multinationalism and the changing political landscape
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MULTINATIONALISM and the CHANGING POLITICAL LANDSCAPE. Devolution. The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. WHO??. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MULTINATIONALISMand the CHANGING
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
Devolution
The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
WHO??
Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Many of Europe’s devolutionary movements came from nations within a state that define themselves as distinct ethnically, linguistically, or religiously.
Examples of devolution in Europe
Scotland: against joining the EU, wanted independence
-oil and natural gas revenues would flow to Scotland, not London
-taxpayers funds would serve Scotland instead of the UK
1997 Scotland and Wales voted for devolution and their own parliaments were created.
This gave rise to the idea of independence, not satisfied with being part of the UK
Regionalism: minority group self-awareness and identification with a region instead of a state.
Basque separatists in SpainSeparatists in Corsica want to leave France.
Other ethnocultural devolutionYugoslavia
Bretons in France
Czechoslovakia: Became Slovakia and Czech Rep
1. Slovakia: border between Slovakia and Hungary has 11% Hungarians
2. Hungarians face discrimination based on language and culture and want greater autonomy
Changes in Europe due to Ethnonationalism
1. formation of new states
2. more power to regions, new legislatures (parliaments)
3. linguistic or religious revival
4. regional separatism
5. political instability (civil war, fighting, hostility, ethnic cleansing, conflict)
6. Economic instability (economy declining)
7. Mass migration(refugees, emigration)
Other examples of devolutionSri Lanka
Canada: Quebec
Soviet Union into 15 independent states
(Chechnya)
Sudan: Muslim North and non-Muslim south
Western China: Uyghur separatist movement
Palestinians in Israel
Subnationalism: give their primary allegiance to traditional groups or nations that are smaller than the population of the entire state.
Self-determination
Economic Devolutionary ForcesCatalonia in Spain: cite economics: 6% of territory and 17% of population, produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% industrial exports.
Mezzogiorno region of Italy, rich core of Europe separate from poor south.
Economic Devolution in Brazil3 Southernmost States of Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana.
Government misspending their tax money on assistance to Amazonia.
-found a leader
-created a flag
-demanded independence calling themselves Republic of Pampas
(govt outlawed this party)
Spatial Devolutionary ForcesMost of the places seeking devolution are on the margins or periphery of a state or are isolated islands.
-distance
-remoteness
-marginal locations, sometimes separated by a river, mt, or desert from central power
Hawai’i:
-right to reestablish an independent state called Hawai’I
-Island of Kauai or part of the island
Supranationalism
The efforts of three or more states to forge associations for common advantage and in pursuit of common goals
International sanctions
From League of Nations to United Nations
The United NationsRepresentation of countries has been more
universal than that of the League
The United Nations
Peacekeeping operations– Internal conflicts– Not always successful– > 40,000 peacekeeping troops serve– The UN peacekeeping function provides
major benefits to the international community
Unrepresented peoples– UNPO
By 2002 had 51 members and 13 applicants
The Law of The Sea
UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982The Truman ProclamationWidening maritime claimsThe UNCLOS process– Main provisions of the treaty:
The territorial sea—12 nautical milesThe exclusive economic zone (EEZ)—200 to 350 nautical miles
Median lines– States on opposite coasts divide the waters separating
them– The “High Seas”…
Regional Multinational Unions
The first multinational union– Benelux—Netherlands, Belgium, and
Luxembourg– The Marshall Plan
First-step of cooperation among European states
Toward a European Union
The Organization of the European Economic Community (OEEC)
France proposed a union with six other states called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
The ECSC through negotiations and agreement led to the formation of the Common Market (EEC)
Expansion created the European Community (EC)
In 1992, further expansion led to creation of the European Union (EU)
Changes resulting from supranationalism in Europe
1. larger market (greater trade, reduced tariffs, greater economic prosperity)
2. Greater international influence(greater pol/eco power, greater ability to compete with economies of other countries)
3. Open borders (labor, tourists)
4. common currency (EURO)
5. Common policy (resources, agriculture, economic, environment, trade, military) or loss of control over individual policy
6. Loss of identity
7. War is less likely
Regional Multinational Unions
Toward a European Union– The future of European Supranationalism
Difficult
The United Kingdom did not allow its citizens to vote on membership in the EU
– ExpansionMay cause strains
Progress toward supranational goals tends to be cyclic and flourishes when economic times are good
Regional Multinational Unions
Supranationalism elsewhere– NAFTA—the North American Free Trade Agreement– CARICOM– South America’s MERCOSUR– ECOWAS– Today, new groups are forming in almost all parts of
the worldFTAA—Free Trade Area of the Americas
Other forms of Supranationalism– NATO– Cultural unions– Political unions
ResourcesDe Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2008. Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York.
Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of
China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.