1. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION ONOBSOLETE AND EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIESTHE OVERHEAD PROJECTORANDTHE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARDVaughn M. Bradley, Jr.Student Id# A0022696EDUC 8342C: Emerging and Future TechnologiesNovember 11, 2014/Fall QuarterProfessor David Thornburg

2. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION ON OBSOLETE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIESTHE OVERHEAD PROJECTORANDTHE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD 3. OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGYTHEOVERHEAD PROJCTOR Provides a low-cost interactive environment for educators. Has an adjustable knob that enlarges images. Allows teachers to write on transparencies with an overhead transparencymarker. 4. OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGYTHEOVERHEAD PROJCTOR During the 1980s and 1990s A tool to facilitate better communication between teacher andstudents. The enlarging features of the projector teachers to write in a comfortable small script. Overhead projectors are becoming obsolete due to use of computing technology in modernsociety. Overhead projectors are becoming obsolete due to their inability to support the features thatmodern technology users demand. Overhead projectors poorly display moving images (Chavez, 2012 October). 5. EMERGING TECHNOLOGYTHE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD Displays the users computer desktop onto the boards surface where users control the computer. Allows teachers to facilitate multi-sensory learning such as a group collaboration exercise. Users are able to use a stylist or pen that drags icons and text-features along the whiteboard. Allows teachers to use five minute video clips that demonstrate a new concept as part of the teacherslesson. Allows teachers to cast student responses with an instrument known as an active vote. 6. EMERGING TECHNOLOGYTHE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD The interactive whiteboard includes features such as the ability to create virtual versions ofpaper flipcharts, pen and highlighter options, and possibly even virtual rulers, protractors,and compassesinstruments that support traditional classroom teaching. Interactive white boards are emerging and continuously replacing overhead projectors. Research shows that students learn better when they fully engage in multisensory, hands-onlearning. Interactive whiteboards facilitate multisensory learning. Thornburg (2013e) says the main advantage for emerging technology in education is thatschool practitioners can stimulate deep thinking on how educational practice can change, andhow school practitioners can find ways to prepare for the changes when they are ready tobegin implementation. 7. OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGYTETRADTHE OVERHEAD PROJECTOREnhances Ability to project writing and images along a wall orscreen .Ability to enhance or minimize writing and images.Ability to write on transparencies with washablemarkers.Ability to allow users to write normally along a flatsurface.Obsoletes Need to write with a small font.Loss of instructional time due to erasing and writingon a chalkboard .Need for teachers to continually hold their wristupright for writing.Need for teachers to keep their back towardsstudents from writing on a chalkboard.Retrieves/Rekindles Ability to use a focus knob similar to a camera foradjusting.Ability to provide a visual resource.Allows teachers to facilitate teacher to studentdiscourse as they display information or an image.Reverses Into dynamic interactive whiteboards that displayimages, animation designs, and video clips . 8. EMERGING TECHNOLOGYTETRADTHE INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARDEnhances Ability to provide applications to support multisensory learning.Ability to use a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enterresponses to questions.Ability to create virtual versions of paper flipcharts, pen and highlighteroptions, and possibly even virtual rulers, protractors, and compassesinstruments that support traditional classroom teaching.Ability to allow users to manipulate, drag, and drop their responses intospecific locations with the use of a stylus or pen.Obsoletes Need to use overhead projectors, whiteboards, chalkboards, filmingprojectors, digital and video tape players.Retrieves/Rekindles Ability for teachers to promote teacher to student discourse.Ability to rekindle pedagogical practices that promote cognitive learning.Ability for teachers to facilitate rich classroom discussions andclarification.Reverses Ability to provide learners with individual tablets, laptops or chrome-booksfor every student.Ability for students to have individual devices are able to interact.collaboratively.Ability to also allow individual learners to have access to the internet.Ability to use holograms that project three-dimensional images. 9. DECISION MAKER INTERVIEW Jon Allaire is an Instructional Specialist with Montgomery County Public Schools Department ofTechnology Consulting and Communications. He works in the Central Office. The date of the interview is on Wednesday, October 1, 2014. The questions for the interview are: Tell me about your background and your decision to become an Instructional Specialist with Montgomery CountyPublic Schools Department of Technology Consulting and Communications? In your opinion, what factors determine how schools begin to integrate or use an emerging technology? Why do you think the purchase and use of overhead projectors in schools was popular? Why do you think schools are making the decision to integrate interactive whiteboards into the classroom? What new technological advancements do you see emerging in classrooms when interactive whiteboards becomeobsolete? 