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MultidisciplinaryGlobalJournalofAcademicResearch(MGJAR)

Vol.IVIssue.IVOct.2017ImpactFactor:2.0674ISSN:2394-1758

Contents

Demonetizationand Its Impacton the IndianEconomy:ASelectedCaseStudiesDr.R.DhanasekarandDr.V.Neelamegam

1-8

PopulationGrowth–ItsImpactonEnvironmentMs.HepsibaFlosal

9-14

Barriers to Change towardsHumanGrowth,DevelopmentandProgress-AnAnthropologicalPerspectiveFr.M.G.SelvinrajSJ

15-24

The Unendurable Pain of Rejection that led to theLiberation of the Female Characters in The Liberation ofSitabyVolgaMariaPonnSindhuja.P

25-30

EnvironmentPollutionandAwarenessMs.HepsibaFlosal

31-34

Publisher

45,T.A.Koil5thStreet,Velachery,Chennai–600042,TamilNadu,India.

Cell:09444077646Email:[email protected]

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EditorialBoard

Dr.V.NeelamegamEditorinChief(Hon)AssistantProfessor,FS&H.,SRMUniversity,TamilNadu,India.

Dr.P.ArunachalamProfessorDepartmentofAppliedEconomicsCochin University of Science andTechnology,Kochi-682022,Kerala.India.

Dr.JoséG.Vargas-HernándezUniversityCenterforEconomicandManagerialSciences,UniversityofGuadalajara.PeriféricoNorteN°799,NúcleoUniversitarioLosBelenes,C.P.45100,Zapopan,Jalisco,México.

Dr.SoniaSelwinBusinessManagementTrainers,CommercialStudiesDivision,BahrainTrainingInstitute,MinistryofEducation,KingdomofBahrain

Dr.SanjayN.TupeAssociateProfessor&Head,Dept.ofBankingandfinance,B.Y.K.CollegeofCommerceCollegeRoad,Nashik-422005,India.

Dr.PranamDharAssociateProfessor,DepartmentofCommerce&Management,WestBengalStateUniversity.Barasat,WestBengal,Kolkata–700126,India.

Dr.B.JohnsonAssociateProfessorDeptofCommerceandManagementStudiesUniversityofCalicutKeralaState673635,India.

Dr.S.R.SheejaAssistantProfessorofEconomicsSchoolofDistanceEducation(SDE)UniversityofKeralaThiruvananthapuram-34,India.

Dr.R.RamachandranAsst.ProfessorCommerceDDE,AnnamalaiUniversityAnnamalainagar608002Tamilnadu,India.

Dr.D.AmuthaAssociateProfessor(Economics)St.Mary’sCollege(Autonomous),Thoothukudi,Tamilnadu,India

Dr.K.KaviarasuAssistantProfessorofEnglish,BishopHeberCollege(Autonomous),Trichirappalli-620017.T.N.,India.

P.Anbarasan,B.E.,MSW.,Researcher&SocialWorker,Daasya,ChennaiTamilnadu,India.

MGJAR/Vol.IV/Iss.IV/Oct. 2017 pp. 1 - 8

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RESEARCHPAPER www.academicresearchsupport.com

ImpactFactor:2.0674

MultidisciplinaryGlobalJournalofAcademicResearch

(MGJAR)Vol.IVIss.IVOct.2017ISSN:2394-1758

DemonetizationandItsImpactontheIndianEconomy:ASelectedCaseStudiesDr.R.Dhanasekar

PrincipalK.SRajaArtsandScienceCollegeforWomen,

Ginge,VillupuramDist.,TamilNadu,India

Dr.V.NeelamegamEditorinChiefMGJARJournal

TamilNadu,India.

AbstractIndianeconomyisoneofthemajoreconomyintheworld,ithasitsownfeaturesandspecialization. But on November 8th 2016 it has slowly down because of theDemonetization. It is a shockingmovement of the Government without consult anyIndustry, Reserve Bank of India and so on. Prime Minister Narendra Modi took ahistoric decision by announcing that the high-denomination notes (Rs 500 and Rs1,000) then in circulation would cease to be legal tender. The people of India wereshockedandtheynotablechangetheircurrencies,ATMsarenotfunctioning,Banksareclosed. After a short time the Government introduced new Rs.2000/- and Rs.500/-Currencynotestomanagetheeconomyandreplacetheexistingcurrencies.Withthisbackground, this article tries to explain the impact of Demonetisation on IndianEconomywithselectedindustries.

KeyWords:Demonetisation,IndianEconomy,Shares,AgricultureandRealEstates.

IntroductionIn India, November 8, 2016 the Prime Minister Narendra Modi took a historicdecisionbyannouncingthatthehigh-denominationnotes(Rs500andRs1,000)thenincirculationwouldceasetobelegaltender.


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TheIndianEconomywhichwasbilledasthe“fastestgrowingmajoreconomy”intheworld and the “only bright spot” among Emerging Markets seems to have sloweddownevenbeforethelatest“shocktherapy”of“demonetization”.Indeed,therecentlyreleasedgrowthfiguresfromtheCentralStatisticalOfficeconsideredtobetheofficialdepartment that releases projected, and actual growth figures (apart from theReserveBankof Indiaand theFinanceMinistry)hintsat a slowdown in the Indianeconomyevenduringthequarterbeforedemonetizationhappened.

While this is indeed cause for concern with projected growth figures reviseddownwards from7.6% to 7.1% for the financial year endingMarch 2017,what iscauseforgreaterworryandevenalarmistheviewamongsomeeconomistsincludingthe formerPrimeMinisterDr.ManmohanSingh(who isareputedeconomist inhisown right) that the current and ongoing attempt to flush out black money wouldshaveagood2%oftheGrossDomesticProduct.

Indeed,somethinktanksandresearchinstitutessuchasAmbitResearchhavegivenevenmoredireassessmentswiththeirprojectionsofgrowthfigurestendingtobeinthelessthan3%range.Ofcourse,theconsensusviewamongmanyeconomistsisthatwhiletherewouldbeindeedanoticeableslowdownintheeconomyfora“quarterortwo”,most of them seem to agree that growthwould indeed bounce back and theIndianeconomywouldregain itsmomentumaswellas turnaroundwitharenewedsenseofvigourduetohighertaxrevenues.

Havingsaidthat,onemustkeepinmindthefactthataspertherecentestimatesbysomeeconomists,nearly90%ofthetotalcashincirculationhascomebackintothebankingsystemandhence,thestatedpurposeoftheDemonetizationexercisewhichwas to “extinguish” blackmoney and enable theRBI to lower its liabilities therebyprovidingthegovernmentwithahugedividendseemstohavebeenbelied.Ofcourse,there are somewhonow argue that the IndianBanking System is now “flushwithcash”andthishasenabledthegovernmentto“nudge”theRBItocutratesaswellasto allowbanks to pass on the benefit of ample liquidity to consumers by loweringlendingrates.

However,theflipsideofthishasbeenthatbankshavecuttheirdepositratesaswellwhichisnaturalconsideringthatanycutstolendingrateshavetobeaccompaniedbycuts to deposit rates. This has resulted in a situation where banks with enoughdeposits seem to be encouraging spending more than saving and this can indeedcreate demand in the system since more money with consumers means morespendingthereby leadingtoanuptick insalesofgoodsandservicesandwhichhasthe“multipliereffect”ofresultinginmoregrowth.

Ontheotherhand,withmoretaxesbeingcollectedduetohigherdeposits inbanksthat can be taxable as well as increased compliance due to greater scrutiny andoversightby the IncomeTaxDepartment, thegovernment toomightbe tempted toannounce lower rates for taxes and other aspects of what are known as fiscalmeasures. In this context, it isworth remembering that fiscal stimuluswhich is by


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loweringtaxesandprovidingmoreincentivestoconsumersaswellasproducersbyboostingsupplycanbecomplementedandsupplementedbythemonetarystimuluswhich is by boosting demand for goods and services by lowering lending ratestherebyputtingmoremoneyinthehandsofconsumers.

Aseconomictheorystates,bothfiscalandmonetarystimuluscanbeimplementedinisolationortakentogetherandhence,theDemonetizationortheDeMoasitisbeingcalledmightindeedactasacatalystforgrowth.Havingsaidthat,onemustrememberthatIndiaisprimarilyacashtransactionbasedeconomyandhence,removing86%ofthemoneyincirculationisindeeda“brave”movesincetherearereportsthatlargesectionsoftheinformaleconomyhavecometoagrindinghalt.

Moreover,therearealsoreportsoffarmingsectortakingahitduetolackofcashaswellassalesofautomobilesandothercapitalgoods fallingeventhough inventoriesarebuildingup.Thus,itremainstobeseenastohowthegrowthfiguresforthenextquarter and the overall financial year turn out to be. Given that mainstreameconomists tendtodebateandarguebothsideswithequalpassionandvigour, it isthecasethatastheclichégoes,the“proofofthepuddingisintheeating”andhence,theactualgrowthfigureshavetobewatched.

Ofcourse, thereareother indicators tokeeptrackofaswell in the formofvariousIndices such as the Purchasing Managers Index which tracks industrial activity aswellastheratesofinvestmentandthecreditpickupaswellastheInflationfigures.Havingsaidthat,onemustalsonotethatgiventhelackofcommunicationaboutsomeof the economic indicators from the government is indeed worrying given thatDemonetizationhasbeenbilledasthe“BiggestMonetaryExperiment”inrecenttimesintheentireworld.

