multiculturalism in new italian cinema by alberto zambenedetti

8/3/2019 Multiculturalism in New Italian Cinema by Alberto Zambenedetti

1/12

Uv}fkmu kl M}tbpmol Eklmco Wba}cm 5 L}cdmt 4 Klvmaamev Avf 4007,

Otvkeam, Mlhakuj aolh}ohm, fbk> ?0,?5:7"umek,5,4,?0="?

C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco

Oadmtvb ^ocdmlmfmvvk Fmpotvcmlv bg Kvoakol Uv}fkmu!

Lmx [bti ]lkwmtukv{

OduvtoevCol{ goevbtu eblvtkd}vmf kl vjm aouv 50 {motu vb dtklh vb vjm gbtm vjm lmmf gbt o

lmx tmptmumlvovkbl bg vjm Kvoakol lovkbl kl vjm cmfko, Vjm{ upol gtbc vjm abeoa meb#

lbcke dbbc vb vjm ebcdklovkbl bg habdoa pbakvkeoa mwmlvu vjm xkfmuptmof ptbemuu

bg fm"eb}lvmt#ebablk~ovkbl! vjm fmckum bg ebcc}lkuv"ubekoakuv"fkevovbtkoa tmhkcmu

kl Mouvmtl M}tbpm! vjm pbwmtv{ olf vjm eakcovm bg vmttbt kl Lbtvj Ogtkeo! vjm fkuub#

a}vkbl bg vjm [}hbuaowkol gmfmtovkbl! Kvoa{ nbklklh vjm M}tbpmol ]lkbl olf ub gbtvj

olf vjm{ oaa eblvtkd}vmf vb vjm gbtcovkbl bg o xowm bg couu kcckhtovkbl kl vjm

pmlklu}ao, Bl o foka{ douku! uklem vjm mota{ lklmvkmu! couu kcckhtovkbl ptbcpvu vjm

eb}lvt{ vb tm#vjkli kvu kfmlvkv{ kl vmtcu bg e}av}tm! tmakhkbl! jmtkvohm! olf vb tm#

ukv}ovm kvumag kl o M}tbpmol olf habdoa eblvmzv! olf xjkam kl akvmtov}tm vjm j{pjml#

ovmf kfmlvkvkmu bg vjm eblvmcpbtot{ fkoupbtke xtkvmtu dmhkl vb mcmthm! vjm vmamwku}oa

olf eklmcovke tmptmumlvovkbl bg vjmkt ebttmaovkwmu ku uvkaa ckuuklh bt klebcpamvm, Ou

o t}am! vjm povtkotejoa m{m bg vjm Kvoakol fktmevbt ku uvkaa vjm ptkwkamhmf amlu vjtb}hj

xjkej vjm Kvoakol o}fkmlemu umm kcckhtolvu! tmg}hmmu olf mvjlke cklbtkvkmu,

Jbxmwmt! ubcm gkaccoimtu! fkupao{klh o cbtm pmtempvkwm umlukdkakv{ vjol vjmktpmmtu bl vjm ejolhmu vjov bee}t otb}lf vjmc! colohm vb klebtpbtovm kluvolemu bg

c}avke}av}toa bpmlklhu xkvjkl vjm blhbklh lottovkwm bg o lovkbloa eklmco,

Hmvvklh c{ goevu gtbc o Dmlmvvbl of

Kc abbikl vjt} Ogtkeol m{mu

Akv d{ vjm haotm bg ol A,O, gktm

Daoei vkm! xjkvm lbkum

*Fowkf Dbxkm ?;;5+

Tmfmgklklh vjm lovkblVjm eb#mzkuvmlem bg c}avkpam pmbpamu olf e}av}tmu bl vjm Kvoakol pmlklu}ao

olf kvu kuaolfu ku ol jkuvbtkeoa goev, Dmgbtm }lkgkeovkbl! Kvoa{ xou }lfmtuvbbf

cbtm ou o hmbhtopjke abeovkbl vjol ou vjm vmttkvbt{ bg o lovkbl! olf kg vjm

Tkubthkcmlvb dtb}hjv pbakvkeoa }lkv{ olf amf vb vjm dktvj bg o lmx eb}lvt{!

kv xou vjm Gouekuv tmhkcm vjov ovvmcpvmf e}av}toa }lkgkeovkbl vjtb}hj kvu

ebmtekwm uvtovmhkmu bg lovkbl gbtcovkbl, Lmwmtvjmamuu! vjm fkwmtum tmhkbloa

vtokvu vjov ejotoevmtk~m vjm c}avkpam kfmlvkvkmu bg vjm pmbpamu bg Kvoa{ xmtm

lmwmt mlvktma{ bdakvmtovmf d{ vjm jbcbabhk~klh mggbtvu bg vjm Uvovm, Fkwmtukv{

ocblhuv ekvk~mlu kl pbuv Xbtaf Xot KK Kvoa{ xou cotimf d{ aolh}ohm! gbbf!abeoa vtofkvkblu! eabvjklh olf vb o c}ej amuumt fmhtmm tmakhkbl,

Im{xbtfuc}avke}av}toakuc

Kvoakol eklmco

Dmlmvvbl

Hkollk Ocmakb

Gmt~ol B~pmvmi

Coteb Pblvk

?0=UME 5 *4+ ?0=??7 Klvmaamev Avf 4007


2/12

Ou jkuvbtkol Po}a Hkludbth xtkvmu! vjm meblbcke cktoeam vjov vbbi

paoem dmvxmml ?;=: olf ?;75 cmolv c}ej cbtm kl vjm jkuvbt{ bg Kvoa{

vjol o dbbcklh meblbc{ olf tkuklh uvolfotfu bg akwklh, Kv cmolv ol

}lpotoaamamf cbwmcmlv bg vjm pmlklu}aou pbp}aovkbl! *Hkludbth ?;;0>

4?:+ mupmekoaa{ d}v lbv bla{ gtbc vjm ohtke}av}toa ub}vj vb vjm klf}u#

vtkoak~mf lbtvj, Vjku fkupaoemcmlv eblvtkd}vmf vb dtklh vjm tmhkbloa vtokvu

kl eblvoev! olf ou bgvml joppmlu! upotimf tmoevkblu kl vjm tmukfmlv pbp}ao#vkbl vjov upollmf gtbc vbamtolem vb ouukckaovkbl vb hjmvvbk~ovkbl, Kl vjku

tmupmev! vjm Kvoakol pmbpam eb}af dm tm#gtocmf dbvj kl vjm eblvmzv bg vjm

lovkbloa olf vjm klvmtlovkbloa fkueb}tum kl vmtcu bg o c}avke}av}toa"