10. DECISION MAKER INTERVIEWWITH JON ALLAIRE 11. END-USER INTERVIEW Heidi Walker is the Media Specialist for Montgomery County Public Schools John T. Baker Middle School. The date of the interview is on Wednesday, October 1, 2014. The questions for the interview are: Tell me about your background and your decision to become a Media Specialist? In your opinion, what factors determine how schools begin to integrate or use an emerging technology? Why do you think the use of overhead projectors for the school was popular? Why do you think as a school we are making the decision to integrate interactive whiteboards into the classroom? What new technological advancements do you see emerging in classrooms when interactive whiteboards becomeobsolete? 12. END-USER INTERVIEWWITH HEIDI WALKER 13. SIX FORCES: EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIES ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGYS ORIGINAL EMERGENCE The force of evolutionary technologies provides information on why an obsoletetechnology originally emerges. Dr. Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014d) refers to the force of evolutionary technologiesto describe how new innovations follow predictable and transformative patterns thatsupport the emergence of more powerful forms of technology. 14. SIX FORCES: EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIESON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY An example of an obsolete technology is the overhead projector. The overhead projector emerges toreplace chalkboards. Overhead projectors allow teachers to project writing and images along a flat surface such as a screen orwall. The end user interview with a school media specialist, Heidi Walker, she indicates that the overheadprojector allows the classroom facilitator to face the class and write at the same time. 15. SIX FORCES: EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIESON EMERGING TECHNOLOGY The force of evolutionary technologies also provides information on why the replacement technology emerges. New technologies progress or grow from previous technologies (Laureate Education, 2014j). An example is the interactive whiteboard. Interactive whiteboards are replacing overhead projectors. Interactive whiteboards use a computer to provide applications and support multisensory learning. Features include a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter their responses to questions. Users can also choose graphics to represent information. During my decision maker interview with an instructional specialist, Jon Allaire, he points out that classroom instruction,and curriculum changes are one of the forces to drive emerging technologies. Over time, teachers and staff members see a need for training in learning how to use the emerging technology. 16. SIX FORCES: RHYMES OF HISTORY ON OBSOLETETECHNOLOGYS ORIGINAL EMERGENCE The force of rhymes of history has an affect or impact of a new development. It rekindles something from the distant past. It is not the technology but what the technology rekindles from the past. An example is social networking. Social networking rekindles ancient times when peoplegather to network and socialize around a watering hole. 17. SIX FORCES: RHYMES OF HISTORY ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY The force of rhymes of history is useful for explaining why an obsolete technology such as an overheadprojector originally emerges. The affect or impact of a new development rekindles something from the distant past (Laureate Education,2014h). The end user interview with a school media specialist, Heidi Walker, reveals that teachers can use anoverhead projector and be the sage on the stage. Teachers can use an overhead projector to facilitate teacher to student discourse as they display informationor an image. Overhead projectors use a focus and adjustment knob which is similar to adjusting the cameras lens. Overhead projectors provide learners with a visual resource. 18. SIX FORCES: RHYMES OF HISTORY ONEMERGING TECHNOLOGY The force of rhymes of history also explains why a replacement technology such as the interactive whiteboardalso emerges. When it comes to rhymes of history, new technology emerges from the impact of feelings from a previoustechnology (Laureate Education, 2014j). The decision maker interview with an instructional specialist, Jon Allaire, reveals that interactive whiteboardsallow teachers to rekindle and include all structures that go within a lesson plan. Teachers can develop a flipchart which includes a warm-up, and includes activities that are part of the lesson. Interactive whiteboards retrieve the ability for teachers to promote teacher to student discourse. The features also rekindle pedagogical practices that promote cognitive learning. Interactive whiteboards allow students to demonstrate and show what they know. The features allow teachers to facilitate rich classroom discussions and clarification. 19. SIX FORCES: DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINALEMERGENCE A disruptive technology is a technology that displaces another technology. Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014a) defines a disruptive technology as newtechnology with the same functionality of an existing technology. The new technology functions more efficiently, and will obsolete the previoustechnology. 