DefinitionDemonetization is theactofstrippingacurrencyunitof itsstatusaslegal tender. Itoccurswheneverthereisachangeofnationalcurrency:Thecurrentformorformsofmoneyispulledfromcirculationandretired,oftentobereplacedwithnewnotesorcoins.Sometimes,acountrycompletelyreplacestheoldcurrencywithnewcurrency.

The opposite of demonetization is remonetization, in which a form of payment isrestoredaslegaltender.

Reviews

Former primeminister and eminent economistManmohan Singh lashed out at thedemonetisation decision of Narendra Modi government and called it a case oforganisedlootandlegalisedplunder.


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Herearetop10quotesfromhisspeechinRajyaSabhaonNovember24th2016;

1. The national income, that is the GDP of the country, can decline by about 2percentagepointsasaresultofwhathasbeendone.Thisisanunderestimate,notanoverestimate.2.Iwanttoasktheprimeministerthatcanhenameanycountrywherepeoplehavedepositedtheirmoneybutarenotabletowithdrawit.3. It is no good that every day the banking system comes up with new rules. ItreflectsverypoorlyonthePrimeMinister'sOffice,theFinanceMinister'sOfficeandtheReserveBankofIndia.4. These measures (demonetisation) convinced me that the way the scheme hasbeenimplemented,it'samonumentalmanagementfailure.5. In the process of demonetisation, monumental mismanagement has beenundertakenaboutwhichtherearenotwoopinionsincountryasawhole.6.Itisacaseoforganisedlootandlegalisedplunder.7.Theprimeministersaidtowaitfor50days...butforpoorpeople,even50dayscanbedetrimental.8.Thecooperativebankingsector,whichisservingalargenumberofpeopleintherural sector, is not operational. The way in which demonetisation has beenimplementedwillhurtagricultureandsmallindustries.9.Itisnotmyintentiontopickholeswhatthissideorothersidedoes.ButIsincerelyhope that the primeminister even in this late hourwill help find us practical andpragmaticwaystoproviderelieftothesufferingofthepeopleofthiscountry.10.Thosewhosaydemonetisationisgoodinlongrunshouldrecallthequote:'Inthelongrunwearealldead'.Accordingto formerFinanceMinisterP.Chidambaramsaiddemonetisationwasthebiggest scamof the year and demanded that a probe be initiated.He also said theeconomywas sufferingasmajormarkets in citieswere closeddowndue to lackofcash.He also said thatPrimeMinisterModi couldhave consulted formerPrimeMinisterManmohanSinghashewouldneverhaveleakedthenewsouttoanyone.Callingita‘punishment’ to the poor, Chidambaram lashed out at the move saying the effectswerebeingseenevenifonecan’tseethepeopleprotesting.India'sDemonetizationExperienceIndian government decided to demonetize the 500 and 1000 rupee notes, the twobiggestdenominationsinitscurrencysystem;thesenotesaccountedfor86%ofthecountry’scirculatingcash.Withlittlewarning,India'sPrimeMinisterNarendraModiannounced to the citizenry on Nov. 8 that those notes were worthless, effectiveimmediately–andtheyhaduntiltheendoftheyeartodepositorexchangethemfornewlyintroduced2000rupeeand500rupeebills.Chaos ensued in the cash-dependent economy (some 78% of all Indian customertransactions are in cash), as long, snaking lines formed outsideATMsandbanks,


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whichhadtoshutdownforaday.Thenewrupeenoteshavedifferentspecifications,including size and thickness, requiring re-calibration of ATMs: only 60% of thecountry’s 200,000 ATMs were operational. Even those dispensing bills of lowerdenominations faced shortages. The government’s restriction on daily withdrawalamountsaddedtothemisery,thoughawaiverontransactionfeesdidhelpabit.Small businesses and households struggled to find cash and reports of dailywageworkersnotreceiving theirdues surfaced.The rupee fell sharplyagainst thedollar(seechart).Thegovernment’sgoal(andrationale for theabruptannouncement)wastocombatIndia's thriving underground economy on several fronts: eradicate counterfeitcurrency, fight tax evasion (only 1% of the population pays taxes), eliminateblackmoneygotten frommoney launderingand terrorist-financing activities, and topromoteacashlesseconomy.Individualsandentitieswithhugesumsofblackmoneygottenfromparallelcashsystemswereforcedtotaketheirlarge-denominationnotestoabank,whichwasbylawrequiredtoacquiretaxinformationonthem.Iftheownercouldnotprovideproofofmakinganytaxpaymentsonthecash,apenaltyof200%oftheowedamountwasimposed.CasestudyonRealEstateIndustry

There is currently a lot of debate happening on how the government’sdemonetizationmove and Trump’s triumphwill impact the real estate sector. TheNIFTY Realty Index fell by almost 12% as a reflection, purely on sentiment.Whilebellwethers are hinting at dark days ahead, these fears can at best be calledunfoundedwhenitcomestotheIndianrealestatebusiness.Let'slookathow….Commercial real estate:There will be a minimum impact on office / industrialleasingandtransactions,giventhatcashcomponentsdonotplayasignificantroleinsuchtransactions.Residential real estate:The primary sales segment is largely influenced by homefinance players, and deals tend to be facilitated in a transparent manner. Thissegmentwill,therefore,seeatbestalimitedimpactinthelargercities,thoughsometier2and tier3 citieswhere cash componentshavebeen a factoreven inprimarysales will see a business crunch. The secondary or resale market will, however,certainly be impacted, since this segment does see the involvement of cashcomponent.Realestateinvestmentmarkets:Projectscouldgetstretchedasinformalsourcesofcapitalmaynotbeavailable.This,infact,spellsmoreopportunitiesforinstitutionalcapital.FDI,privateequityanddebtplayerswillsuddenlyfindthemarketevenmoretransparent and attractive. Moreover, banks could start funding land transactions,therebydeceleratinglandprices.Retailrealestate:Retailerscouldseesomeimpactontheirbusinessintheshort-to-mediumtermduetoreducedcashtransactions.Theluxurysegmentislikelytobehitbecauseofthehistoricallyhighincidenceofcashacceptance.However,credit/debit


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cards and e-Wallets should come to the rescue.Overall, the domestic consumptionstoryremainsintact,withnothreattotheoverallstrengthandgrowthoftheIndianretailindustry.Land sales:Where land transactions have been happening in the realm of jointventures, jointdevelopmentor corporatedivestments,will seevery little impactofthedemonetizationmove.Allofthesearequiteinstitutionalized,withlittleornocashinvolvement.However, those carryingoutdirect landdealswilldoubtlessly suffer -especially when it comes to agricultural land transactions, which tend to involvesignificantcashinvolvement.Developers:Therewillbeminimal impacton large institutionalizedplayerswithasolidbrandandgovernanceframework.Sales,largelydrivenbythesalariedclassorinvestorswithlimitedcashinvolvementwouldnotsuffer.Smallerdevelopers are understandably very concerned right nowbecausemany ofthemhavedependedoncashtransactions.Weareverylikelytoseeaclean-upofnon-serious players due to this ‘surgical strike’ on the parallel economy. The impact ofRERAwillfurtherdisciplinetheindustry,whichwillbegoodforitshealthinthelongterm.Hotels andhospitality-related real estate in theorganized sectorwill seenegligibleimpactbythedemonetization.CasestudyonIndianStocks The demonetisation force to sharp cut in the Indian stocks, it is happeningsuddently,becausetheinvestorsworriedabouttheIndianeconomyandtheyfeelitisanuncertinity.


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The graph clearly indicates the Indan stocks how tumble on the announcements of PrimeMinisterModi.

since8November?Sure,theBSESensexisabitlowernowsincethatdate,butthentherearemanyother factorsbesidesdemonetisation thathave affected themarkets, not the least ofwhichhasbeenDonaldTrump’selectionaspresidentoftheUSandthesubsequentriseinUSbond yields and the strengthening of the dollar. That has led to funds flowing out fromemergingmarketsandIndiatoohasbeenaffected

CasestudyonAgricultureAgriculture,understressfortwoyears,wasforecasttogrow4%Agricultural growth in India contracted 0.2% in 2014-15 and grew no more than1.2%in2015-16,largelybecauseofback-to-backdroughts.

Agriculturewas expected to grow at 4% this year according to this October 2016CRISILreport,butdemonetisationislikelytodentthatforecast.Indiaiscurrentlyinthemidstofthewintersowingseason,butfarmersarereportedtoberunningoutofcashtobuyseeds.

Source:KeyEconomicIndicators,OfficeoftheEconomicAdvisor*Note:For2016-17,numberrepresentsprospectivegrowthfigures.

Indianfarmersexpectarecordharvestthisyear,asIndiaSpendreportedinOctober2016, but the rural economy–on which 800 million people, or 65% of India’spopulation,depend–islargelydrivenbycash.Farmersbuyseeds,fertilisersandfarm


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equipmentincash,paytheirworkersincash,andtradersandcommissionagentspayfarmersincash.Theshortageofcashisspreadingangerinthecountryside.

Conclusion

The point here is that any such “disruption” must be both communicated andimplementedwellandgivensomeoftheconcernsexpressedinthisregardbymanycommentators,onemust indeed look for“straws inthewind”tomakesenseof theeconomicimpactofDemonetizationonthecountry.

References

WorkingPaperNo.182,Demonetisation: ImpactontheEconomy,National InstituteofPublicFinanceandPolicy,NewDelhi,2017.

