / Tools / Things

Cooperative

People / Feelings / Empathy

Subject & Object of Change & Development

InnovativeInventiveCreative

ImaginativeTransforming

ModifyingAdaptiveSensitive

Existential

Perturbation @ Lower / Higher Scales Niche emergence olon t on +a itur t on omp t t on + l t on a i e i i e ec i pt t on + nt r t on ss t mo l t ona a i eg a i [ e bi i a i

© Jose I dos R Furtado



Society

BeliefsValues

KnowledgeOrganization

Governance

InstitutionLeadership

ParticipationOwnership

LinkagesDistribution

Conflict resolutionManagement

Norms & StandardsScales

EconomyGoods & Services

Markets / PriceTrade / Barter Value-addedInfrastructureTechnology

Environment

BiodiversityEcosystem dynamics

ProductionDecomposition

StorageFlows & Cycles

Control & Regulation

Control

Stewardship

Impacts +/-

Impacts +/-

Production Investments

Natural Resources Use, Conservation & Impacts



Forms of Human Capital for Social & Economic Development

Forms Specifications

Technology /Infrastructure [Technological

Capital]

Object-embodied physical facilities: Equipment, ArtifactsGeneral Specific purposeStones / Machines Fully automated Programmable

machinesUse: Amplifies human power & capability

HumanResources / Skills [Cultural Capital]

Person-embodied with implicit abilitiesTacit individual knowledge & wisdom (e.g. values, culture)Operational, Understanding, Assessment & Creative skillsUse: Enable function & use of technology & organizations

Information /Knowledge

[Human Capital]

Explicit data Information Knowledge Documented, Recorded & CodifiedPromotes factual awareness, use, optimisation, & scientificresearch and technology development (R&D)Use: Enables learning, integration, & conservation of time &resources



Money / Barter [Financial or Economic Capital]

Monetary or non-monetary forms of exchange (e.g. money, credits)Valued in terms of commodity, production or tradeTransferred physically or electronicallyUse: Generates new knowledge, technologies, organizations & trade

Organization /Institutions [Institutional or

Political Capital]

Organizational structure & functions, procedures, methods & practices Networks Institutions (Formal or Non-formal)Governance / Management based on traditions, systems & projectsCoordinates actions & resources to achieve desired goalsUse: Harnesses human knowledge, skills & resources for social goals

Environment /

NaturalResources [Natural Capital]

Extraction / Conversion of natural resources (e.g. energy, minerals,

biota), environment (e.g. land, water, atmosphere), space, & timeValued in terms of commodity, production, scarcity or tradeTransformed physically by knowledge, skills, technology &institutionsUse: Harnesses NR for human livelihood, recreation & luxury



(C) How can Sustainable

Development be effectivelyapproached?



Figu



C a r e f o r t h e n e e d s o f t h e

w i t h o u t c u r t a i l i n g o p t i o n s

C r i t e r i a: H e a l t h ,

W e l l - b e i n g ,

S o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t a

A v a i l a b i l i t y o f e n v i r o n

A n a l y s i s o f D e m o g r a p

T e c h n o l o g i c a l , S o c i a l & C

c a u s i n g E n v i r o n m e n t a

C o n t r o l o v e r D e v e l o

( S o u r c e - o r i e n t e d P o

S u s t a i n a b l e S o c i e t a l D

P r e s e r v a t i o n o f i n t e r & i n

( S p e c i e s r e l a t i o n s , F u n c t

C r i t e r i a: E c o s y s t e m s t r u

E c o s y s t e m p r o c e s s

M i n e r a l c y c l i n g ,

D e l i v e r y o f e n v i r o n m

A n a l y s i s o f L i m i t s o f A

P e r t u r b a t i o n s & L o s s e s

F u n c t i o n s o f t h e E n v

S e t t i n g L i m i t s t o R

( E f f e c t s - o r i e n t e d P o

E n v i r o n m e n t a l C a r r y i

E c o l o g i c a l S u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f H u( S u s t a i n a b l e U s e o f B i o s p

