multinational corporations structure –parent company + domestic operations –foreign affiliate(s)...
TRANSCRIPT
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Multinational corporations
• Structure– Parent company + domestic operations– Foreign affiliate(s)
• Foreign direct investment (FDI)– Building or buying a foreign affiliate– Need 10% of voting rights to be FDI
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Why FDI?
• Why own foreign affiliates?– Horizontal affiliates: produce in and sell
to foreign country– Vertical affiliates: produce some
products in a country with comparative advantage, ship products to other places
– Export platform affiliates: produce in country A to sell in countries B, C, and D
– Mixtures of the above
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Mercedes-Benz
• M-class SUVs produced in Alabama– Some parts imported from Germany
• A- and C-class cars produced in Brazil– Then sold in the United States
• What kind(s) of FDI is this?• Why?
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Nestle
• 508 factories in 85 nations• Mostly process local produce into
locally sold products
• What kind(s) of FDI is this?• Why?
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What do U.S. affiliates do?
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Multinational corporate risk
• What makes MNCs different?– Exchange rate risk– Political risk (regulation, expropriation)– Taxation– Human resources
• Many of these can also be benefits
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The Global Economy
Trade Policy
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If trade is so great…
• … why are people against it?• Losses are visible and concentrated
– Loss of entire industries (geographic impact)– Producers tend to identify with each other,
organized(Q: Who are you? A: I’m a steel worker)
• Gains are less evident and more dispersed– All consumers pay lower prices for goods– All firms pay less for inputs– Consumers tend not to identify with each
other (Q: Who are you? A: I’m a sugar consumer ?!)
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Ways to restrict trade
• Besides tariffs– Subsidies to local producers– Health and safety regulation– Quotas– Antidumping law
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Subsidies to producers: U.S. sugar
• Price supports for sugar require (almost) banning imports of sugar– Guaranteed prices for sugar (18-22 cents per lb.)– World price for sugar around 9 cents per lb.– U.S. expects to pay $2.15 bil. in price supports over 10 years;
5,980 sugar and sugar beet farms in 2002 census = $351,170 per farm
• Restrictions on sugar imports cost U.S. consumers $1.9 billion per year in higher prices – About $19 per household per year – Sugar is usually consumed indirectly
• Who gains besides sugar producers? – Corn farmers (HFCS producers)– Lobbyists, lawyers
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Health and safety
• EU bans hormone treated meat in 1989• U.S. bans unpasteurized cheese
– Cheese must be made with pasteurized milk, or aged for 60 days
• Ban on genetically modified rice– Only allowed for consumption in U.S., Canada
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Quotas
• Limit on the amount of a good that can be imported
• Voluntary export restraints: quotas imposed by the exporting country– Most famous: Japanese cars in the 1980s– Politically more palatable?
• WTO says: drop quotas, use tariffs
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Antidumping
• Antidumping– Foreign firms using “predatory” pricing– Domestic firms may file for protection– Must show foreign firms pricing “unfairly” and that this has
caused “injury to domestic firms”– Unfair pricing: charging less in foreign markets than in home
market– Economic rationale?
• Dumping duties (tariffs) imposed on foreign firms• Antidumping is frequently used strategically• More popular as other policy instruments are
removed
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No more wire hangers!!
• One remaining US based hanger producer
• Files petition against Chinese producers
• International Trade Commission investigates– Finds: hangers sold below fair market value– Duties assessed range from 33% to 165% – Hanger prices double in US market
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Hangers: fallout
• Who wins?– Domestic hanger producers– Wisconsin hanger plant reopens
• Who loses?– Dry cleaners– People who use dry cleaners
• Unintended consequence– Hanger recycling
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What a mess!
• Countries set trade barriers in different ways to different countries
• Bargain bilaterally to change barriers
• Progress is slow, complicated
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The World Trade Organization
• 1947 General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs– 23 original signers– Major cornerstone: nondiscrimination
• 1995 GATT becomes the World Trade Organization– Enforcement mechanism: none under GATT– Exemptions: health and safety arguments
• Progress– Tariffs on non-agriculture very low– General Agreement on Trade in Services (in the works)– Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(in the works)
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WTO principles
• Tariff binding– A negotiated tariff is bound: the tariff
can not be increased in the future• Nondiscrimination
– Member grant each other most favored nation status…now called normal trade relations
– NTR: tariff rates are the same for all – Exceptions: regional trade agreements (e.g.
NAFTA)– Exceptions: “escape clauses” (China and tires)
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Average tariffs
US France Japan China India Brazil Mexico0
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non-agriculture
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Average tariffs
US France Japan China India Brazil Mexico0
20
40
60
80
100
120 agriculture
non-agriculture
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Takeaways
• Many ways to restrict trade– Tariffs, quotas, safety regulations, dumping
and countervailing duties– Protection has a strong political component
• In spite of the gains from trade, liberalizing trade is not easy– Losses are concentrated and visible– Gains are dispersed and subtle– Compensating losers is not an easy task
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