fkoupbtke lovkbl! mlfbxmf xkvj fkwmtukv{ tovjmt vjol fbbcmf vb gtohcml#

vovkbl, Ou o eblumq}mlem! vjm gkacu vjov otm mcdmffmf kl vjm lottovkwm bg

vjm Ub}vjmtl _}muvkbl! u}ej ou Tbeeb m k u}bk gtovmaak"Tbeeb olf Jku Dtbvjmtu

*Wkueblvk ?;70+! bt K Gkfol~ovk *Back ?;75+! eol dm tm#eblvmzv}oak~mf olf

klvmtptmvmf ou ptbvb#c}avke}av}toa gkacu! klouc}ej ou vjm{ fmoa xkvj kuu}mu

bg vbamtolem! klvmhtovkbl olf ouukckaovkbl, Bg eb}tum! fkwmtukv{ kl vmtcu bg

toem xou kl vjm ukzvkmu uvkaa odumlv gtbc vjm uetmmlu dmeo}um vjm goem bg vjm

eb}lvt{ xou uvkaa oacbuv }lkgbtc! mwml kg Makb Wkvvbtklk! kl jku ptbvb#

tmukuvolem lbwma Eblwmtuo~kblm kl Ukekako"Eblwmtuovkblu kl Ukeka{! tmhkuvmtu vjm

ptmumlem bg Ejklmum kvklmtolv vtofmtu kl Ukeka{ ou mota{ ou ?;58, Col{

goevbtu eblvtkd}vmf kl vjm aouv 50 {motu vb dtklh vb vjm gbtm vjm lmmf gbt o

lmx tmptmumlvovkbl bg vjm Kvoakol lovkbl kl vjm cmfko, Vjm{ upol gtbc vjm

ogbtmcmlvkblmf abeoa meblbcke dbbc vb vjm ebcdklovkbl bg habdoa pbakvk#

eoa mwmlvu vjm xkfmuptmof ptbemuu bg fm"eb}lvmt#ebablk~ovkbl! vjm fmckum

bg ebcc}lkuv"ubekoakuv"fkevovbtkoa tmhkcmu kl Mouvmtl M}tbpm! vjm pbwmtv{

olf vjm eakcovm bg vmttbt kl Lbtvj Ogtkeo! vjm fkuuba}vkbl bg vjm[}hbuaowkol gmfmtovkbl! Kvoa{ nbklklh vjm M}tbpmol ]lkbl! olf ub gbtvj

olf vjm{ oaa eblvtkd}vmf vb vjm gbtcovkbl bg o xowm bg couu kcckhtovkbl kl

vjm pmlklu}ao, Vjku tmaovkwma{ lmx pjmlbcmlbl ku dmuv mpkvbck~mf d{ vjm

mpkubfm bg vjm eothb ujkp Wabto! xjkej bl 7 O}h}uv ?;;? vtolupbtvmf bwmt

40!000 Oadolkolu vb vjm ebouvu bg P}hako! kl vjm wkeklkv{ bg Dotk, Vjm

kcpoev bg vjov ftocovke mpkubfm bl vjm kcohklovkbl bg Kvoakolu ku ub

tmukakmlv vjov kl 4006! 45#{mot#baf gkaccoimt Tbdmtvb Fm Gmb tmebl#

uvt}evmf vjbum vtohke cbcmlvu kl jku ujbtv gkac Wabto ?;;? d{ mfkvklh gke#

vkbloa olf fbe}cmlvot{ gbbvohm,

Bl o foka{ douku! uklem vjm mota{ lklmvkmu! couu kcckhtovkbl ptbcpvuvjm eb}lvt{ vb tm#vjkli kvu kfmlvkv{ kl vmtcu bg e}av}tm! tmakhkbl! jmtkvohm!

olf vb tm#ukv}ovm kvumag kl o M}tbpmol olf habdoa eblvmzv> vjm kletmouklh

eblgakev bwmt xjov Kvoakolu eoaa mzvtoebc}lkvotk *lbl#M}tbpmol kcckhtolvu+

ku vkmf vb o emlvtoa oupmev bg M}tbpmol klvmhtovkbl> vjm fmwmabpcmlv bg o

lmx eblempvkbl bg ekvk~mlujkp, Oavjb}hj o ujotmf umlum bg M}tbpmol kfml#

vkv{ olf vjm kluvkv}vkblu vb amhkvkcovm vjov kfmlvkv{ tmcokl lbvbtkb}ua{ fkg#

gke}av vb eblubakfovm! kv jou ptbwml got moukmt vb gbthm o ebccbl eblempvkbl

bg vjbum xjb fb lbv dmablh, *Foxubl olf Poa}cdb 400=> ?779 c{ kvoakeu+

Ov vjm uocm vkcm! vjm uvkaa aothma{ c}avkgotkb}u lov}tm bg vjm lovkwm pbp}#aovkbl kl vmtcu bg tmhkbloa fkggmtmlemu bgvml vtoluaovmu klvb ol ocdkwoamlv

?07 Oadmtvb ^ocdmlmfmvvk


3/12

ovvkv}fm vbxotfu vjm ptbemuumu bg klvmhtovkbl olf"bt ouukckaovkbl bg vjm

kcckhtolvu olf tmg}hmmu, Bl vjm xjbam! couu kcckhtovkbl ku bgvml

tmhotfmf ou o aothm#ueoam eblvmcpbtot{ wmtukbl bg vjm Ub}vjmtl _}muvkbl!

olf jolfamf kl o wmt{ ukckaot goujkbl> vjku lmx etbuu#umevkbl bg vjm pbp#

}aovkbl ptbwkfmu ejmop aodbt gbt vjm klf}uvtkmu bg vjm lbtvj#mouv olf vjm

lbtvj#xmuv! ou xmaa ou gbt vjm tmhkblu xjbum meblbc{ ku uvkaa ftkwml cokla{

d{ ohtke}av}tm, Jbxmwmt! kcckhtolvu otm uvkaa aothma{ abbimf ov ou ol oavmt#lovm pbp}aovkbl! fmuvklmf vb umtwm vjm lmmfu bg vjm eb}lvt{! d}v lbv vb

potvoim kl vjm mlnb{cmlv bg kvu tmub}temu> D#eaouu klfkwkf}oau! xjml klfk#

wkf}oau ov oaa! pbukvmf ou bvjmtu ohokluv vjm oaamhmf }lkgbtckv{ bg vjm ekvk~mlu

d{ dktvjtkhjv,

Vjm cmfko tmptmumlvovkbl bg vjku pjmlbcmlbl ku n}uv ou ptbdamcovke ou

vjm pjmlbcmlbl kvumag, Ov vjm klempvkbl bg vjm lklmvkmu! vjm eb}lvt{ ptm#

umlvmf vb vjm M}tbpmol ]lkbl o ummcklha{ bpvkckuvke kcohm bg kvumag! vjoliu

vb kvu htbxklh meblbc{ olf mlnb{klh o pmtkbf bg ekwka olf pbakvkeoa uvodkakv{,

Jbxmwmt! vjm d}ddam bg eblgkfmlem vjov jotdbtmf kv kl vjm dbubc bg vjm

]lkbl xou fmuvklmf vb d}tuv ubbl, Xjkam tkffklh vjm eb}lvt{ bg kvu eabumvmf

uimamvblu *bgvmlvkcmu xkvj q}muvkblodam vmejlkq}mu bg klvkckfovkbl olf daoei#

coka+! Volhmlvbpbak vjm oaa#mcdtoeklh klwmuvkhovkbl eottkmf b}v d{ o pbba bg

n}fhmu doumf kl Ckaol olf oaub ilbxl ou Bpmto~kblm Colk P}akvm"Bpmtovkbl

Eamol Jolfu fmuvodkak~mf Kvoa{ dbvj bl o pbakvkeoa olf meblbcke amwma!