20. SIX FORCES: DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIESON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY The force of disruptive technologies is useful in explaining why an obsolete technology such as anoverhead projector originally emerges. The overhead projector displaces the use of facilitators having to use a blackboard. Overhead projectors allow teachers to project writing and images along a flat surface such as ascreen or wall. The instrument has a focus adjustment knob which allows users to make images larger or smaller. Teachers are also able to write or pre-print assignments on plastic sheets or transparencies with anon-permanent washable marker. Users place overhead projectors on a cart that stands at a comfortable writing height. The user may face a class and write at the same time. The user can also write on the transparency normally with a regular size font. 21. SIX FORCES: DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIESON EMERGING TECHNOLOGY The force of disruptive technologies is also useful in explaining why a replacement technology such as aninteractive whiteboard displaces the overhead projector. Facilitators use a computer to provide applications and support multisensory learning. Features include a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter their responses to questions. Another feature is the use of graphics to represent information. Features include the ability to create virtualversions of paper flipcharts, pen and highlighter options, and possibly even virtual rulers, protractors, andcompassesinstruments that support traditional classroom teaching. Users can manipulate, drag and drop their responses into specific locations with the use of a stylus or pen. 22. SIX FORCES: SCIENCE FICTION ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINALEMERGENCE Science fiction provides a vehicle that allows innovators to imagine and grow. Dr. Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014j) describes science fiction as the stories thattrigger the imaginations of investors. 23. SIX FORCES: SCIENCE FICTION ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY It is not common to see the force of science fiction as a useful resource for explaining why anobsolete technology such as an overhead projector emerges. In 1945, the U.S. Army was able to use the overhead projector as a training tool during World War II. The overhead projector was also useful for police identification work in the 1940s. Schools began using the overhead projector as a tool in the 1950s. Overhead projector sales were a useful resource in schools through the 1990s. 24. SIX FORCES: SCIENCE FICTION ONEMERGING TECHNOLOGY The force of science fiction is useful in explaining why a replacement technology suchas an interactive whiteboard emerges. Movies such as Star Trek into Darkness (2013) feature interactive boards with touchscreens. Users gather information with the use of virtual tools. 25. SIX FORCES: INCREASING RETURNS ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGIES ORIGINALEMERGENCE The force of increasing returns results from a competition between two similartechnologies. Thornburg (Laureate Education, 2014e) says the state of increasing returns will occurwhen two technologies hit the market at the same time. By chance, one technologydrives the other technology into extinction. 26. SIX FORCES: INCREASING RETURNSON OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY The overhead projector, as an obsolete technology, does not emerge as a result ofincreasing returns. The overhead projector is a technological advancement that emerges after the opaqueprojector. It allows practitioners to face and interact with their audience. They can also pre-print assignments on plastic sheets or transparencies with a non-permanentwashable marker. The user can also write on the transparency normally with a regular size font marker. 27. SIX FORCES: INCREASING RETURNS ONEMERGING TECHNOLOGY The interactive whiteboard is an emerging technology that does not emerge as a result of increasing returns. It replaces the overhead projector. Interactive whiteboards use a computer to provide applications and support multisensory learning. The features on an interactive whiteboard allow users to facilitate dynamic lessons. Features include a hand-held voting device which allows learners to enter their responses to questions. Another feature on the interactive whiteboard is the use of graphics to represent information Another feature on the interactive whiteboard is the use of graphics to represent information Other technologies such as the ELMO and LCD projector provide similar capabilities. However, possiblydue to costs, interactive whiteboards do not supersede the other technologies. 28. SIX FORCES: RED QUEENS ON OBSOLETETECHNOLOGIES ORIGINAL EMERGENCE The Red Queen is a result of two technologies competing against each other. The concept of the Red Queen reigns from Lewis Carrolls (1946) novel Through theLooking Glass. Thornburg (2013d) says that with the Red Queen, the two competitive technologiescompete at such a rapid pace. Both technologies start running as fast as they can, yet, no matter how fast they run;they seem to be staying in the same place. 29. SIX FORCES: RED QUEENS ONOBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY The force of Red Queens does not explain why an obsolete technology such as theoverhead projector emerges. Overhead projectors are an invention from the 1940s. The technology was able to provide facilitators with an easy low-cost interactivelearning environment through the beginning of the 21st Century. 