FrankHolmes,Modi'sDemonetization Is aCureWorseThanTheDiseaseFor India(www.Forbes.com)

http://www.theweek.in/news/india/top-10-quotes-from-manmohan-speech-againstdemonetisation.html

http://indianexpress.com/article/india/p-chidambaram-on-demonetisation-top-quotes-4424569/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/alfresco/2017/03/10/capital-one-embraces-design-thinking/#558ab99830e7

http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/demonetisation-will-hit-agricultureinformal-workers-worst-study-but-its-good-idea-56666

*****


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ImpactFactor:2.0674



PopulationGrowth–ItsImpactonEnvironment

Ms.HepsibaFlosalResearchScholar

DepartmentofEconomicsBharathidasanUniversity

Tiruchirappalli.

AbstractHeavyconcentrationofpopulationinurbanareasduetothecentralizationofemploymentinurbanarea.Unabatedgrowthof urbanpopulationhas resulted in theproliferationof slumsanddecay of city environment.Devolving centers of power, employment, paymasteringhelpsolve such mindless growth of population in Urban Areas and thereby feasible to containpollution.

KeyWords:Population,Growth,Environment,PopulationControl.

Introduction The five major trends of global concern are rapid population acceleratingindustrialization and urbanization, widespread malnutrition, depletion of nonrenewableresourcesanddeterioratingenvironment.Theworldpopulationhasbeengrowing exponentially form the beginning of this century. Equilibrium betweenpopulation and economic is a vital requisite for limiting resources use andperpetuation of human progress. If this equilibrium is not resortedwithin a shortspanof time, catastrophe threatens theworld throughexhaustionof rawmaterialsfoodshortageandenvironmentalpollution.NeedfortheStudy Beingsecondinpopulation,thisproblemposesthemostfrighteningthreattoour environment. Hence, this paper attempts to explain the present situation. Thenumberofpeopleonearthandtheirdistributionacrosstheglobe, themigrationofpopulationfromruraltourbanarea,consumptionpatternandthetechnologiestheyusedeterminetheireffectonenvironment.


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Individuallyeverypersoninfluencestheenvironmentinmanywaysfromtheproductheorshechoosestodecisionsabouthowmanychildrentohaveandwheretolive.Collectivelyalsotheactivitieshampertheenvironment,thereforethereisanurgetofocusourattentiononthissubjectandthewaystocomeoutofthisproblem.

India’sPopulation–AProfile

India,todayposesabout24percentofthetotallandareaoftheworldbutithastosupportabout16percentoftheworldpopulation.Itisclear fromtheabovefactthatonesixthoftheworldpopulationwhichmeansthateverysixthpersonintheworldborninanIndian.ASignificantproportionoftheworldpopulationisfoundjampackedinasmallgeographicalarea.Table1showsthatafternearlyfourdecadesofplanningthepopulationgrowthattheallIndialevelhasnotmerelyfailedtodeclinebuthastendedtoaccelerate.

Table:1GrowthofPopulationinIndia

Year Population(InMillion)

DecennialIncrease(InMillion)

PercentageChange

1941 318.6 ------- --------1951 361.0 42.4 13.311961 439.2 78.1 21.641971 548.2 108.9 24.801981 685.2 137.0 24.661991 843.9 158.7 23.50

Source:CensusReport

Fromthetable it isclear that there is an increasenotonly ionpopulation inabsolutetermalsoinpercentageterm.Thereforethestorycontributestobegrimbutin amoremeaningfulway. If we consider the decadal growth ratewhichwas lessthan20percentin1951hasbecomemorethan20percentthereafter.

Onanannualbasis alsothegrowthratebefore1951hasbeen lowersthat2percentonover2percenthencefourth.IncomparisonwiththedevelopedcountriesIndia’s population growth rate is very large indeed. Take for instance the rate ofpopulationforU.S.A.is0.9percent,forJapan0.5percentandfortheUK0.2percent.

Projection

IfIndia’spopulationcontinuestogrowatthepresentrateitwillreachthe100crores(1billion)markbutthenextcensusin2001anddoubletautnumberby2035.And if china’s population grows at the present rate, India will Overstake china tooccupy the first position in the world by 2005. This fast growing trend in thepopulationisalsoreflectedinTamilNadu.Inasmallscalethefollowingdatapresentsonanaverage,populationinthisstatehasincreasedatarateofnearly17percent.


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Table:2GrowthofPopulationinTamilnadu

Year Population(inmillion)

DecennialIncrease(inmillion)

PercentageChange

1941 26.27 ------ -----1951 30.12 3.85 14.661961 33.69 3.57 11.91971 41.20 7.51 22.31981 48.41 7.21 17.51991 55.86 7.45 15.39

Source:Agroastat96 ImpactofPopulationonEnvironment The projection enemy of our environment is population explosion. A lot ofpollution has been produced because of the excessive use of available resources ofourcountryeconomyrequired for feeding,clothing’s,shelteringtheever increasingpopulation. Ht e uncontrolled activities of man like modern agriculture to feedgrowingpopulation,largescaleindustrializationandurbanization,overuseoffossilfuels, throwing of garbage and industrial wastes into rivers, indiscriminate cuttingdownof forest, plants and trees for housing etc. are trying to upset the ecologicalbalanceinnature. In Indiawhereabout70per cent if theworkingpopulation isdependentonagriculture population growth threatens what is already a precautions balancebetweenscatternaturalresourcesandthepeople.Intheabsenceofadequategrowthinnonagricultureemploymentinlinewiththepopulationgrowth,muchofthelaborforce will have to be assorted in agriculture, this has reduced the average size ofoperationalholdingform2.28hectaresin1970-71to1.68hectoredin1985-56.Theper capita cultivable land has fallen from 0.89 hectare areas in 1950-51 to 0.48hectares in1981andwill furtherdecline to0.30hectaresby2007.This is likely toresultincontinuinglowincomes,increasingpressureontheagriculturalsystemandenvironmentaldamagealltogetheradverselyaffectthewellbeingofthepoor. Inconsideringthelandareasinrelationtopopulationoneshouldanalyzethedensity of population. Figure relation to density of population for India aswell asTamilnaduispresentedintable3.

Table3DensityofPopulation(Persq.km)

Year AllIndiaFigure NumberTamilnadu

1941 103 2021951 117 2321961 142 2591971 177 3171981 216 3721991 268 429

Source:Agrostat96


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Fromtable3itisevidentthatduringthelast50yearsdensityofpopulationasmorethatthedoubleatthenationallevelaswellasinTamilnadu.Ascomparetothedensity of population in the begging of the century at 77, the present level hasincreasedbymorethanthreetimes.With landarearemainingconstant,populationincreasing rapidly, the density of population has been increasing fast. This has adamaging effect on environment. High level of density means survival of excesspopulationinanarea.Theover-crowdingofpopulationinanarealeadstomanyevilsandvices,diseasesanddegradation,crimeandcrueltiesetc.ultimatelythequalityofhumanlifedeteriorates. Itcouldthanbeconcludedthatthereisawideninggapbetweenthefastrisingdemand for various food article son accountof growing population and slowwererise in the output of food articles. Production of food grains (cereals & pulses)increasedfrom60.67mtin1956to159.3mtin1994.Butthepercapitaavailabilityperdayhasincreasedonlymarginallyform430gramsin1956to474gramsin1991.If each person is to receive theminimum required quantity of food grains (215 kgannually)230mtoffoodgrainswillhavetobeproducedannuallybytheendofthiscentury. Toincreaseoutputandtomeettherequirementsofthepeopleforfoodgrainschemical fertilizers and pesticides are applied to crop plants. But the excess use offertilizers and pesticideswhich are applied to agricultural land arewaned into thewater bodies like ponds, lakes and rivers alongwith rainwater and polluter theirwaterandsoil.Pollutedwaterharmstheaquaticlifefishaswellashumanbeings.Italsodestroys friendof thesoil,namelyearthworm.Thenitraterichwater isnot fitfordrinkingandmoreoveritcanbepurifiedforthesame.

Changeinurbanscenarioanditsimpactonenvironment DespitethepredominantruralnatureoftheIndianeconomytherehasbeenaforwardmovementtowardsurbanization.Therateofurbanizationhasincreasedhasincreased from17.3 per cent in 1951 to 18.0 per cent in 1961 to 19.9 per cent in1971, 23 per cent in 1981 and 25.7 per cent in 1991. The urban population hasincreasedmassivelyinabsolutenumbers.Itwasalittleover6croresin1961.Butitwentupbymorethanthreeandhalftimestoabout22croresin1991.Itisexpectedto increaseto30.7crores in2001.Thenumberofurbanareashasgoneupsharplyfrom2365in1961to3768in1991.

PHYSICALCHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTESININDIANCITIES

CharacteristicsofMSW PopulationinLakhs

<2

2-5

5-20 >20

PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS

Paper

3.09

4.76

3,80

7.07


13

Plastics

0.57

0.59

0,81

0.86Metals

0.51

0.39

0.64

1.03Glass

0.29

0.34

0.44

0.76Ash&FineEarth

46.06

39.97^

41.81

31.74TotalCombustibleMatter

33.41

39.76

40.15

41.69(allvaluesbypercentwetweight)

CHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSMoistureContents

22.12 25.05

22.45

31.18Organicmatter

22.01

22.51

22.51

27.57Carbon

12.56

12.51

11.95

15.32Nitrogen

0.60

0.61

0.55

0.58Phosphorus

0.70

0.71

0.67

0.59Potassium

0.70

0.73

0.72

0.67C/N

20.35

20.47

21.45

26.23HCVinKcall/Kg

800.00

874.00

865.00

1140.00

· Allthevaluesexceptmoisturecontentareondryweightbasis.· Moisturecontentsareonwetweightbasis.Source:MinistryofNon-Conventional

EnergySources,GovernmentofIndia(April2015) Theunhealthyaspectofurbanizationiscongestion.Thetrafficjamsleadingtoslowingdownofmovementsresultsfromtoomanyautomobilesusedbyindividuals.Whilethenumberofvehiclesincreasethereislittlethatthegovernmentwithlimitedresources can do in respect of widening streets, installation of electronic devices,enforcementofparkingregulationsetc.Thereisheavyconcentrationofpopulationinurbanareasduetothecentralizationofemploymentinurbanarea.Unabatedgrowthof urban population has resulted in the proliferation of slums and decay of cityenvironment. The plants and tress play an importance role in reducing the air pollutioncausedbyexcessof carbondioxidegas.By cuttingdownanddestroying theplantsandtreesduetourbanizationweactuallydestroythecleansingandlifegivingagentsofouratmosphere.

Indiscriminate cutting down of forest and trees for the housing for thegrowingpopulationistheinevitableeventhappeninginIndia.Ittakesdecadesforatreestogrowtoitsfullsizebutaday,tocutit.Treesprovidetheappropriateclimatesoil consistencyandecological stability.Withthedevastationof the forests the soilhas been eroded, the rainfall has been reduced and the climate is altering. WithregardtoIndiatheactualareaunderforestsisover640lakhhectares.Ofthis60per


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cent is actuallyexploited.Anotherabout22per cent ispotentiallyexploitable. It isexpectedthatbytheendofthiscenturyIndia’stropicalforestsarelikelytodisappearintoto.Thereisanecologicalbalanceinnature.Butitisdistributedbymanwhenhedestroystheavailableresourcesexcessively. A resource like ground water which was once abundant has becomeexhaustibleduetourbanization.Growthofpopulationhasincreasedtherequirementofwater for irrigation, households and other purpose. For every 10,000 gallons ofwater on earth only 3 gallons are available for consumption. So a significantproportion of the people living in India lack access to safewater for drinking theytake contaminated water and it contributes to diseases. So modernization hasbrought about rapid industrialization followed by unplanned cities which havedegradedoutenvironment.PopulationControl:Thebestwayout Thebestwaytoimprovetheenvironmentistokeepthepopulationofhumanbeingwithinareasonable limit.Theuncontrolled increase in thehumanpopulationwasresultedinseveralkindsofenvironmentalpollution.Ifwearereallyinterestedinimproving our environment and free ourselves from the crippling effects ofincreasing pollution we have to control the population of our country. It can becontrolled by spreading the message of family planning to the crores of poor andilliteratemassesofourcountry. Many laws have been framed to preserve our ecological heritage. Throughenlightened environmental planning the environment can be made less pollutedcleaner and healthier place to live in. we who are responsible for environmentalpollution can contribute our share to build a pollution free earth by joining somevoluntary organization and make the people aware of the “ do” s and don’ts” forkeepingourenvironmentcleanandhealthy.

References1. Central Statistical Organization (2000) Statistical Year Book of India,

GovernmentofIndia,112,2. Cropper,M.L.andOates,W.E.(1992),EnvironmentalEconomics:ASurvey,A

JournalofEnvironmentalEconomicsandManagement,Vol30,675–740.3. Cropper and Oates (1992), Environmental Economics: A Survey, Journal of

EnvironmentalEconomicsandManagement,Vol30,675-740.4. Dewaram W, John D Spengler and Joel Schwartz (1997), Valuing

Environmental Cost in India: the Economy wide Impact of EnvironmentalDegradation,EnvironmentalResearch,Vol59,362-373

5. Dixon, J. (1994), Economic Analysis of Environmental Impacts, Eathscan,London

6. Goodland R.J.A. (1990) Environment and Development: Progress of WorldBank:TheGeographicalJournal,Vol156.

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ImpactFactor:2.0674



BarrierstoChangetowardsHumanGrowth,DevelopmentandProgress-AnAnthropologicalPerspective

Fr.M.G.SelvinrajSJResearchScholar,

DepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofMadras

AbstractAnthropologyisastudyofhumanbeingsinasocietythatisconstantlyevolving.Humangrowth,development,progressandcivilizationisassessedbythechangestakenplaceover the years. These changeshave affected not only the individuals in a society butalsothesocietyatlarge.However,wedofacesomanybarrierstochange.Resistancetochangecomesboth fromthe individualsaswellas fromthesociety.Thisarticledealswithwhatarethereasonsforsuchresistancetochange,whatarethebarrierswefindinahumansocietythatblockthechangeinitiativesandfinallytherootcauseofsuchresistancetochange.Agreaterawarenessofallthesewillenablethechangeagenttobemoreeffectiveandsuccessfulwhenchangesareintroducedtowardshumangrowth,developmentandprogress.

Key Words: Resistance, Motivation, Development, Progress, Comfort zone,Ethnocentrism,Conformity,Solidarity,Perception,HomeostasisandFear.

Introduction:

Noonecanliveasanisland,journeyingthroughlifealone….Evenbirdsofthesamefeatherflocktogether!Ifso,howonearthwecanconsidertheotherisunwantedandnotneeded?Thoughglobalizationhasbroughtinanattitudinalchangeamongpeoplewhoarevulnerabletoconsumerismandindividualism,stillwecannotignorethefactthatwedependoneachotherforourcontinualexistenceashumanbeings.Nodoubtweare interdependentbeingsonthisearth.Aristotlesays, “Man isa socialanimal.”Our life has itsmeaning onlywhenwe live together, depending on each other andinteractwithoneanotherinaharmoniousway.Inthisprocessofourlivingtogetherwithallourhumaninteractions,change,growth,developmentandtransformationsin


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usandoutsideofusareinevitable.Yet,wedodiscoverinusresistancetochangeandtransformation. This power of resistance stifles our human growth, development,progressandcivilization.Atthisjuncturewearegrappledwithaquestionofhowwecanreorientthispowerofresistancetopowerofmotivation.Ofcourse,everyhumanbeingisendowedwitha“power”tobringchangeinoneselfandinthesociety.Thatpower manifests as ‘power of motivation to change” and “power of resistance tochange.”Naturallythepowerofmotivationcontributespositivechangeinhumanlife.At thesametimethepowerofresistance stifles suchchangeprocess. In this articlewe shall look into how this power of resistance manifests as various barriers toacceptchangeandprogress.Whatwouldbetherootcauseofthisresistanceandhowdowedealwiththatisthefocusofthispaper.

1. Typicalreasonsforresistancetochange:

Fearof theunknown—Oneof themostcommonreasons forresistance is ‘fearofthe unknown’. People will only take active steps toward the unknown if theygenuinely believe– and perhapsmore importantly,feel– that the risks of standingstillaregreaterthanthoseofmovingforwardinanewdirection.Theymustconsiderthatthechangeprocessisfortheirownbenefitandbettermentinlife.Theoldestandstrongestemotionofmankindisfear,andtheoldestandstrongestkindoffearisfearoftheunknown.

Misunderstanding andunclarity about theneed for change— If people do notunderstand the need for change and the real reason for change, we can expectresistancefromthem.Especiallyfromthosewhostronglybelievethecurrentwayofdoing things works well for many years! Such people are comfortable withmaintainingstatusquo.

Lackofcompetence—thisisafearpeoplewillseldomadmit.Theyareunawareoftheirpotentials.But sometimes trainingwillhelp themunderstand theirpotentials.Somepeoplewill feel that theywon’tbeable tomakethetransitionverywellevenafter a long training. They always compare themselves with others and considerthemselves inferior to others. They fail to accept and own their incompetency andlack of skills even though they are aware of it. Thus they spontaneously manifestreluctanceandresistancetochangeproposals.

Attachmenttotheoldway—Ifweaskpeopletodothingsinanewway,asrationalas that new waymay seem to us, we will be setting our self up against all thoseemotionalattachmentstothosewhotaughtthemtheoldway.Itisverydifficultforusto get them out from their oldways. Old is gold and oldwine tastes better is thecommon understanding of those people who normally resist change. Emotionalattachmentsto things,placesandpersonsof thepastwillcertainlyprevent themtoadaptchange.

Lowleveloftrustinus—whenpeopledon’tbelieveusandthewaywedoit,aswellas cannot competently manage the change, there is resistance from them. In anorganization/ village that has acultureof trust, transparent communication,


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openness, participation, involved, engaging every one and positive interpersonalrelationship,resistancetochangeiseasytosee–andalsomuchlesslikelytooccur.Intheabsenceoftrustorlowleveloftrustinusmakethemresist.

It only a temporary fad— when people believe that the change initiative is atemporary fadand it lacks longstandingplanand longtermvision, thentheyresistchange proposals. They do ask questions to themselves such as “why should weparticipateinthechangeprocesswhenitisshortlived?”orWhatbenefitwegetoutofthistemporarychangeinitiativeandsoonsoforth.Iffutureisbleakanduncertain,resistanceisnormal.