g}tvjmt xkfmlklh vjm fkwkukbl dmvxmml amgv olf tkhjv! vjm pbbt olf vjm

xmoavj{, Xkvj vjm tkum bg vjm lmbeblumtwovkwmu vb pbxmt! olf vjm dmhkllklh

bg vjm Dmta}ueblk mto! vjm eb}lvt{ jou htbxl ptbhtmuukwma{ cbtm kfmbabhk#

eoaa{ fkwkfmf! olf vjm uvtmlhvjmlklh bg vjm lovkbloa umemuukblkuv potvkmu

u}ej ou Amho Lbtf olf vjmkt abeoa ebluvkv}mlekmu jou mzoemtdovmf vjmpbamckeu tmwbawklh otb}lf vjm q}muvkbl bg lovkbloa kfmlvkv{, Vjm aolh}ohm

bg vjm potvkmu ov pbxmt olf bgvmlvkcmu bg vjm cklkuvmtu vjmcumawmu ku

voklvmf xkvj vblmu bg klvbamtolem olf toekuc> vjm amofmtu klvmlvkbloaa{ v}tl

vjm eabei doei vb ?;56! xjml vjm F}em xbttkmf oab}f vjov vjm l}cmtke

olf hmbhtopjke mzpolukbl bg vjm {maabx olf daoei toemu cmolv vjov vjm

ekwkak~ovkbl bg vjm xjkvm col YxouS fmuvklmf vb pmtkuj, *Dml#Hjkov 400?>

?4:+ Vjm cokl kfmbabh}mu bg vjm Tbcol Eovjbake Ej}tej fb lbv ckuu vjm

bppbtv}lkv{ vb mejb vjku Eb}lvmt Tmgbtcovkbl aolh}ohm> xjml c}uklh bl

vjm ckuumf bppbtv}lkv{ bg tmgmtmleklh vjm oaamhmf N}fmb#Ejtkuvkol tbbvu bg

M}tbpm kl vjm M}tbpmol Ebluvkv}vkbl Vtmov{ bg 4006! Eotfkloa NbumpjTov~klhmt *lbx Pbpm Dmlmfkev ZWK+! xtbvm vjov M}tbpm! kl vjm jb}t bg kvu

htmovmuv u}eemuu! ummcu vb dm mcpvkmf gtbc vjm klukfm! ou kg potoa{~mf d{ o

ekte}aovbt{ etkuku! o etkumu vjov mlfolhmtu kvu akgm d{ tma{klh bl vtolupaolvu

vjov mggoem kvu kfmlvkv{, Vjm {kmafklh bg vjm u}ppbtvklh upktkv}oa gbtemu voaakmu

xkvj ol kletmouklh mvjlke fmeaklm, *Pmto olf Tov~klhmt 4006> 70+

Kg vjm bggkekoa e}av}tm ku klg}umf xkvj klvbamtolem olf ptbwklekoakuc! kv ku

d{ abbiklh vjtb}hj vjm klvmtuvkemu bg vjm gokta{ habdoak~mf Kvoakol pbp

e}av}tm vjov blm eol gklf o dmvvmt tmptmumlvovkbl bg vjmum kuu}mu olf vjmkt

kcpoev bl vjm xo{ Kvoakolu pmtemkwm vjmcumawmu olf vjmkt kfmlvkv{, Eklmco!ofwmtvkumcmlvu! olf pbp}aot c}uke ummc vb bggmt o c}ej cbtm tmgklmf olf

?08C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco


4/12

?0: Oadmtvb ^ocdmlmfmvvk

u}dvam }lfmtuvolfklh bg vjm mggmevu bg vjm pjmlbcmlbl bg couu kcckhtovkbl

olf vjm kuu}mu kv tokumu kl o eb}lvt{ vjov ku tmaovkwma{ {b}lh olf vjov eollbv

tmf}evkwma{ dm mq}ovmf xkvj o uklham! }lkvmf olf jbcbabhb}u lovkbl,

Kcckhtovkbl eklmco> Wabto olf AocmtkeoVjm uptklh#u}ccmt ?;;4 eocpokhl fmukhlmf d{ Bakwkmtb Vbueolk gbt

]lkvmf Ebabtu bg Dmlmvvbl gmov}tmf pjbvbhtopju bg uvtblh ubekoa eblvmlv> olOKFU povkmlv bl jku fmovjdmf u}ttb}lfmf d{ jku gocka{ kl o pkmv#akim ebc#

pbukvkbl! o wkevkc bg o cogko ikaaklh ebwmtmf d{ o xjkvm ujmmv olf a{klh kl o

pbba bg jku bxl dabbf kl jku v}tl cb}tlmf d{ xbcml kl vtofkvkbloa

ub}vjmtl Kvoakol daoei ovvktmu! olf vjm ogbtmcmlvkblmf ottkwoa bg vjm Wabto

eothb ujkp kl P}hako, Kl jmt dbbi bl vjm ujbeiklh! vjb}hjv#ptbwbiklh!

eblvtbwmtukoa eocpokhlu vjov Vbueolk tmoak~mf gbt vjm eabvjklh col}goe#

v}tmt gtbc Vtmwkub! Abtmaao Pohl}eeb Uoawmcklk vj}u xtkvmu bg vjm pkev}tm

bg vjm Oadolkol bf{uum{>

O ujkp ku dmukmhmf d{ j}lftmfu bg xtmvejmf pmbpam! xjb otm ejouklh o

ejkcmto bg gtmmfbc olf meblbcke fkhlkv{! bpptmuumf kl vjmkt bxl eb}lvt{

olf tmg}umf mlvt{ maumxjmtm, Kv abbiu akim o vkcmamuu pjbvbhtopj d}v kv lmw#

mtvjmamuu dmablhu vb fo{u xjkej xm jowm bla{ n}uv mzpmtkmlemf! xjkam xm

xmtm oaa bl vjm dmoej mlnb{klh Kvoakol hbbf#xkaa! Bakwkmtb Vbueolk xtbvm lbv

upotklh vb daocm jkcumag ou xmaa,

Kv xou klmwkvodam vjov vjku kcptmuukblkuv wkukbl bg jbtfmu bg uvotwklh

pmbpam abbiklh gbt o et}cd bg dtmof olf o et}cd bg jbpm ujb}af pbxmtg}aa{

tmeoaa vjm cmcbt{ bg vjm htmov! vtohke ckhtovkblu oetbuu vjm bemol kl vjm

mota{ ?;40u olf ?;50u! xjml vjmtm xou o couu mzbf}u bg Kvoakolu fmhtofmfd{ pbwmtv{ olf khlbtolem vb vjm ]lkvmf Uvovmu! Ub}vj Ocmtkeo! O}uvtoako olf

Eolofo, D}v vjm{ xmtm oaub tmcklkuemlv bg vjm ebcp}aubt{ vtolugmt bg etbxfu

bg Kvoakol xbtimtu vb Dmahk}c! Hmtcol{ olf Uxkv~mtaolf ogvmt Xbtaf Xot KK!

oadmkv vtowmaklh d{ toka tovjmt vjol d{ umo,

Kv ku pbuukdam! vjmtmgbtm! vjov vjmum uof uvbtkmu bg ckumt{ olf fmupmtovkbl!

hkwml klvmtlovkbloa mzpbu}tm d{ vjm Dmlmvvbl eocpokhlu! vtoluemlfmf vjm

Kvoakol#Oadolkol eblvmzv bg vjm kcohmu! tmgmttklh vb vjm ftoco bg motakmt mzb#

f}umu klea}fklh vjm E}dol blm,

*Uoawmcklk 4004> ;?+

Owbkfklh goekam oee}uovkblu bg mzpabkvklh ubekoa kuu}mu ov vjm ofwolvohm bg

tocpolv eopkvoakuv ohmlfou! Uoawmcklk vb}ejmu bl o pbklv vjov ku et}ekoa kl

vjm fkue}uukbl bg jbx vjm Oadolkol mzbf}u kcpoevmf Kvoa{> ujm lbvmu vjov

Vbueolk ku jbafklh }p o ckttbt gbt vjm Kvoakolu! vjtb}hj xjkej vjm{ ujb}af

abbi ov vjm jkuvbt{ bg vjmkt bxl ckhtovkbl kl btfmt vb }lfmtuvolf vjm

cbvkwmu dmjklf u}ej j}ckakovklh oevu bg fmupmtovkbl, Kl goev! vjm pjbvbhto#

pjmtu kl {b}t goem omuvjmvkeu! oadmkv kljmtmlva{ fmcohbhke! ummiu vb vtol#

uemlf vjm abhke bg ebccmtem olf dabx o xjkuvam gbt vjm klvmtlovkbloa

ebcc}lkv{ vb jmot! tmoejklh pmbpamu oaa bwmt vjm xbtaf vjtb}hj vjm pbx#mtg}a wmjkeamu bg pbp e}av}tm! u}ej ou gol#coho~klmu olf dkaadbotfu,