E c o l o g i c a l B o u n d a r y C o n



Analy



Human Capital(Values, Cultures, Skills,

Institutions)

Natural Capital(Environment, Resources)

Human-made Capital(Technology, Finance

Infrastructure)

Habitats, Goods &

Services for Humans

Strategic Policies,

Plans & Management

Equitable Distribution of

Benefits & Opportunities

Economic

Development

Extraction /

Harvest

Restoration / Investment

Technological Efficiency

SustainableDevelopment

& Livelihoods

Sustainable Development and Livelihoods in terms of

Capital Transformation & Accumulation

Sustainability = Sum of all forms of capital without any reduction in capital

C t ib ti f K l d f C it l T f ti (5) f



Codified

Knowledge

Synthetic

Assets

Human

Assets

Socio-EconomicOutputs

Well-

being

Natural

Assets

Socio-Political

Assets

Infrastructure (e.g. buildings, physical networks), Technology,

& Finance

Tacit knowledge, Skills,Competencies, & Abilities

Networks, Trust,Organization, Institutions Natural Resources &

Ecological services

Consumption of materialgoods & services

Natural amenities &Ecological functions

Social networks, Sharedvalues, & Trust

Contribution of Knowledge for Capital Transformation (5) forSocio-Economic Outputs to meet Human Needs

Tacit & CodifiedKnowledge

Applicationthrough

Enterprises

Traditions,

Beliefs, & Culture

Adapted from:

WDR, 2003. Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World.Transforming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Life. 250 pp.

World Development Report 2003.

Washington, DC: World Bank



Sustainable Development Properties• Poverty reduction: Monetary scale, Knowledge scale,

Consciousness scale• Governance: Democratic, Pluralistic, Decentralized, Just,

Equitable, Human Rights• Modernization: = Socio-cultural transformations and

changes:

Based on:

• Understanding Human nature, Culture, Tradition & Consciousness• Preferred Culture & Value system• Vital participation of subject (“developee”) & Third party (“developer”)• Replicable interventions, projects, collaborations, etc. by Third party• Delivery of resources (Equipment, Finance, Know-how, Skills, Political

clout, Values, Life-styles, etc.)• Technical experts, Advisers, Trainers, Change facilitators, etc.



Change Processes for Sustainable Development

Ø Resource Transfers: “Haves” “Have Nots”

Ø Transformations: Dependence Independence Inter-

dependenceØ Freedom of Choice: Limited Increasingly Individualistic

Ø Exposure to Natural Hazards: Susceptibility Controlled

Systems

Ø Knowledge Environment: Certainty Uncertainty + Ambiguity

+ ContradictionsØ Information & Knowledge Base: Static Growing

DiversifyingØ Socio-cultural Architecture: Simple Complex Systems

Ø Management of Variables: Tangible Intangibles

Ø Nature of Processes: Linear + Predictable Dynamic + Chaotic

Ø Interventions: Short-term + Time-bound Long-term + Open-

ended



Strategic

Fr

Approach• Developin

implement

plans, idea

Responsibility•

State alon



Provisioning Services

Products obtained fromecosystems: e.g.Food, Water, Bio-fuels, Fibre,

Bio-chemicals, Genetic resources

Regulating Services Benefits obtained from

ecosystem processes: e.g.Water, Climate, Waste &

Disease regulation

Cultural Services Non-materials benefits

provided by ecosystems: e.g.Spiritual & Religious, Aesthetic

& Recreational, Inspirational,Educational, Sense of belonging,

Cultural heritage

Supporting

ServicesServices needed

for provision of

ecosystem

Services: e.g.Soil formation,

Nutrient cycling,

Primary

production,

Organic

decomposition

SecurityShelter, Safe environment,

Hazard prevention & control

Productive LivelihoodResource access & production,

Gainful employment, Earnings,

Investment, Exchange, Control

HealthAdequate Nutrition & Drinking

water, Clean air, Disease

control, Energy for comfort

(warmth / cooling)