When it is not being consulted— if people are allowed to be part of the changeprocess,thereislessresistance.Peopleliketoknowwhat’sgoingonintheprocessofplanning and execution. Theywant to participate in everything. Only a democraticprocess of change initiative can be effective. Peoplewant to know andwant to beconsulted.Theyliketobepartandparcelofchangeprocess.Iftheyfeelthattheyarenotconsulted,theyshowresistance.

Due topoor communication— it’s self evident isn’t it?When it comes to changemanagement there’s no such thing as too muchcommunication. Proper and clearcommunication is very basic and important. Lack of communication underminesrelationshipwithoneanother.Ahealthyrelationshipbetweenthechangeagentandthe beneficiaries is maintained when there is a proper mutual communicationpossible.Peoplenormallyshowtheirresistancewhenthereispoorcommunication.

AstrongcomfortZone—whenwetalkaboutcomfortzone,we’rereallyreferringtoroutines. We love doing routine things because we are accustomed to them. Theymakeussecureandcomfortable.Sothere’sboundtoberesistancewheneverchangerequiresustodothingsdifferently.Themoreweareattachedtotheoldroutinewayofdoingthingsinlifethestrongerwillbeourresistancetochange.

Exhaustion/Saturation— let’snotmistakecompliance foracceptance.Peoplewhoareoverwhelmedbycontinuousandfrequentchangeresignthemselvestoitandgoalongwith the flow.Youhave them inbody,butyoudonothave theirhearts in it.Theyacceptchangeinobedienceforthesakeofcompliancetorulesandregulations.Theyadhereto lawsandremainas lawabidingpeople. Insuchcircumstancestheirpowerofmotivationisverylow.Theyalmostbelieve’nothinggood’willemergeoutofthischangeprocess!

Changein thestatusquo—Resistance can also stem fromvariousperceptionsofthechangethatpeoplehold.Forexample,peoplewhofeelthey’llbeworseoffattheendofthechangeareunlikelytogiveittheirfullconsentandsupport.Iftheexpectedchange does not produce benefit for them, then they resist such change process.Similarly, if people believe the change favors anothergroup/village/department/person theremaybe (unspoken) anger and resentment.


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Insuchmomentstheywillnotfullycooperatewiththechangeprocess.Thejealousyinthemmakestheirresistancemorestrong.

Benefits and rewardsare not adequate — when the benefits and rewards formaking the change are not seen as adequate for the troubles and inconveniencesinvolved,thentheresistancetochangeamongthepeoplewillbespontanious.Atthesametimethemajorshareofthebenefitsandrewardsshouldreachthemonly.Ifnot,resistancewillbeverystrong.

Expectingresistance to changeand planning for it from the start of our changemanagement progamme will allow us to effectively manage objections.Understanding the most common reasons people object to change gives us theopportunity to plan our change strategy to address these factors. Resistance tochange becomes a barrier for all new-human-initiatives. We shall examine thisproblemfromananthropologicalperspective.

2. CulturalBarriersthatcreateresistancetochange

Zaltman and Duncan identified four types of cultural barriers that can createresistancetochange.Thesetypesofbarriersare:

a) Valuesandbeliefs,b)Culturalethnocentrism,c)Savingface,d)Incompatibilityofaculturaltraitwithchange.

a) Valuesandbeliefs

Whenlookingintovaluesandbeliefs,itisimportanttoknowthatoftenbarriersmaybesocialorreligiousorgendersensitiveinnaturebutmayalsoberelatingtoworkethic, competition, andpride.Beliefs andvaluesdiffer fromperson toperson.Theyalsodifferfromonecommunitytoanother.Soitishardtocategorizewhatisandisnotaculturalnormwithinagrouporacommunity.Beforeweintroduceanychangein a community it is better to become aware of the values and beliefs of thatcommunity.Wherethereisathreattotheirvaluesandbelieves,therewefindmoreresistance among the people. By making change appear less threatening toestablishedbeliefsandvalues,thechangeagentcancreateachangethatreducestheriskofresistance.Weneedtobemoresensitivetothevaluesandbeliefsofpeople.

b) CulturalEthnocentrism

Culturalethnocentrismcanbeseenfromtwosides:thesidethathasthechangeagentprojectinghisorhercultureassuperiorthroughthechangeefforts,orfromthesideof the people who view their culture as superior in response to the change beingimplemented.Thiscanleadtoanunderstandingof“ourwayisbetterthanyours”,arealturfwar.

Cultural ethnocentrism can be viewed from the perspective of ones, Race, Caste,Region,Religion,Gender,LanguageandSocio-EconomicStatusetc,.


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Most of the problems that arise from cultural ethnocentrism can be avoided orresolved by involving the people throughout the change process. This will help torelieve any feeling of being left out, being disliked and being estranged during theprocess.Awisechangeagentshouldalsobeawareofthelanguageusedinpresentinga change. So that it may avoid words and phrases that reveal superiority ordiscrimination,lestresistancefrompeopleisinevitable.

c) SavingFace

Theadvantagesofchangecanbevieweddifferentlybydifferentpeopleduetohowthe change impacts each member. Sometimes change is seen as something goodreplacingsomethingthatisbadandthatmightnotnecessarilybethecase.Replacingsomething good with something better may be viewed by people as an attack onthemselves.When taken personally, it would be natural for someone to resist thechangeanddefendthemselves.Theydonotwantotherstobelittlethem.

Also, resistance in the formof saving facemaybe causedbyanunderlying issue. Itcouldresultfromthepeoplehidingtheirinadequateskill,embarrassmentaboutjobperformance, or any of personal reasons. A change agent should be aware of thesepossibilitiesandinvestigatewhatmaybetherootcauseofthisresistancebecauseitmaynotberelatedtowhatthechangeagentisorisnotdoing.Weneedtounderstandwhypeoplehesitatetoacceptthechangeproposals.

Whenencounteringresistanceintheformofsavingface,itisadvisabletobeawareofhow you are presenting the change. By presenting the improved benefits of thechange and not focusing on how it is a replacement, or making it a comparisonbetweenagoodandbadsystem,achangeagentmaybeabletoalleviateanydoubtsor worries that come from the people. In approaching the situation in a non-comparisonway,achangeagentmaycreateawin-winsituationwhereachangecanbe implemented in a way that allows those who are skeptical of the change forpersonalreasonstoadoptthechangewithoutembarrassmentandfearofridicule.

d) Incompatibilityofaculturaltraitwithchange

Themostcommonculturalbarrier, incompatibilityofacultural traitwithchange isalsooneof thehardest to resolve.Thisbarrier involvesmakinga change thatgoesdirectlyagainst theestablishedculturalnormsofagroupor institution,andeven ifpeople know it is a better choice. It is hard for them to accept it becausetheincompatibilityisoftenwiththefundamentalpurposeoftheinnovation.

3. SocialBarriersthatcreateresistancetoChange

ZaltmanandDuncanidentifiedfivetypesofsocialbarriersthatcancreateresistancetochange.Theyare:

a) GroupSolidarity,b)RejectionofOutsiders,c)ConformitytoNorms,d)Conflict


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e) Group Introspection f) Behavior of Top-Level village leaders andadministrators

a) GroupSolidarityIn India,peoplebyandlargearenot individualbutcommunitarian in theiroutlook.Sometimesresistancetochangeisrootedinconcernsforhowitwillaffectothersinagroup. Sometimes group solidarity becomes a barrier to change that involvesresistancetoachangeinitiativeoutofconcernforhowitwillaffecttheotherpeoplein a village. Surprisingly sometimes they neither say ‘yes’ nor ‘no’ when we askquestions to express their consent. They look at each other and their response isseeminglyambiguousanduncertain.This typeof resistancemay be basedongoodintentions and concern for the other in a group. But this concern manifests inhesitationmay lead tomissing out an opportunity to improve them aswell as theentirevillage.

It is recommended that a change agent who encounters this type of resistanceidentifyallthegroupsimpactedbytheproposedchangeandaddresstheirconcernswith specific support that attends to their needs. Including the excluded is veryimportantwhenweproposeachangethataffectseveryone.Byknowingtheconcernsof every one and attending to their concerns, resistance from the people can bereducedduringtheprocess.

b) RejectionofOutsidersRejectionofoutsiders is something thatoccurs inmany tight-knitvillageset-ups. Ittakes time foranoutsider tobe accepted by thepeopleof avillage.Thisbarrier iscreated by the belief that no one outside of the village could possibly understandwhat they do on a day-by-day basis and therefore any change that comes from anoutsider has little to no value for improving the village situation.This is related toonceagainCulturalEthnocentrism.Aswith Cultural Ethnocentrism, it is advised that a change agent keeps the peopleinvolved throughout the process in order to have a better understanding of theirneedsaswell as receive feedbackand input throughout theprocess.Thismayhelpeasethepeople’snoncooperationtowardsthechangeandrejectionofchangeagent.

c) ConformitytoNormsConforming to norms is part ofwhatmakes a group of people in a village. Certainnorms,rules,regulations,conventionsandpracticesareestablishedandtobeinthevillageapersonhasto followandgoalongwiththeseestablishednorms.Failuretodosomayresultinlosingthesupportandsolidarityfromthevillage.Soratherthanadoptingtoachangethatmaybebeneficialtothem,villagemembersmaychoosetostaywiththefamiliarityofthenormsoftheirvillage.