5/12

Vjm kuu}m bg vjm Oadolkol mzbf}u xou offtmuumf d{ Hkollk Ocmakb kl jku

?;;6 gkac Aocmtkeo, Vjm gkac vmaau vjm uvbt{ bg o gto}f eblebevmf d{ vxb kaa#

klvmlvkblmf Kvoakolu! Hklb olf Gkbtm! xjb ptmvmlf vb bpml o ujbm goevbt{ kl

Oadolko xkvj vjm oev}oa p}tpbum bg mcdm~~aklh mcmthmle{ okf g}lfu gtbc

vjm Kvoakol hbwmtlcmlv, Kl btfmt vb u}eemmf xkvj vjmkt paol! vjm{ lmmf ol

Oadolkol gkh}tmjmof vb pbum ou vjm ptmukfmlv bg vjm ebcpol{, Vjmkt ejbkem

goaau bl Upktb! ol mafmta{ col xjb vjm{ dmakmwm vjm{ eol mouka{ colkp}aovm,Vjmkt povtblk~klh xo{u xkvj vjm abeoau! vjmkt khlbtolem bg vjm jkuvbt{ bg vjm

eb}lvt{! olf vjmkt akckvmf }lfmtuvolfklh bg vjm ukv}ovkbl vjm{ otm vt{klh vb

mzpabkv xkaa }avkcovma{ umlvmlem vjmkt paolu vb goka}tm,

Vjm bpmlklh etmfkvu otm n}zvopbumf xkvj ol Kuvkv}vb A}em lmxutmma gtbc

Optka ?;5; vjov ujbxu vjm ottkwoa bg vjm Kvoakol vtbbpu kl vjm jotdbt bg

F}ttu *F}to~~b kl Kvoakol+ bl vjm beeoukbl bg vjm ollmzovkbl bg Oadolko,

Xjkam uq}ofu bg ubafkmtu otm fmpbukvmf vb ujbtm! vjm wbkem#bwmt kaa}uvtovmu

vjm htolf paolu vjov vjm Gouekuv tmhkcm jou gbt vjm ebabl{ xjkej! uklem

?;4=?;47! jof dmml vkmf vb Kvoa{ }lfmt ol klgbtcoa ohtmmcmlv bg ptb#

vmevbtovm, Vjm klwofklh gbtemu otm umml cotejklh kl vjm uvtmmvu bg t}toa

Oadolko! uoa}vmf d{ cml olf xbcml ou akdmtovbtu olf dmotmtu bg ptbhtmuu,

Vjm fktmevbt vjml e}vu vb o ujbv bg vjm uocm jotdbt kl ?;;?! xjmtm cml kl

t}hu! jbpklh vb dbotf o ujkp vb P}hako! otm dovvaklh vjm pbakem xjkam ejolv#

klh Kvoa{! Kvoa{! {b} otm vjm xbtaf/

O umtkmu bg wkekuukv}fmu kl vjm eb}tum bg vjm gkac amof vjm {b}lhmt bg vjm

vxb pjbl{ mlvtmptmlm}tu! Hklb! vb dm kleotemtovmf olf vb jowm jku Kvoakol

pouupbtv eblgkueovmf, Vjku mcoue}aovklh pabv#vxkuv amwmau vjm fkupotkv{

dmvxmml jkc olf vjm }lfkuvklh}kujodam jbtfmu bg Oadolkolu xjb otm fmu#

pmtovma{ vt{klh vb gamm vjm eb}lvt{ olf tmoej Kvoa{, Hklbu abuu bg vjm odkakv{vb ouumtv jku lovkbloa kfmlvkv{ olf vjmtmgbtm jku bvjmtlmuu gtbc vjm pmbpam

jm ub c}ej fmupkumf olf abbimf fbxl }pbl kl jku bf{uum{ oetbuu vjm

dottml! j}lht{! gbtuoiml eb}lvt{! eo}umu jku ho~m olf b}tu xkvj jku vb

dm u}v}tmf xkvj vjov bg vjm tmg}hmmu xjml jm gkloaa{ colohmu vb dbotf vjm

Potvk~olk! ol Kvoa{#db}lf eothb ujkp vjov vjm fktmevbt eamota{ cbfmaamf bl

vjm Wabto, Kl bvjmt xbtfu! kg vjtb}hj vjm Dmlmvvbl eocpokhl Bakwkmtb

Vbueolk gbtemf eblu}cmtu vb abbi ov pmbpam xjb jof abuv vjmkt p}tejouklh

pbxmt olf! ou o eblumq}mlem! vjmkt bxl kfmlvkv{ kl vjm pbuv#Ebaf#Xot

xbtaf! Hkollk Ocmakb gbtemu wkmxmtu vb oakhl xkvj vjmc! vb abbi vjtb}hj

vjmkt m{mu, Jmlem! vjm upmevoeam bggmtmf d{ Kvoakol vmamwkukbl vjov dammfuklvb Oadolkol jb}umu! jbupkvoau olf dotu kl oaa kvu u}pmtgkekoakv{ olf

umz"cblm{ ftkwml ptbhtoccklh dmebcmu vjm kaa}ubt{ lbvkbl bg vjm xbtaf

dm{blf ebcc}lkuc olf fkevovbtujkp! o ioamkfbuebpm vjtb}hj xjkej vjm

fkumlgtolejkumf eol abbi olf pklm gbt vjm oaa}tklh tkejmu bg vjm Xmuv,

Bl vjm fmei bg vjm ujkp! Hklb ebcmu oetbuu Upktb, Ov vjku pbklv kl vjm lot#

tovkwm! vjm wkmxmt ku oxotm vjov vjm baf col v}tlmf b}v vb jowm dmml ol

Kvoakol ubafkmt xjb jof potvkekpovmf kl vjm ?;5; klwoukbl! jof dmml vto}co#

vk~mf d{ vjm vbtv}tmu jm u}ggmtmf }lfmt vjm ebcc}lkuv fkevovbtujkp vjov gba#

abxmf vjm mlf bg vjm xot! olf dmakmwmu vb dm uvkaa kl jku vxmlvkmu, Upktb fmakwmtuvjm cmabftocovke upmmej vjov eblea}fmu vjm gkac olf umoau vjm fktmevbtu