Socio-Cultural Richness(associated with ecosystems):

Aesthetic & recreational values,

Cultural & spiritual values,

Organizations & Institutions,

Learning, & Creativity

Freedoms,Choices &

CapabilitiesBeliefs & Values,

Ideas & Thoughts,

Opinion &

Expression,

Assembly &

Association,

Participation &

Elections,

Equality,

Movement,

Education & Skills,

Ownership &

Exchange,

Equity & Justice

Linkage of Ecosystem Services to Human Well -being

Ecosystem Services(RS de Groot 1992)

Human Well-being(Amartya Sen 1999)

Source: Adapted from: MA, 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well -being : A Framework for Assessment. Report of the Conceptual

Framework Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 48 pp. Washington, DC: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment



Matrix of Policy Instruments for EnvironmentallySustainable Development

Goal Range of Policy Instruments

EnforceRegulations

UseMarkets

Create MarketsEngagethe Public

ResourceManagement

&

PollutionControl

Standards

Bans

Permits /Quotas

Reduce subsidies

Environmental

taxes

User fees

Deposit-refundsystems

Targeted subsidies

Property rights

Decentralize

Tradable permits /rights

International off-set schemes

Public participationConsultationsInformation

disclosure /transparencyInformalnegotiationsCommunity pressure

NGO / CSOinvolvementPublic-Private partnerships



The Policy

(S

tpe

ta

Natural

Resources &Environment



Condit

• Incentives:



Sustainability Steps in International Development

Linkages = Population + Economic growth + Social equity + Humandevelopment + Environmental sustainability

Ø Poverty EnvironmentØ Population growth Natural resources degradation

Ø Energy production Pollution Sustainable livelihoods

Ø Trade (Regulations & Competitiveness) Environment

Ø Capital formation Socio-economic + Bio-physical environment

Ø Ecological dynamics Environmental goods & services

Ø Wealth creation Dynamics of 5 forms of Capital / Assets [Natural +

Human + Socio-Political (Institutional) + Physical(Technological) + Economic (Financial)]

Ø Information (Knowledge) Institutions (Participation &

Governance) Infrastructure

Sustainability = Transformation of Capital from 1 Form to Another

Social & Environmental problems due to lack of Inter-connectedness

Sustainable Development Planning & Indicators = Important



Figure

(Modified from “Po



PovertyReduction

Structure Human Physical

e.g. Governance,Finance, Pensions

e.g. Knowledge,Education, Health

e.g. NR, Power,Transport, Comm.

Opportunity State, Finance,Accountability

Social capital,Labour flexibility

NR Management,Infrastructure

Capability Laws, Regulation,

Efficiency

Culture, Services,

Quality

IT, Urban

development

Empowerment Reforms, SME’s,Ownership

Experimentation,Innovations

Partnerships,Participation

Security Growth, Pensions,

Safety nets

Competitiveness Technology

acquisition

Comprehensive Development Framework Matrix of Dimensions



Millennium Development Goals(Adopted September 2000 as part of the UN Millennium Declaration)

1.POVERTY & HUNGER: Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger (1/2 between

1990 & 2015)2.MATERNAL HEALTH: Provide access to reproductive health services to all

(by 2015) & Reduce maternal mortality (3/4 between 1990 & 2015)3.PRIMARY EDUCATION: Achieve universal primary education (by 2015)4.DISEASE EPIDEMICS: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other epidemic

diseases

5.EQUALITY & EMPOWERMENT: Promote gender equality & empower women

6.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: Ensure environmental sustainability by implementing national strategies (by 2005) so as to reverse environmentalresource loss (by 2015)

7.CHILD MORTALITY: Reduce infant & child mortality (2/3 between 1990 &2015)8.DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIPS: Develop a global partnership for

development "We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women, and children from abject and de-humanizing

conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected ."