This type of resistance to change may be very hard to overcome, as feelings ofwantingtobelongtoavillagemaybestrongerthanthedesiretoadoptachangethatmay upset the others.In attempting to resolve this barrier, Zaltman and Duncan


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proposed that“the critical question for a change agent to ask is, ‘Why dopeopleparticipate in thisnorm?’Knowingtheanswertothisquestionmayenableachangeagenttomodifyhischangetomeettheneedsatisfiedbythenorm”(1977,p.74).Wecannot change thevillagenormsovernight.Byunderstandingwhyagrouphastakenaspecificstance,achangeagentmaybebetterequippedtomodifyhisorherapproachinawaythatcaterstoitsnormsinsteadofcontestingthem.

d) Conflict

Though apparently all people live together in a village, there also exist divisionsamong them on the basis ofmany differences. Outright conflict between groups isalso a social barrier to change. Conflicts between parties can sabotage, stymie andderail the changeprocess.Basedondifferences inopinion,philosophy, culture, andbelief,oldconflictscanoneofthemostdifficultbarrierstoresolvesimplyduetonotonly the animosity between the change agent and people but also the conflictbetweenfactionsonoppositesidesofthechangeinitiative.As with most types of conflict, it would be advised that the change agent takes aneutralpositionbetweenanyrival factionsandtrytobringthe factionstogethertoreachacommonground involvingthechangeinitiative.Byaddressingtheconcernsofallpartiesachangeagentmaybeableto,ifonlypartially,resolveanyissuesthatareprohibitingthesmoothadoptionoftheproposedchange.

e) GroupIntrospectionIn any group setting it is possible to lose perspective of a situation when nothingappearstobewrongorneedingchange.Beingontheinsideofsuchagroupcanleadto a lack of perception when it comes to seeing a need for change. GroupIntrospection,accordingtoEllsworthcanbestbesummedup“withthemetaphorofnot being able to ‘see the forest for the trees’” (2000, p. 173).When a group doessomething for so long oneway and does not see any problems, itmay be hard toreachthemwhentheopportunitytoimplementabettersystempresentsitself.Theywillconsiderthechangeproposalasunnecessaryandnotneededatall.

In dealing with this particular barrier to change, the change agent must activelyinvolveboth insidersandoutsiders in the changemovement.Outsiderswillhelp tobringfreshideasandviewstothechangeinitiative,whileinsidersmayhelptospreadthemessage toother insiders so that the change is indeedworthwhileandneeded.Theinsidershelptowakeupthecollectivegrouptotherealitythatachangemaybeneededandthebenefitsareworth.

f) BehaviorofTop-Levelvillageleadersandadministrators

Anothersourceofresistancetochangethatisoftenoverlookedisthebehavioroftop-levelvillageleadersandadministrators.Thesourceofthistypeofresistancehappenswhentheleadersandadministratorsimplementchangesbuttheirbehaviordoesnotadjustedtosupportthechange.Theyareinfluencedbyvestedinterestandtheyare


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least concerned about the change process. They must send a message of supportthroughtheiractionsandthissometimesdoesn’thappen.

4. PsychologicalBarriersthatcreateresistancetoChange

Thiscategorymaybethemostdifficulttoworkwithsinceitexistsexclusivelywithintheindividual.Therearefourpsychologicalbarriers.Thesebarriersare:

a) Perception,b)Homeostasis,c)Personalityfactors

a) Perception

There are different variations to perception.There is selective perception.This iswhen thepersononly chooses to remember certaindetails about the change.Theycannot look beyond the negative to see all the positives a change couldmake.Perception also becomes a problem when two people in the same villagecannotagreeonwhatproblemismostimportanttomakechangesto.Thustheyareunable to agree on a resolution. Perception of the meaning of a change is alsobecomesabarrier,becausetheirinterpretationdiffersfromeachother.Thishappenswhentherearedifferentideasofwhataparticularinnovationmeans.Perceptionalsoisabarrierwhenthechangeagentmayactinawaythatsomeoneinthevillagemayperceiveasinappropriate.

b) Homeostasis

Homeostasis simplywants to stay in an environmentwhere it is comfortable.Thekeytothisbarrieristounderstandwhatthevillageisgoingthroughateachstageofthe change andmaintaining a certain level of comfort asmuch as possible for thepeopleaffected.

c) PersonalityFactors

Thefinaltypeofpsychologicalbarrierstochangeispersonalityfactors.Thisbarrieris seen when individuals have certain personality traits that disallow them to seechangeaspositiveorneeded. Suchpeopleare comfortablewithwhat theyareandhowtheyare.

5. TechnologicalBarrierstoChange

The barriers in technology come about when the villagers lack the knowledge tounderstand, accept or apply the innovation. Often times there are people in thevillages that have been around for awhile and so they don’t see the need for theinnovativechangesincetheyhavedonefinewithoutit.Theyarealsooftenolderandaren’taswillingastheyoungergenerationtolearnnewertechnologies.Theylacknotonlyskillbutalsowilltogetequippedwithknowledgeofnewtechnology.Asaresultwearenotabletoarriveatefficiencyandeffectivenesswhenchangeisimplemented.Wefindpeoplemorelethargicandresistanceisveryconspicuous.


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Thesolution:Theonlyopen,honestanddirectwaytodealwithresistance is todeal with the root cause of resistance, which is “Fear”. People’s three greatestneeds are: to have control, recognition and security. When these needs arethreatened,peopleresist.

The real or perceived loss of control, recognition or security (mentally,emotionally, physically and/or psychologically) is what’s underneath resistance,notwithstanding the fact that people will go to any length to createrationalizations,justifications,excuses,and“stories,”tosupporttheirresistance–looking to and pointing to something or someone outside themselves as the“reason”fortheresistance.Itmaybeasymptomtriggeringresistancebuttherealcauseisalways“inside”-thatisFear!

The cause of fear is based on perception. Perception is how we orient to ourworld based on our experience, ourmemory and our history. When we look atsomething or experience something in real-time, it’s quite likely each individualhas a different “interpretation” of what is happening based on their individualexperience,historyandmemory.

So, when we experience change, the way we interpret it results in whether weengageinanactionorreaction,apositivemoveforwardvis-à-visthechangeoraknee-jerk type of resistance. Each of us secretly believes that our perception ofrealityisthe“accurateperception.”AndifIbelievemyperceptionofrealityisthe“accurate”perception,thenwhatdoesthatsayaboutyourperception?Thiscausesconflict and resistance. Each of our perceptions determineswhatwe experienceandhowwe interpretwhatweexperience. So,whenone is resisting change, it’smost often because the change one is experiencing runs “counter” to how webelievetheworldshouldbe.

Theantidote todealingwith resistance to change isnot todealwith the surfacebehaviors, but todealwith the root cause – Fear. People are not against changebutagainstbeingchanged.Forceituponthem,andtheyallwillfindreasonsnottocollaborate.Change requires people to step out of their comfort zone; this induces fear.Discomfort and even more so, fear for the outcome, is the utmost importantreasonforresistancetochange.Peopleneedto feelcomfortable. Ineverystepofthe change we must obtain their buy-in (check, check and check again).Trustworthinessonlycomeswiththegradualremovaloffearinthepeople.Intheprocess ofmaking themunderstand the aims and objectivesof change,withourintegrity shown in change initiatives andwith our consistent leadershipwe canenablethepeopletoovercometheirresistancetowardschange,growth,progressanddevelopment.

AsS.Kierkegaardoncesaid “Todare is to loseone’s footing,not todare is toloseoneself”.


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References

Zaltman, G., Duncan, R. (1977).Strategies for Planned Change. New York: Wiley-Interscience

Ellsworth, J. B. (2000).Surviving Change: A Survey of Educational ChangeModels.RetrievedFebruary26,2010,fromERIC:

http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/54/72.pdf

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ImpactFactor:2.0674



TheUnendurablePainofRejectionthatledtotheLiberationoftheFemaleCharactersinTheLiberationofSitabyVolga

MariaPonnSindhuja.PPh.DScholar(English)

PGandResearchDepartmentofEnglishGovernmentArtsandScienceCollegeForWomen

Pudukottai–622001,TamilNadu.

AbstractThe Liberation of Sita is a novel by a prominent feminist writer Volga. The booknarrates the lifeofwell known Indianmythological female characters froma totallydifferentpointofview.Itdwellsdeepintotheheartsofthewomenandexplainstheirplight.ThemainplotofthestoryisspunaroundSita,Surpanakha,Ahalya,RenukaandUrmila. It tells the untold story of their miserable life and the way they liberatedthemselvesfromeverythingthatheldthemback.Thepaperisallaboutanalysingthelifeof theprotagonistsand tracking their journey through their life.This trackingoftheirpathhelps inunravellingthereasonbehindall theiractivities, theirresponsetoincidentsetc.Thistrackingoftheeventsleadsintokeenlyanalysinghowthemysteriesin the lifeof theprotagonistsmade themchange theirattitude towards lifeandhowtheyrealize themselves, theirpotentials,etc.Theconceptofself-realization isusedtospotoutthepointinwhichtheyattainself-realization.

KeyWords:Liberation,feminism,characters.

TheLiberationofSitaisanovelbyaprominentfeministwriterVolga.Shehasalmostpublishedfiftyworks.Thebooknarrates the lifeofwellknownIndianmythologicalfemalecharactersfromatotallydifferentpointofview.Itdwellsdeepintotheheartsofthewomenandexplainstheirplight.ThemainplotofthestoryisspunaroundSita,Surpanakha,Ahalya,Renuka andUrmila. It tells theuntold storyof theirmiserablelifeandthewaytheyliberatedthemselvesfromeverythingthatheldthemback.