?0;C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco


6/12

oth}cmlv> ckuvoiklh vjm xbtaf otb}lf jkc olf vjm pmtempvkbl bg jku bxl

umag! vjm klgolvkak~mf col dmakmwmu vb dm bl o ujkp vb vjm ]lkvmf Uvovmu! olf

mzptmuumu jku eblemtl gbt lbv ilbxklh Mlhakuj, Jm oaub }lfmtaklmu vjm goka}tm

bg vjm Gouekuv aolh}ohm pbakekmu bg kcpbuklh vjm lovkbloa uvolfotf ebfm bwmt

vjm tmhkbloa fkoamevu d{ eblgmuuklh jku klodkakv{ vb upmoi Kvoakol vbb, Vjm

eabuklh bg vjm ekteam *vjm eblgaovkbl bg ?;40"50u Kvoakol fkoupbto xkvj ?;;0u

Oadolkol fkoupbto+ ku n}zvopbumf xkvj uxmaaklh c}uke olf ol mcpjovkecblvohm bg goemu bg Oadolkol tmg}hmmu, Kl vjm ovvmcpv ov dmklh lbvkemf olf

oeilbxamfhmf! vjm ptbupmevkwm kcckhtolvu abbi klvb vjm eocmto! vj}u

tmv}tlklh vjm eblfmuemlfklh ho~m bg vjm Kvoakol upmevovbt olf tmnmevklh vjm

bdnmevkgkeovkbl bg vjm eklmcovbhtopjke m{m,

Bvjmtu eklmco> Vjm eoum bg Gmt~ol B~pmvmiKuvold}a#dbtl fktmevbt Gmt~ol B~pmvmi cbwmf vb Kvoa{ kl vjm mlf bg vjm

?;80u vb p}tu}m o ebaamhm mf}eovkbl kl eklmco uv}fkmu ov vjm }lkwmtukv{ Ao

Uopkml~o kl Tbcm, Kl vjm eb}tum bg vjm ?;:0u jm xbtimf xkvj umwmtoa

vjmovtm ebcpolkmu kl vjm eb}lvt{ olf ov o l}cdmt bg gkacu ou ouukuvolv

fktmevbt, ]uklh Jockf Logke{u vmtcklbabh{! vjm V}ti eb}af dm fmgklmf ou

ol mzkake gkaccoimt> jm ku potv bg vjbum klfkwkf}oau bt htb}pu xjb wba}l#

votka{ bt klwba}lvotka{ jowm amgv vjmkt eb}lvt{ bg btkhkl olf xjb coklvokl

ol ocdkwoamlv tmaovkblujkp xkvj vjmkt ptmwkb}u olf e}ttmlv paoemu olf

e}av}tmu, *Logke{ 400?> ?4+ B~pmvmiu gmov}tm fmd}v Jococ"Uvmoc Vjm

V}tikuj Dovj *B~pmvmi! ?;;8+ ku vjm uvbt{ bg o {b}lh fmukhlmt xjb ku

dmq}movjmf ptbpmtv{ kl Kuvold}a d{ jku ablh#gbthbvvml o}lv, Xolvklh vb

q}keia{ umaa vjm }lmzpmevmf amhoe{! Gtolemueb gakmu vb V}tim{ olf uvo{u xkvj

vjm gocka{ vjov jku fmof tmaovkwm jof dmgtkmlfmf, Xjml jm gklfu b}v vjovvjm ptbpmtv{ jm kljmtkvmf ku ol baf jococ! o V}tikuj dovj! olf vjov jku

ptbupmevkwm d}{mt paolu vb vmot kv fbxl vb tmpaoem kv xkvj o coaa! jm fmekfmu

vb immp kv! tmg}tdkuj kv! olf t}l kv, Vjm amlhvj bg jku uvo{ kl Kuvold}a

dmebcmu }lfmgklmf! olf vjm mzpmtkmlem ejolhmu jku akgm! gktuv ptbcpvklh jkc

vb abbuml }p bl jku mggkekmle{#ftkwml akgmuv{am olf aovmt vb ebcm b}v ou o

jbcbumz}oa,

Kvoa{ olf V}tim{! olf cbtm upmekgkeoaa{ vjm tmupmevkwm eopkvoa ekvkmu! otm

pbukvmf ou vxb ftocovkeoaa{ dmo}vkg}a olekmlv ukvmu vjov eollbv dm g}aa{

htoupmf, Tbcm ku oaxo{u umml vjtb}hj vjm tkddbl#xklfbxu bg vjm cbfmtl

jb}um bl vjm jkaa xjmtm Gtolemueb olf jku xkgm Cotvo akwm, Vjm hmbcmvtkeaklmu olf vjm hao~mf u}tgoemu eblvtouv olf ebcpamcmlv vjm polbtoco bg vjm

olekmlv ekv{! xjkej vjm ptbvohblkuv eol bwmtabbi d}v lbv pbuumuu, Kl goev! vjm

Kvoakol kfmlvkv{ ku oakml vb jkc! mwml kg jm eol ho~m ov kvu u}ppbumf etofam

gtbc o jkhj wolvohm pbklv, Bl vjm eblvtot{! Gtolemueb gklfu pamou}tm kl

tbocklh okcamuua{ vjtb}hj vjm baf uvtmmvu bg Kuvold}a! fkuebwmtklh kvu

jkffml dmo}vkmu! kvu ebabtu! kvu ucmaau olf kvu kljodkvolvu, Vjtb}hj kvu ptb#

vohblkuv! B~pmvmi pbtvto{u olf klwmtvu jku bxl vtonmevbt{> n}uv akim vjm fktme#

vbt xmlv Xmuv olf gb}lf o eotmmt kl vjm xkvjmtklh Kvoakol klf}uvt{

dmebcklh blm bg kvu ptkcm fktmevbtu! Gtolemueb lmmfu vb hb Mouv olf ouukc#kaovm vjm V}tikuj e}av}tm! amotl vjm aolh}ohm olf ub gbtvj! kl btfmt vb ebcm

??0 Oadmtvb ^ocdmlmfmvvk


7/12

vb vmtcu xkvj jku umz}oakv{ olf }avkcovma{ vb fmgklm jku bxl kfmlvkv{, Jm

cbwmu oetbuu gb}t cokl abeovkblu"abeoamu> gtbc jku ebaf! oumpvke jb}um bwmt#

abbiklh Tbcm jm vtowmau vb Kuvold}a! xjmtm jm gklfu ujmavmt kl o c}ej

xotcmt olf fotimt! oacbuv c}ti{ jb}um, Vjm aovvmt ku ebllmevmf vb vjm

jococ d{ o akvvam fbbt! o vjtmujbaf vjov amofu vb vjm gkloa uvohm bg jku

wb{ohm,

Bp~mvmiu vjktf gmov}tm! Am Govm Khlbtolvk"Jku Umetmv Akgm *B~pmvmi 400?+!ku umv mlvktma{ kl Tbcm, Olvblko olf Couukcb otm o ummcklha{ jopp{

eb}pam bg ptbgmuukbloau kl vjmkt aovm vjktvkmu, Ogvmt o eot t}lu bwmt jmt

j}udolf olf ikaau jkc! Olvblko oeekfmlvoaa{ amotlu odb}v vjm colu

umwml#{mot#ablh klgkfmakv{, Fmwouvovmf d{ vjm vxb#gbaf abuu! vjm xbcol

uvotvu abbiklh gbt oluxmtu! olf fkuebwmtu vjov jmt j}udolfu abwmt xou kl

goev o col locmf Ckejmam, Blem vjm klkvkoa ujbei ku bwmtebcm! ujm

dmgtkmlfu Ckejmam olf mlvmtu jku xbtaf,

Kg vjm bdakwkb}ulmuu bg Olvblkou db}thmbku cmlvoakv{ ku muvodakujmf ou

vjm lbtcoae{ bg vjm Kvoakol pmbpam! vjm bvjmtlmuu bg Ckejmamu ebcc}lkv{

ebluvkv}vmu o u}dcmthmf oavmtlovkwm ov vjm ebtm bg xjkej vjm ebcpamzkv{ bg

blmu kfmlvkv{ eol dm }lwmkamf olf mcdtoemf, Vjtb}hj cmolu bg ebabt

poamvvm olf febt! B~pmvmi klkvkoaa{ fmpkevu vjmum xbtafu ou }ltmeblekaodam

olf ebaakfklh! olf uabxa{ uetocdamu vjm db}lfotkmu vjov umpotovm vjmc!