For more about these millennium goals, see www.developmentgoals.org .

http://www.developmentgoals.org/

http://www.developmentgoals.org/



Seven Steps to Achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

Steps Specification

Economic Growth

Promote fast, sustainable growth that benefits the poor &reduces inequality

Participation Strengthen the participation of the poor people in political processes & local decision-making

Reduce Vulnerability Reduce the vulnerability of the poor to economic shocks,

natural disasters, ill health, & violence

Invest in People Invest in people through education, health care, & basicsocial services

Eliminate SocialExclusion

Promote gender equity & eliminate other forms of socialexclusionEffective

Partnerships

Forge effective partnerships between civil society,

governments, & international agenciesPublic Debate Encourage public discussion of the MDG’s & the meansfor achieving them

Source: World Bank, 2002. Perspectives on Development . Winter 2001/2002. Washington, DC: World Bank



Towards a Comprehensive Agenda

•Quality with Quantity

•

•Equity & Sustainability with Growth•

•Micro with Macro

•

•Interactions with Complementarities supportSelectivity & Scaling-up



Sustainable De



Sus

Decision-

• System compl



Sustainab

• Reflection



Sustainable



Sustainable De

Classes of Techniq

• -



Sustainabl

Financial + Ec



Drivers(e.g. industry, transport)

DPSIR Framewor



Sustainable

• Governments



‘Traffic light scale’

Sustainable



Key Issue Axes

Sustainable Devel



Sustainable Devel



Sustainable Dev



Problem Areas:

Collaborative Fra



Intuitive Perception

Knowledge, L



Experiential

Sustai

1 Effective G



Resource Syste

Types – Natural / Synt

Renewable / Non-rene

Resource Tran



Sustainability Implications for Rice-basedSystems

CGIAR +



L

Sustainable Agricul



Socio-

Economic

causes

Rice Ecosystems

ma t i o

n

enc

y P r

i

CGIAR System Research Priorities 2005-2015



CGIAR System Research Priorities 2005 2015

PriorityAreas

Elaboration

1 Sustaining biodiversity for current & future generationsConservation of plant & animal genetic resources for agriculture

Staple cropsConservation of neglected & under-utilised genetic resources having high income potentialConservation of indigenous livestock & their wild relativesConservation of aquatic animal genetic resources

2 Producing more food at lower cost through genetic improvementsMaintaining and enhancing yields & yield potential of food staplesTolerance to selected abiotic stressesBio-fortificationGenetic enhancement of selected high-value species

3 Creating wealth among the rural poor through high-value commodities& productsProductivity increases in Fruit and VegetablesPost-harvest value & employment creationIncome increases from livestock in low- & high productivity areas:(i) Protecting rural livelihoods in low productivity areas(ii) Meeting the opportunities for livestock growth in high potential areasManaging intensification in livestock productionManaging aquatic ecosystems:

(i) Sustaining & managing aquatic ecosystems for food & livelihoods security(ii): Enhancing supply, nutrition & incomes from managed aquatic systems(iii): Enabling growth in fish & seafood production & marketingSustaining & realizing the value & benefits of forests & trees



4 Combining poverty alleviation & sustainable management of water,land, & forest resourcesIntegrated land, water & forest management at landscape levelAgro-ecological intensification in low-potential areasAgro-ecological intensification in high-potential areasImproving water productivity at the farm and field levelEnsuring access by the poor to forest & tree resourcesPolicies & governance of environmental resources

5 Improving policies & facilitating institutional innovation to support

sustainable reduction of poverty & hungerScience & technology policies and institutionsGlobalization, trade & domestic marketsRural institutionsDynamics of rural povertyPolicies & institutions for improvement of nutrition and health

Source: CGIAR, 2005. CGIAR System Research Priorities for 2005-2016 . Draft.Science Council Secretariat, FAORome: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research



Direct andIndirectImpactof

Millennium Development Goals

(MDG)1 Reduce extreme poverty

and hunger

2 Achieve universal primary

education

3 Reduce gender disparity in



Problem

Greater Effort Using ExTechnologies ….