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ThestorybeginswithSita living inValmiki’sashramwithhertwosons.ThereasonbehindtheQueenofAyodhyalivingintheforestremainsamystery.ThelifeofSitaisslowlyrevealedintheformofmemories.Therearefourotherwomenwhoarea part of her life. They are Surpanakha, Ahalya, Urmila and Renuka. There was acommon link that connected the five of them. They were all abandoned by theirhusbandsforamistakethatwasnottheir’s.

Thenovelspeaksaboutthemiseriesthatthesewomenhadtoundergoandthecourage they had to withstand the pain. Everyone had a different story. But thereasonfortheirsufferingwascommon.Theysufferedbecauseofthemaledominant,patriarchalsociety.SimoneDeBeauvoir'sstatement“one isnotbornawoman,onebecomesone”hasaspecialrelevancetoIndianfamilieswhereconventions,religiousandsocialtaboosconstructandinstructawoman'sindividuality.Thisisalsothemainreasonfortheirsuffering.Womenareverywellawareofalltheinjusticesheapedonthem but are condemned to live the life of suppressionwhichwas the lot of theirpredecessor. The evils of marital abuse and the depth of the victim’s pain remaindisregarded. The psychological trauma that the woman undergoes remainsunnoticed.

Sita was thinking of the changes that took place in her life. When she metSurpanakha,shewashappyabouthertransformation.ThewaysheliberatedherselfsurprisedSitabeyondwords.“I’verealizedthatthemeaningofsuccessforawomandoesnotlieinherrelationshipwithaman”(Volga13).AllherlifeSitawasmadlyinlove with Rama. She was completely subservient. But, after her meeting withSurpanakha,Sitathoughtaboutherself.ShethoughtofhermeetingwithAhalyaandRenukaandhowsheregretted iton their firstmeeting justbecause theyhad ideasthatdiffered fromhersubservientrole.Butshe failedtorealizethat theywerealsolikeher,once.

AhalyawasdisownedbyherhusbandforLordIndra’ssin.Renukawasblamedforthinkingaboutanothermanwhensheactuallydidn’t.Herhusbandmadehersonchopherheadandthesondiditwillingly.Thiswasthetriggeringpointintheirlives.They walked off. They lived separately, free from the burden of marriage. Theystartedrealizingtheirself.

SelfRealization is theactof achieving the fulldevelopmentofone’s abilitiesand talents. “It is fulfillment by oneself of the possibilities of one’s character orpersonality”(Web). Therealmofself-realizationhashardlybeenunderstoodduetoour inability toproperlygraspthe intricaciesof thevariousdimensionsof selfthatwearerealizing.Withoutilluminatingthissubjectwithunderstanding,seekerson the path to the promised land of self-realization are bound to remain asconfusedas theyalwayswere. It isof theessencethatwebringadeeper levelofinsightintoourperceptionofthesubtledimensionsofthatveryselfthatweaspiretorealize.


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The universal dimension of self-realization refers to arriving at thestate of unity with the beyond – transcendence, merging with thesource of existence. The individual dimension of self-realizationrefers to the awakening of our higher individuality, our soul. Thepersonaldimensionofself-realizationreferstoourawakeningonthelevelofme:self-realizingme,arrivingatthestateofpuresubjectivitywithintheconsciousnessofmeonly.Thereamodelofself-realizationthat begins from the universal and descends into the personal, butour evolution actually ascends from the personal to the universal,while individual self-realization is bridging the two in bothdirections.(Anadi)

Realizing the self is not an easy task. A trigger point is always required tobringout thehiddenself aswell as the realizationof the self.Noteveryonewho isbornrealizewhattheywantintheirlife.Theyjustmovewiththeflow.Ittakesagreatdeal for themtorealizewhat theywant in lifeandmuchmoretostandfor it.Theycameacrossasituationwheretheywerepushedtothinkabouttheinjusticesdonetothem.

Ahalya was abandoned by her husband for which Indra held responsible.Ahalya feltrejected.Sheturned lifeless.WhenSitametAhalya, she spokeabout theinstability of truth and how she has liberated herself from everything that wasattached to her. She had her own realization aboutmen and how they behaved inmatterswiththeirwives.“Allmenarethesame,Sita.Especiallyinthematteroftheirwives.”(Volga27)Sitadefendedherhusbandtellingthathewillconductanenquiry.Ahalyasaid,“Whatdoesconductinganenquiryimply,Sita?Distrust,isn’tit?”(Volga27) Ahalya did not believe in the concept of truth. She felt that no one had theauthority to judge her, not even her husband. “Society gave him that authority. Ididn’t. Till I give it, no one can have the authority over me. She felt bad abouteverythingthatAhalyaspoke.AtthatpointshefailedtorealizethatthewisdomthatAhalyaattainedwasenormous. “Truthdoesnotremainthesameforeverbutkeepschangingcontinuously–thatisthewisdomIearned”.(Volga28)

SitathoughtofAhalyawhenshefacedatrialtoproveherchastity.ShewantedtospeakwithAhalya.Shelostallherhappiness.ShewasalarmedwhenallofAhalya’swordscametrue.ShefinallymetAhalyaandpouredoutherheart.Ahalyaadvisedhertelling that she was on the process of self realization. “Most often, women don’trealizethattheyarepartofthewiderworld.Theylimitthemselvestoanindividual,toahousehold,toafamily’shonour.”(Volga39)Sitawasstillnotconvinced.Ahalyasaid,“Itisallforyourowngood,andispartoftheprocessofself–realization”.(Volga39)

ThestoryofRenukaisanothermisery.Shewaspunishedbyherhusbandonafalsenotion.Herhusbandorderedhissontobeheadher.Hetoodid itwillingly, forsuchisthedharmaofason.“Aresuchbonds,withahusbandandsonsnecessaryforawoman?Ithoughttheywerenot,soImovedawayfromthem”.(Volga52)Sitadidnot


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accept her ideas. She felt that Renukawasmisleading otherwomen. Renuka askedSitatothinkabouttherealsituationofwomen.“Awomanthinksshedoesn’thaveaworldotherthanherhusband’s.True.Butsomedaythatveryhusbandwill tellherthatthereisnoplaceforherinhisworld.Thenwhat’sleftforher?”(Volga52)

Sita realized the truth that strived in Renuka’s words when she wasabandoned by her husband. “What did she have, other than disgrace that Rama,bowingtopublicopinion,hadheapedonher?”(Volga60)

“Ahalya, Renuka, Sita – they were all victims of mistrust and humiliation.”(Volga61)

UrmilawasinpainwhenherhusbandLakshmanaabandonedherforthesakeof accompanying his brother Rama in his exile. She imprisoned herself inside herpalaceforfourteenyears.Urmila’sself–imposedexileoffourteenyearsturnedouttobeachangeinherlife.Sheanalysedherlife,herself.Shethoughtofalltheeventsthattookplaceinherlife.“ThesolitudeinwhichIcouldconversewithinandwithmyself.”(Volga75)

“Surpanakha,Ahalya,Renuka,Urmila–eachonehadastoryofherown.Eachonehadhadfollowedapathofherown.Herpath,herway,washersalone.”(Volga63)

Sitatoowastryingtofindherpathtowardsliberation.Shewastryingtobreakthrough her boundaries. She was in search of her identity. She thought about theeventsthattrappedher.Sheacceptedhersubservientrolehappily.“Ithasbecomesovery much a part of human thinking that any woman who differed from thisconventional subservient role could only be thought as a sorceress or a pervert”(Ravindranathan105).Whentherootofalltheseincidentsistracedthetruthcomesto light. Everything that happened in their lives was the result of ‘family honour’,reputation’,‘conservativeminds’,and‘society’.Thesefourreasonsserveasatrapthatholdsalltheirlives.Theystayforaverylongtimeinsidethetrapforthesamereason.Finally when everything goes beyond the level of tolerance, they break all theboundariesandsetthemselvesfreefromthetrap.Whentheyfinallycomeoutofthetrap,theyseetoitthattheydonotgetcaughtinthetrapagain.

Sita finallymadeherstandbynotreturningtoherhusband.Evenat theendRamawasreadytoacceptheronly ifsheprovedherchastity.Shedecidedtomakeherselfclear.Shewasnotreadytogiveintohisauthority.Shefelthattherewasnoneedtodoit.“DoIneedtodothat?Isthereanysenseinsuchaneffort?”(Volga64)Sheliberatedherselftotally.

“’Thenwhataboutyou,Sita…withoutahusband,children?’

‘IamthedaughterofEarth,Rama.IhaverealizedwhoIam.Thewholeuniverse belongs to me. I don’t lack anything. I am the daughter ofEarth.’


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Ramawasleftspeechlessbythosesolemnwords.

DevoidofSita’ssupport,Ramatasteddefeatforthefirsttimeinhislife.By refusing to bow down to external authority, Sita had fullyexperienced, for the first time, the inner power of self-authority.”(Volga41)

The unendurable pain of rejection was the main reason for their self-realizationand liberation. Itwas thepain thatgave them the strength towithstandthetestsoflife.Theyunderstoodthepurposeoftheirlives.Theyrealizedtheirself-worth.Theyidentifiedwhotheyreallywere.Andfinallytheyattainedliberation.“Youmeansyou,nothingelse.”(Volga38)

WorksCited:

Anadi.http://anaditeaching.com/the-three-dimensions-of-self-realization/.AccessedonJune6th2016.BeauvoirSimonede.TheSecondSex.TranslationH.MHarshley,London:Vintage,1997.Print.Ravindranathan.PrinciplesofLiteraryCriticism(FromPlatotoPost-modernism).Chennai.EmeraldPublishers,1993.Print.Volga.TheLiberationofSita.TranslationVijayasree.C,VijayKumar.T,India:HarperPerennial,2016.Print.http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self%E2%80%93realization.AccessedonAugust13th2017.