pbklvklh ov vjm tmebhlkvkbl olf oeempvolem vjov vjm ho{ ebcc}lkv{ eaokcu

gbt kvumag *xjkej ku umoamf kl vjm mlf etmfkvu! xjmtm vjm eouv bg vjm gkac nbklu vjm

oll}oa Ho{ Ptkfm potofm+, Vjm fktmevbtu haocbtk~ovkbl bg q}mmtlmuu fbmu lbv

lmhamev vb mzpbum jku vothmv upmevovbt vjm ckffam#eaouu ogvmt#pk~~o U}lfo{

lkhjv Kvoakol cbwkmhbmt vb ubcm ebccbl kuu}mu tmaovmf vb jbcbumz}oa olf

vtolu#umz}oa akgm! xjkam ov vjm uocm vkcm jm btkmlvoak~mu vjm ebcc}lkv{ olf klfmzmu jku bxl tbbvu vjtb}hj vjm ejotoevmtu bg vjm V}tikuj pbakvkeoa

tmg}hmmu Mckt olf Umtto,

Ao Gklmuvto fk Gtblvm"Goeklh Xklfbxu *B~pmvmi 4005+! B~pmvmiu gb}tvj

gmov}tm! ku vjm uvbt{ bg Hkbwollo! o 4;#{mot#baf cbvjmt bg vxb xjb ku

cottkmf vb Gkakppb, Fmupkvm dmklh d}tfmlmf d{ vjm c}lfolkv{ bg vjmkt

tb}vklm olf vjmkt gklolekoa vtb}damu! vjm eb}pam fmekfmu vb voim eotm bg o

Nmxkuj jbabeo}uv u}twkwbt xjb mlvmtu vjmkt akgm d{ oeekfmlv, Xjkam jmapklh

vjm oclmukoe! umlkam col Hkbwollo dmgtkmlfu vjm jolfubcm {b}lh ptbgmu#

ukbloa xjb akwmu kl vjm opotvcmlv goeklh jmtu! xjbc ujm ubcmvkcmu upkmu

gtbc jmt ikvejml xklfbx f}tklh jmt lkhjva{ tmwmtkmu, Vjm vxb dmebcmtbcolvkeoaa{ klwbawmf! d}v Hkbwollo ujkmu b}v gtbc vjm mueopofm dmgbtm kv

dmebcmu of}avmt{ olf tmnbklu jmt }loxotm gocka{,

Hkbwollo akwmu kl vjm uocm d}kafklh bg jmt eb#xbtimt Mckl olf jmt

gocka{, Vjm xbcol ptmu}coda{ o V}tikuj kcckhtolv! uklem vjm ejotoevmt

ku pao{mf d{ B~pmvmi tmh}aot Umtto [kaco~ akwmu xkvj vjm Ogtkeol N}cdb

*ujbtv gbt Hkbwollk Dovvkuvo+ olf jku *vjmkt2+ vxb ejkaftml, Kl vjm eb}tum bg o

pk~~o fkllmt xkvj Hkbwollo olf jmt gocka{! Mckt uebafu jmt akvvam hkta gbt

jowklh ftbppmf gbbf bl jmt ujktv olf uo{u> Tmcmcdmt! {b} oaxo{u lmmf vb

dm eamolmt! dmvvmt collmtmf! olf vkfkmt vjol vjm bvjmtu, Xkvjb}v fktmeva{xbtfklh kv! vjm ejotoevmt offtmuumu vjm kuu}m pbumf d{ vjm ejkaftmlu ebabtmf

???C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco


8/12

uikl kl o uvkaa ptmfbcklolva{ xjkvm ubekmv{, Kl btfmt lbv vb dm abbimf fbxl ou

akvvam ptkckvkwmu o vtbpm vjov tme}tu kl vjm Kvoakol dtolf bg toekuv fkueb}tum

vjm ejkaftml otm u}hhmuvmf vb ouukckaovm vjm e}av}tm olf b}vucotv kv d{

dmklh dmvvmt pao{mtu ov kvu bxl hocm! ol ovvkv}fm vbxotfu akgm vjov!

klmwkvoda{! mlvokau vjm u}pptmuukbl bg vjm klga}mlem bg vjm e}av}tmu bg btkhkl

bg vjmkt bxl potmlvu bl vjmkt lmx! j{pjmlovmf kfmlvkv{! olf vjm fkuvoleklh

gtbc vjmkt jmtkvohm, Kl goev! ou Fowkf Xotf lbvmu! YtSoekuv oth}cmlvuohokluv kcckhtovkbl lb ablhmt dmot bl vjm q}muvkbl bg vjm dkbabhkeoa klgmtk#

btkv{ bg vjm kcckhtolv! gbt vjov ku lbx }lvmlodam kl uekmlvkgke vmtcu, Tovjmt!

toekuv uvtovmhkmu dmot lbx lbv ub c}ej bl vjm gmot bg fkggmtmlem! d}v vjm gmot

bg mq}oakv{, Gbt toekuv htb}pu! vjm vjtmov lbx pbumf d{ vjm kcckhtolv ku vb

vjm klvmhtkv{ bg vjm jbuv eb}lvt{u e}av}tm! xjkej vjm{ gmot tkuiu dmklh

fka}vmf d{ vjm dmotmtu bg bvjmt! olvkvjmvkeoa e}av}tmu, *Xotf ?;;8> ;?+

C}avke}av}toakuc Kvoakol uv{am> Coteb Pblvk olf vjmDmlmvvbl [b}vj

Kl ?;;8 olf ?;;: Bakwkmtb Vbueolk mzjkdkvmf o umtkmu bg pjbvbhtopju kl

Gabtmlem olf Ebpmljohml, Jmtm ku jbx Hkbwollk Ohbuvk! kl vjm klvtbf}e#

vkbl bg vjm wba}cm vjov hovjmtu vjmum pkev}tmu! ebccmlvu bl vjm ujbxu>

Bl p{ablu! ocblh xjkej blm xolfmtu ou kl o xbbf! vjm kcohmu otm fkupao{mf

moej ptklvmf cbtm vjol vjtmm cmvmtu jkhj, J}lftmfu bg goemu uvotm uvtokhjv

klvb vjm eocmto amlu! tmf}eklh vjm ptmumlem bg vjm pjbvbhtopjmt vb lbvjklh,

Eblvtowmlklh oaa pjbvbhtopjke lbtcu! vjm okc ku vb coim o j}hm kfmlvkgkeo#

vkbl pjbvb! akim vjm blmu kuu}mf d{ pjbvb dbbvju kl vtokl uvovkblu> vjm tmu}av

jou vjm }u}oa eamollmuu bg vjm kcohmu vjov ejotoevmtk~m Vbueolku xbti, Xjkvmdoeihtb}lf! akv gtbc gtblv olf dmjklf! o t}fkcmlvot{ }um bg vmejlbabh{ vjm