30. SIX FORCES: RED QUEENS ONEMERGING TECHNOLOGY The force of Red Queens does not explain how a technology such as the interactive whiteboardemerges. Interactive whiteboards obsolete overhead projectors as a more dynamic interactive technology. Interactive whiteboards use software that provides tools and features specifically to helpmaximize interaction opportunities. There is a rivalry among two interactive whiteboard manufactures such as PrometheanInteractive White Boards and SMART Boards. Thornburg (2013d) says the fierce competition between the companies, provides incentive toallow vendors to add new feature software. 31. SPECULATION ON THE FUTURE OF EMERGINGTECHNOLOGY In the classroom setting, interactive whiteboards provide users with a combination of learning tools.Facilitators are able to design lesson flipcharts. Facilitators are able to design lesson flipcharts, show video programming, and help enhance a learnersexperience. The technology fosters better teacher-to-student interactions and pedagogical practices. A technology emerging that accompanies interactive whiteboards and fosters interactive learning isGoogle Chrome. Google Chrome provides all students with access to a cloud-based learning platform that enhancesstudent creativity and student collaboration. All students will be able to setup their cloud accounts through Google. 32. SPECULATION ON THE FUTURE OFEMERGING TECHNOLOGY In another ten years, interactive whiteboards can end up in a supply closet. Holograms are another emerging technology which allows facilitators to model anddemonstrate a strategy without having to be in a classroom. Holograms will allow educators to bring their content to life. Holograms obsolete the needfor overhead projectors, whiteboards, chalkboards, filming projectors, digital and video tapeplayers. Holograms may eventually replace interactive whiteboards. A three-dimensional presencecan enhance the learners instructional experience. 33. EMERGING TECHNOLOGYTETRADHOLOGRAMSEnhances Allows experts and facilitators the ability to illustrate processes live, andin personAllows instructors to deliver lectures to multiple classrooms, anywhere,simultaneouslyAllows experts to deliver a new dimension to instructional content.Obsoletes Need to use overhead projectors, whiteboards, chalkboards, filmingprojectors, digital and video tape players, and possibly interactivewhiteboardsRetrieves/Rekindles Ability for teachers to promote teacher to student discourseAbility to rekindle pedagogical practices that promote cognitive learningAbility for teachers to facilitate rich classroom discussions andclarificationReverses Into three-dimensional simulations to for teaching physical worldconcepts to students 34. SUMMARY There is an expectation for leaders in educational technology to be aware of emergingtechnologies. Thornburg (2013e) examines Marshall McLuhans Laws of Media, which impact the natureof new and emerging technologies. The Laws of Media seek to answer: (a) statements about media that anyone can test, prove,or disprove their veracity; (b) what all media has in common; and (c) what the media can do. The questions help form a tetrad of the four laws of media. Creating a tetrad shows how newtechnologies emerge and how other technologies become obsolete. Dr. Thornburg (LaureateEducation, 2014f) points out that creating a tetrad supports practitioners in being aware ofhow new technologies incorporate creative processes into everyday life. New technologies support learners and facilitates learning. As a futurist, it is important to be aware, explain and to be able to demonstrate to end usersthe significance of using an emerging technology. 35. REFERENCESArthur, W. B. (1996). Increasing returns and the new world of business. Harvard BusinessReview, 74(4), 100109.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Chavez, P. (2012, October). The beauty of becoming obsolete. AV Network. 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David Thornburg: Science fiction [Video file].Baltimore, MD: Author.Paramount Pictures, Skydance Productions, Bad Robot (Production Companies), & Abrams, J.J.(Director). (2013). Star Trek into darkness [Motion picture]. United States: LawrenceLivermore, National Library.Teich, A. (2009, May). Interactive whiteboards enhance classroom instruction and learning.National Education Association. Retrieved fromhttp://www.icyte.com/system/snapshots/fs1/1/8/9/5/1895d7b16b1dedb5df849c9f5fe536abbcc791ba/index.htmlThornburg, D. (2013c). Emerging technologies and McLuhan's laws of media. Lake Barrington,IL: Thornburg Center for Space Exploration.Thornburg, D. (2008). Emerging Technologies and McLuhan's Laws of Media. Used with permission of David Thornburg.Thornburg, D. (2013d).Red queens, butterflies, and strange attractors: Imperfect lenses into emergent technologies. Lake Barrington, IL: Thornburg Center for Space Exploration.Thornburg, D. (2014). Red Queens, Butterflies, and Strange Attractors: Imperfect Lenses into Emergent Technologies. Licensed via Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivs 3.0 United States License.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/ Third-party images removed.Thornburg, D. (2013e). Emerging technologies and McLuhan's laws of media. Lake Barrington,IL: Thornburg Center for Space Exploration.Thornburg, D. (2013e). When is a technology emergent? Lake Barrington, IL: Thornburg Centerfor Space Exploration.