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AdvisoryBoardVincentFunaniMakhubelaDepartmentofMarketingandRetail,UniversityofSouthAfrica,POBox329,Unisa0003

Dr.ArturoLaureVidriales.PeriféricoNorteN°799,NúcleoUniversitarioLosBelenes,C.P.45100,Zapopan,Jalisco,México

Dr.ArchanaGolwalkarDirectorAIM&ITMemberIQAC-NAACAishwaryaCollege,Udaipur,Rajasthan–313001,India

Dr.PareshShahProfessorinFinanceAlumnusofIIM,AhmedabadAccreditedManagementTeacher&Researcher,Ahmedabad,Gujarat–380014,India

Dr.VKAroraTrainerandConsultantEntrepreneurshipDevelopmentandCareerManagementNoida–201307,India

Dr.VijayaDeshmukhDirectorNationalInstituteofFashionTechnologyMinistryofTextiles,GovernmentofIndiaJodhpur,Rajasthan–342037,India

Dr.N.RadhakrishnanAssociateProfessorandHead,PG&ResearchDepartmentofEconomics,MuthurangamGovernmentArtsCollege(Autonomous),Vellore–2,TamilNadu,India

Dr.K.ParimuruganAssistantProfessorDepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofMadras,Chennai-5,TamilNadu,India

Dr.R.DhanasekarPrincipalK.SRajaArtsandScienceCollegeforWomen,Ginge,VillupuramDist.,TamilNadu,India

Dr.V.S.SomanathProfessorandDirectorAIMSInstituteofHigherEducationBangalore560032,India


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ImpactFactor:2.0674



EnvironmentPollutionandAwareness

Ms.HepsibaFlosalResearchScholar

DepartmentofEconomicsBharathidasanUniversity

Tiruchirappalli.

AbstractEnvironmentalpollution in termsofAir,Water,Land,NoiseandEnvironmentneed tocreateawareness among youngsters as a capacity building measure to address the issue ofEnvironmentalPollution.Moreimportantaretheissuesofcreatingawarenessaboutpollutionin the educational institutions. Books and printedmaterials shouldneed to be supported bygovernment and funding agencies in generating research oriented knowledge and shouldbecometheeasyaccessiblemeansforyoungminds.

KeyWords:Environment,Pollution,Awareness,NoisePollution,AirPollution.

Introduction

Manever sincehe came intoexistenceon this earth,hasbeenpolluting thisenvironmentinsomewayoftheother.Hehasbeentryingtoestablishhissupremacyover nature which has air and water. This has lead to ecological imbalances ofunprecedentedmagnitudeofnaturalwealthandresourcesknockingofftheecologicalbalance so carefully nurtured by nature. Mother earth is thus precariously poisedtodayatthebrinkofglobaldisaster.

However,asmanbecamemoreandmorecivilizedandculturedhedevelopedsufficient scienceof social ethicsand farsightedness soas toavoid socialbickering,arising out of his polluting and depredating activities. Awareness of environmentpollution has been highlighted for more than two decades, starting with United


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Nations conference on Human Environment in 2002 held at Stockholm. NationalCommitteeonEnvironmentalPlanningsetupduringtheearlyEightiesandthe

cleaningofGanges andamajora forestation drive in2005havebeen steps in thisdirection.

Socialawarenessisallthemorenecessarybecauseitisthepoorwhobearthebruntofpollutionanddepredatingactivities.Poorhavetotrektodistantsourcesforwaterandfodderfortheircattle.Lackoffuelwoodforcesthemtouseduringforfire,thusdepletingfertilizeravailability.Poorfacethearidanguishofdroughtaswellastheragingfuryoffloods.Whentheyshifttocitiesinsearchofwork,theyhavetolivein slumcoloniesof foot-pathsunder insanitary conditions,posingagrave threat topublichealth.

Ourscriptureshaveheldnatureinhighesteem.

Earthwiththeattributeofsmell(Gandha)Waterthequalityifvisocity(Neha)Firewiththequalityofenergy(Teja)Skywiththequalityofsound(Sada)Air(Vayu)withthequalityofsound(Sparsa)

Allthemahatattvas-letalltheseelementsblessourmornings.

Now it is a far cry from the ancient days. All these elements have beenpolluted.Globalwarming,unseasonalmeteorologicalactivities,floodsindesertshaveallbecomecommon.

Earthhasbeendenudedof forest cover.Fertile top soil gets carriedawayatthe slightest rainfall and is dumped into reservoirs causing silt formation andcapacity loss. Intensive cropping has led to the removal of crucial micronutrientelements like zinc, iron, copper,manganese, molybdenum and born, which controlvarious aspects of plant’s growth. Here it will not be out of place to recall china’sexperience in the early seventies. A commune required 77,000 Kgs of broad-spectrumpesticides in2011.Duringthenextyear22,000duckswerereared inthelocalinstituteandletintothepaddyfieldsandonly7,kgoftarget-specificpesticideswererequiredthenextyear.

Nearly all the water resources have been contaminated by the industrialwastes,sewage,pesticidesandfertilizers.Oxygencontenthasgotsomuchdepletedthat practically no aquatic life is possible in the most waterways. All lakes in thedevelopingworldareinmoraldangerduetoeutrophication,excessiveplantgrowth.

Neitherhas firebeen leftout.Usageofhazardouschemicalshasbeenontherise. Sufficient cares does go into the transportation of such substances. Who canforgetthechemicalfirewhichengulfedastateownedExpressBusandatractorfullof


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marriagepartynearchengalpattuafewyearsback.Onlysuchincidentsbringoutthecarelessnesswithwhichhighlyinflammablechemicalsaretransportedinthecountry.

ENVIRONMENTALRELATEDPROBLEMS

TypeofPollution Affected Percentage

AirPollution 60 30

WaterPollution 120 60

LandPollution 20 10

TotalNoofRespondents 200

Percentage 100%

Source:PrimaryData

NoisePollution Noise pollution is increasing day by day in all cities. Noise increases bloodpressure,casesstress,tensesmusclesandcanevenaffectbloodvessels.Industryandmachinery, transportation(surfaceandair)andcertain formsofentertainmentandestablishments that every day noise is an important factor in age induced hearingloss.ChiefoftheENTclinic,UniversityofAmsterdamcameacrossapatientin2002whosedoctorhadleftbehindaplugofcottonwoolintheearaftertreatment.Overaperiod of 32 years, this cotton wool and earwax had occluded his left ear. Whiletryingtofitahearingaiditwasobservedthatthisleftearwasinmuchbettershapethantherightearwhichshowednormallossofhearingduetoage.Ifthiswasintheyear2002whennoisepollutionwasataverymuchlowerlevel,wecanimaginehowitwouldbenow.


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Airpollution Airpollutioninourcitiesduetoexhaustfumes,factorychimneysandfiredustcreateallergicdisordersnot to speakof skinand lungdiseases.Bhopal gas tragedywhichtookatollofover2000livesandblindingandaffectingmorethan2000othersis still green in our memory. Unless awareness is created amongst all, more suchinstance are waiting to happen. All our cities are beset with problems due topollutants discharged in the form of sulpgur-di-oxide, Hydrocarbons, carbonmonoxide,etc.mostvulnerabletargetsare infantsandchildrenandelderlypersonsaboveagreaterconcernfortheenvironmentalhealthofcitiesiscalledfor. Environmental pollution does not stop with the five elements alone. Moreimportant are the pollution in education and moral pollution. Books and printedmaterial should aid in acquitting knowledge and should not become themeans forcorruptingthemindsoftheyoung.Theroleplayedbyteachersandthemassmediashouldbesuchthattheyhaveapositiveinfluenceontheimpressionablemindsoftheyoungsters. Rebellion and violence against self and society, the drug culture andmaterialismaretheconsequencesofmoralpollution.Concertedactionisimmediatelyrequired to combat pollution in education andmoral pollution as the onslaught ofprint, audio and visual media had started having its overbearing influence on themindsofthecountry’syouth.

Conclusion Tryingtosavemoneynowbyfailingtocontrolpollutioncouldmeanthatourfuturegenerationsmayendupbypayingmuchlateron.Letuspledgethatweshallvowtoleavebehindthisplanetearthforourchildrenaswehadinheritedthesamefromour forefathers.Thatwouldbethe least thatwecando for thegenerationstocome.References

1. Alberini, A. and Krupnick, A. (1997), Air Pollution and Acute RespiratoryIllness: Evidence from Taiwan and Los Angeles, American Journal ofAgriculturalEconomics,Vol79(5),1620–1624

2. Alberini, A.M. Cropper (1997), Valuing Health Effects of Air pollution inDeveloping Countries: The Case of Taiwan, Journal of EnvironmentalEconomicsandManagement,Vol34,107–126.

3. Bhattacharya,R.N.(2001),EnvironmentalEconomics:AnIndianPerspective,OxfordUniversityPress,NewDelhi.

4. StateEnvironmentReportforTamilnadu(2000

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