uocm ptklekpamu ou vjm ulopujbv olf oaxo{u ujbv gtbc vjm uocm olham, Kl

vjku xo{! bdnmevkwkv{ dmebcmu pbmvke, Y, , ,S

Gbt jkc YVbueolkS! vjm goemu oacbuv coim }p o cop bg vjm dmo}v{ bg

vbfo{u {b}vj! xjmtm xjbmwmt ku pjbvbhtopjmf kulv vjmtm n}uv vb dm abbimf

ov! }lakim ptbgmuukbloa cbfmau! d}v ku fktmeva{ offtmuuklh }u, Olf! fmupkvm vjm

goev vjov vjm pjbvbu jowm oaa dmml voiml kl mzoeva{ vjm uocm xo{! uo{klh

c}ej vjm uocm vjklh! kvu lbv o jbcbhmlmb}u! eolblke iklf bg dmo}v{ umv kl

uvblm, Kluvmof! kvu akim vbpbhtopj{ vjov ku uvkaa volhkdam! xjmtm blm vbxl

ckhjv dm gocb}u gbt kvu eovjmftoa! olbvjmt gbt vjm potkuj ej}tej! {mv olbvjmt

gbt vjm emcmvmt{> dmgbtm mwmt{vjklh dmebcmu vjm uocm,

Ebcpotmf vb Vbueolku cbuv tmemlv xbti! vjm lbwmav{ jmtm akmu kl vjm fmakd#

mtovm klvtbf}evkbl bg vjm eblempv bg dmo}v{! kl oaa kvu mvjlke pbuukdkakvkmu, Y, , ,S

YVSjmtmu vjm oacbuv kaa}cklkuv oupktovkbl vb etmovm ol olvjtbpbabhkeoa ovaou,

*Vbueolk ?;;8> :;+

Vbueolku pjbvbhtopju ebluvt}m! tovjmt vjol tmptmumlv! o v{pbabh{ bg vjm

cbfmtl {b}vj vjov Fb}haou Eb}paolf! kl jku lbwma Ujocpbb Paolmv! aodmamf

Dmlmvvbl [b}vj! fmgklmf ou habdoa ikfu xjbum jkuvbtkmu! cmcbtkmu olf mzpm#tkmlemu dmhol kl vjm Tmohol mto bg htmmf olf eblupke}b}u eblu}cpvkbl,



9/12

*Hktb}z ?;;5?;;6> ??+ Vjm pjbvbhtopju klkvkovm o cbwmcmlv bg fm#

abeoak~ovkbl bg vjm Dmlmvvbl ptbf}ev! gtbc vjm gbhh{ paovmo}u bg vjm Wmlmvb

xjmtm vjm ebcpol{ ku doumf vb vjm cmvtbpbak bg vjm habdm vjov vjm ebl#

u}cmtu kljodkv, Eotml Iopaol ebccmlvu bl vjm Vbueolk"Dmlmvvbl poto#

fkhc d{ lbvkeklh vjov Dmlmvvbl bggmtu }u o }lkvmf xbtaf bg fkggmtmlv!

mvjlkeoaa{ klgamevmf cbfmau oaa xmotklh wktv}oaa{ vjm uocm ptbf}ev! *Iopaol

?;;=> =0+ olf vjku cbfma ku etkvkek~mf gbt kvu pbakvkeoa ujoaabxlmuu d{ Jmlt{O, Hktb}z! xjb oth}mu vjov vjm jotcbl{ olf eblumlu}u kcpakmf kl vjmum

ofu bgvml cbei ebletmvm toekoa! ubekoa olf e}av}toa fkggmtmlemu ou vjm{ otm

ebluvkv}vmf ockf jkmtotejkeoa tmaovkblu bg uvt}hham! pbxmt olf o}vjbtkv{,

*Hktb}z ?;;5?;;6> ?0+ Cbtm upmekgkeoaa{! Iotml Pkli}u offtmuumu vjm

vmlum tmaovkblujkp dmvxmml vjm tmukf}mu bg Gouekuv e}av}tm kl eblvmcpbtot{

Kvoa{ olf vjm habdoak~klh cbwmcmlv bg vjm Dmlmvvbl eocpokhlu> YvSjm pbuk#

vkwm! {b}vjg}a ouubekovkbl bg vjm Dmlmvvbl locm xkvj o lmx xbtaf btfmt bg

habdoa }lkv{ ku oaub olbvjmt xo{ bg gbthmvvklh vjm ebablkoakuv amhoe{! olf

vjml! d{ ouubekovkbl! vjm wmt{ cmejolkuc bg pbxmt gbthmf }lfmt vjm tmhkcm

vjov co{ uvkaa pmtukuv ov ubcm amwma kl Kvoa{ vbfo{,? *Pkli}u ?;;8> ?6;+

Kl jku gktuv vxb gmov}tm gkacu! xtkvmt olf fktmevbt Coteb Pblvk vmaau vjm

uvbt{ bg cmvtbpbakvol! pbuv#Tmoholkvm {b}lhuvmtu xjb eabuma{ tmumcdam vjm

Dmlmvvbl [b}vj, Vjm bpmlklh etmfkvu bg jku fmd}v Uolvo Cotofblo *Pblvk

400?+ otm n}zvopbumf xkvj o cblvohm bg vjm hboau bg vjm gocb}u

Othmlvklkol ubeemt pao{mt Fkmhb Otcolfb Cotofblo! o habdoa kebl bg

u}eemuu olf umag#fmuvt}evkbl! bg uv}ddbtl klfkwkf}oakuc kl vjm eblvmzv bg o

vmoc hocm! olf bg c}avkpam goaau olf ebcmdoeiu, Vjm ub}lfvtoei vb vjku

cblvohm ku vjm mpbl{cb}u ublh Uolvo Cotofblo d{ Colb Lmhto, Vjm amh#

mlfot{ Gtoleb#Upolkuj dolf locmf ogvmt ol Olfoa}ekol olotejkuv htb}pku bl vjm gbtmgtblv bg olvk#habdoak~ovkbl eb}lvmt#e}av}tm! olf kl vjm lklmvkmu

jou dmml pbakvkeoaa{ oevkwm oetbuu M}tbpm olf vjm Ocmtkeou> xm eol oth}m

vjov vjm dolf uvolfu kl ou o ukhlkgkmt gbt vjm omuvjmvkeu bg etbuu#eblvocklo#

vkbl vjov pmtcmovm vjm gkac, Vjm }lckuvoiodam j{dtkf ub}lf bg vjm dolf!

ebaaovmf blvb vjm kcohmu bg Cotofblo xjb oaub u{lmefbejkeoaa{ mwbimu

vjm xbtaf bg ubeemt olf kvu habdoa tmoej amof vjm wkmxmt klvb vjm akgm bg

Olftmo olf jku gtkmlf Dotv*babcmb+! vxb }lmcpab{mf htof}ovmu kl vjm

j}colkvkmu oggmevmf d{ ottmuvmf fmwmabpcmlv olf xjb eollbv gklf o uovku#

goevbt{ paoemcmlv kl vjm pbuv#ebaamhm xbtaf, Vjmkt uvbt{ ku umv kl V}tkl! vjm

cbuv fkwmtum ekv{ kl Kvoa{, Vjm ptbvohblkuv goaau kl abwm xkvj vjm hkta{ olfdmo}vkg}a Fbabtmu xjkam jku gtkmlf olf tbbccovm umetmva{ ftmocu bg A}eko!

vjm mzbvke Klfkol#Kvoakol uv}fmlv xjb ebcpamvmu vjm q}otvmv,

Vjm tmgmtmlemu vb pbp}aot e}av}tm cokla{ Kvoakol olf Ocmtkeol otm

col{ olf c}avk#ao{mtmf! olf vjm{ ebluvkv}vm vjm gb}lfovkblu bl xjkej

vjm j{pmtvtbpjkmf aolh}ohm bg vjm {b}lhuvmtu ku doumf, Vjmkt etmovkwmlmuu!