Leadership Transformation in the 21st Century



Leadership Transformation in the 21 Century

Common interests& Consensus

Geography(e.g. Local, National)

e)Politics

Integrative thinkingEarly access(e.g. Education, Wealth)

d)Privilege

Self-realization & WorthOwnership(e.g. Land, Valuable materials)

c)Class

Openness & Consultations(e.g. IPCC)

Secrecy(e.g. CIA, Palace, White House)

b)Influence

Shared responsibility

(e.g. Ozone depletion, Climatechange, Shared waters,

Biodiversity, Internationalterrorism, disasters & crises)

Control

(e.g. Weapons, Transportation, Traderoutes, Markets, Information)

a)Power

Trust & Mutual respectDiscriminationBasis:

EveryoneSomeoneIn Charge

Horizontal, Network Followers > Leaders

Vertical, HierarchyLeader > Followers

Structure

3rd Millennium1-2nd MillenniumCharacteristics

Due to Information Technology & Knowledge Sharing Source: Harlan Cleveland

Evolution of Development Thought



Evolution of Development Thought

GrossDomestic

Product (GDP)

Real GDP

/ capita

Non-monetaryindicators

(HDI)

Poverty

mitigation

Entitlements&

Capabilities

FreedomSustainable

developmentPhysicalcapital

Humancapital

Knowledgecapital

Socialcapital

Marketfailures

Non-marketfailures

New marketfailures

Institutionalfailures

Programming

& Planning

Minimalistgovernment

Government &Market

complementarity

Development Goals:

Capital Accumulation:

State & Market:

Government Interventions:

‘Get Prices Right’ ‘Get Policies Right’ ‘Get Institutions Right’

O tl k f D l t i th 21 t



Outlook for Development in the 21stCentury

Pessimistic Optimistic

Global integration

Increasing financialrisks

Raising rewards

Knowldegerevolution

Worsening incomegaps

Improvingopportunities for all

Policy change Leaving no viablemodels of

development

Greater consensuson needed actions

Change ingovernance

Increase incorruption andconflict

Increasingparticipation anddemocracy

E t l F t t ib ti t O t



External Factors contributing to Outcomes

Financial

crises

Natural

disasters

Conflicts Man-made

disasters

Examplesfrom

1997-99

East AsiaRussia

Brazil

BangladeshCentral

America

AlbaniaBosnia

CongoRwandaSierra Leone

Indonesia(forest fire)

Impact Short-termincrease in

poverty

Human andphysical loss

Destructionof social and

humancapital

Long-termincrease in

poverty



Figure

Policy Instruments for Development



Policy Instruments for DevelopmentInstruments Specifications

Stimulation /Incentives

Subsidies / Financial incentivesEducation / Training / Instruction to citizens

Change behaviour of individual & institutions

TechnologicalPotential

R&D investments for industrial machines, etc.Environmental-friendly products, services & production

processes

Technological innovations for different uses

Prices Taxes / Resource rights or quotas / Emission rights or permits Transparent mechanism to stimulate environmentally

friendly products, services & production processes

Investments

Public / Private investments Urban & countryside infrastructure & quality

Conditions /Governance

Government goals & normsGovernment laws & regulations

Socially acceptable behaviour of individuals & institutions

Table : Sustainability Rules and IndicatorsS i i i C i



Sustainability Natural Capital

No Critical Natural Capital Critical Natural Capital

Very Weak

Sustainability

Savings/Year - Capital assetdepreciation/Year > 0

Perfect Substitution:All Natural and Man-made CapitalGrowth Economy

Weak Sustainability

Savings/Year - Man-made capitaldepreciation / Year - Natural capitaldepreciation/Year = Weak SustainabilityIndicator Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0Technical change > Population growth rate Natural capital > Lower stock limit toensure ecosystem stability

Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0Technical change > Population growth rate Natural capital > Lower stock limit to ensureecosystem stabilityCritical natural capital depreciation < 0

StrongSustainability

Natural capital depreciation < 0Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0

Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0 Natural capital depreciation < 0Critical natural capital depreciation < 0Cultural capital depreciation < 0

Very Strong

Sustainability

Perfect Complementarity:

All Natural and Man-made Capital AssetsStationary State Economy

Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0

Natural capital depreciation < 0Critical natural capital depreciation < 0 Natural capital < 0Cultural capital depreciation < 0Ethical/Moral capital depreciation < 0

Source: Perrings

Table : Framework for Distinguishing “Sustainable” / “Unsustainable”Natural Resources Management



Natural Resources Management

Form of Management

Criteria Influencing Appropriateness

Biophysical Economic Political

Unsustainable High adverse local /downstream effects of extraction / conversionHigh biodiversityHigh biomass

High utility to localcommunitiesLow / Temporary productive / other potential

No potential stakeholdersultimately gain from theconversion

(“Lose-Lose”)

Ambiguous [Intermediatecharacteristics]

[Intermediatecharacteristics]

Some stakeholders win,others lose from theconversion

(“Win-Lose”)

Sustainable Low adverse local /downstream effects of extraction / conversionLow biodiversityLow biomass

Low utility to localcommunitiesHigh & Lasting productive / other potential

All potential stakeholdersgain from the conversion

(“Win-Win” Potential)

Mandala of Asset Interactions & Transformations for SustainabilityCULTURE



CULTUREPHILOSOPHY

Environmental Security

Needs Satisfaction

P r o d u

c t s S O C I A L

C O S M I C P r o j e c t s

ENVIRONM E

NTAL

P

r o d u c t

i o n

R e s o

u r c e I n

n o v a t i o

n W e l f a r e P r

o m o t i o

n

B e n

e f i t s O p t i m

i z a t i o

n

I n d u s t r i a l I n t e g r a t i o n

R e s o u r c e

C o n s e r v a t i o n

R e s o u r c e T r a n s f o r m

a t i o n

W e a l t h

D i s t r i b

u t i o n

R E S I L

I E N C E

S E C U R I T Y

E N V

I R O N M E N T

A u t h o r i t a t i v e C o n t r o l

S U P P O R T

S O P H I S T I C A T I O N

T e c h n o l o g i c a l A d a p t a t i o n s /

M i s f i t s

D

e m o c r a

t i c F r a n c h

i s e

S H A R I N

G

R E S

P O N S I B I L I T

Y

Societal

Concordanc

e/

Alienation

P O L I T I C

S

S P A R I N

G

F R U G A L I T Y I N V

E S T

M E N T

F I N A N C E

E d u

c a t i o

n a l L i

b e r t y

S O L I D

A R I T Y

O R G A N I Z

A T I O N

S O C I E T Y H u m a

n W e l l -

B e i n g / I l l n e

s s W e a l t h C r e a t i o n /

D e s t r u c t i o n

R e s o u r c e

E n h a n c e m e n t /

D e p l e t i o n

Environmen

tal

Improvement/Degradat io

n

STYLE

CARING

DIGNITY

C

Societal level:

6 Forms of Assets or Capitals (outer)

6 Social Processes linkingAssets (aster)

6 Secondary forms of assets (intersections)

Individual level:

6 Processes determined by

3 Project dimensionscorresponding to

3 Axes of

Consciousness = Culture& Philosophy (Beliefs &Values) provide drivingforce over Space & Time

How to use this mandala: Consider a lotus flower with its petals representing social assets & processes derived from individual consciousness & information, all linked bythe diurnal behaviour of the flower

multiple approaches towards sustainable development

Documents