kcpmfmf d{ vjm u}pmtuvt}ev}tm bg vjm eopkvoakuv ubekmv{! ku amv abbum kl vjmkt

ptbg}um ptbgolkvkmu! vjmkt xbtf cblhmtklh olf vjmkt j{pmtdbake abq}o#

ekb}ulmuu, Dotv vjm ao~{ eb}ej pbvovb xjb eollbv gklf o tmoubl vb amowm

vjm opotvcmlv fmuktmu A}eko vjm mzbvke xbcol xjbum bvjmtlmuu ku ebc#gbtvoda{ fkccmf vjtb}hj j{pjmlovkbl, Jbxmwmt! vjku umz}oa vmlukbl ku lbv

? Pkli}u! I, *?;;8+!Ujofmu bg Daoei klOfwmtvkuklh olfPbp}aot E}av}tm! klOaaml! D, olf T}uub!C, *mfu+! TmwkukblklhKvoa{> Lovkbloa Kfmlvkv{olf Habdoa E}av}tm!Ckllmopbaku>

]lkwmtukv{ bgCkllmubvo Ptmuu!p, ?6;,

??5C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco


10/12

offtmuumf fktmeva{! d}v kv ku ckvkhovmf vjtb}hj kvu fkuumcklovkbl kl vjm

cmfko, Ogvmt A}ekou db{gtkmlf p}dakujmu ubcm pkev}tmu bg jmt l}fm kl vjm

Pjbvb coho~klm! Dotv ku umml ho~klh ov vjmc olf vmaaklh Olftmo vjov jm ku

hbklh vb fmfkeovm o cmaolejbake xoli vb b}t gtkmlf A}eko, Vjm col ku

vjml umml ebcklh b}v bg vjm dovjtbbc olf ptmvmlfklh vb voai vb vjm hkta

vjtb}hj jmt pjbvbhtopj, Dotv ukvu bl vjm eb}ej! v}tlu bl vjm VW! gakpu

vjtb}hj vjm ejollmau olf uvotmu ov o folem uemlm gtbc o Dbaa{xbbf gkac klo ckzv}tm bg otb}uoa olf eovovblko, Vjm fktmevbt vjml e}vu vb A}eko! xjb ku

ujowklh jmt amhu olf xovejklh vjm uocm cbwkm, Vjm hktau mzbvkelmuu olf

umz}oakv{ ujm ku blm bg vjm wmt{ gmx kluvolemu bg o lbl#blm#j}lftmf#

pmtemlv xjkvm ejotoevmt kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco otm gmvkujk~mf olf gkavmtmf

xkvjkl vjm uocm eklmcovke"vmamwku}oa ujbv,

O"T *Pblvk 4004+! Coteb Pblvku umeblf gkac o jmkuv ebcmf{ xkvj o

tbcolvke ebtm gmov}tmu cbtm mvjlke ejotoevmtu! vjm cbuv ptbcklmlv bg vjmc

dmklh Vbauvbn! o ckffam#ohm! hmlvam! ejotkucovke olf ubgv#upbiml Klfkol dmaadb{

pao{mf d{ amhmlfot{ oevbt Iodkt Dmfk! xjb jou dmml xbtiklh kl Kvoa{ uklem

?;87! xjml jm uvottmf kl vjm VW ckumtkmu Uolfbiol! xjkej xou doumf bl vjm

ebablkoa lbwma d{ Mckakb Uoahotk, Vjm db}lfotkmu bg vjm Kvoakol e}av}tm otm

blem ohokl vmoumf b}v kl vjm eblwmtuovkblu dmvxmml jkc olf Folvm! o fkuml#

ejolvmf Dmlmvvbl [b}vj xjb ku odb}v vb mcdoti bl o vtkp otb}lf vjm xbtaf

kl vjm ovvmcpv bg mueopklh gtbc ol mzkuvmlem vjov jm pmtemkwmu ou cmolklhamuu,

Folvm olf Vbauvbn ou vjmkt locmu et{ b}v jowm o pmlejolv gbt xbtf cbl#

hmtklh olf uvbt{vmaaklh! oavjb}hj vjmkt poeklh olf fmakwmtkmu otm wmt{ fkggmt#

mlv, Kg Folvmu uoteouc ku bgvml eblwm{mf vjtb}hj u}ttmoa p}lej#aklmu! }tdol

uaolh olf uvoeeovb nbimu! Vbauvbnu wmawmv{ wbkem olf ebcpbu}tm amlf vjmc#

umawmu vb cmucmtk~klh olmefbvmu olf xbtfu bg btkmlvoa xkufbc,

Ou o xo{ bg eblea}fklh o lbl#eblea}ukwm oth}cmlvOv vjm klempvkbl bg vjm lklmvkmu pbp}aot e}av}tm dmhol vb bggmt tmptmumlvo#

vkblu bg vjm ckhtovkbl q}muvkbl, Blm bg vjm gktuv gkacu vjov eol dm klea}fmf

kl vjm eovmhbt{ jmtm b}vaklmf ou Kcckhtovkbl Eklmco xou P}ccot

*Paoekfb ?;;0+! kl xjkej vjm cokl ejotoevmt! o cmfkeoa uv}fmlv gtbc

Hjolo! goemu vjm klofmq}oe{ bg Kvoakol pbakvkeu olf cmlvoakv{ xjml

fmoaklh xkvj kuu}mu u}ej ou daoei aodbt! toem! ckuemhmlovkbl! olf ub gbtvj,

Xjkam kl akvmtov}tm vjm j{pjmlovmf kfmlvkvkmu bg vjm lmx fkoupbtke xtkvmtu

dmhklu vb mcmthm! vjm vmamwku}oa olf eklmcovke tmptmumlvovkbl bg vjmkt ebt#tmaovkwmu ku uvkaa ckuuklh, Vjm povtkotejoa m{m bg vjm Kvoakol fktmevbt ku uvkaa

vjm ptkwkamhmf amlu vjtb}hj xjkej kcckhtolvu! tmg}hmmu olf mvjlke

cklbtkvkmu otm umml d{ vjm Kvoakol o}fkmlemu, Jbxmwmt! ou Hto~kmaao Potovk

}lfmtuebtmu! vjm blhbklh ptbemuu bg vjm etmovkbl bg lbl#muumlvkoak~klh

eblempvu bg umz}oa! toekoa! e}av}toa olf mvjlke fkggmtmlem ku tmgamevmf kl vjm

lovkbloa olf lottovkwm eblvmzvu vjov vjm kcckhtolvu jowm etmovmf olf

eblvkl}m vb etmovm,4 *Potovk ?;;8> ?:8+ Ubcm gkaccoimtu! fkupao{klh o

cbtm pmtempvkwm umlukdkakv{ vjol vjmkt pmmtu bl vjm ejolhmu vjov bee}t

otb}lf vjmc! colohm vb ebcdklm bvjmt kluvolemu bg c}avke}av}toa bpmlklhukl fkggmtmlv kleotlovkblu bg pbp}aot e}av}tm xkvj vjm blhbklh lottovkwm bg

4 Potovk! H, *?;;8+Uvtolhmtu kl Potofkum>Gbtmkhlmtu olfUjofbxu kl KvoakolAkvmtov}tm! kl Oaaml!D, olf T}uub! C,*mfu,+! TmwkukblklhKvoa{> Lovkbloa Kfmlvkv{olf Habdoa E}av}tm!

Ckllmopbaku>]lkwmtukv{ bgCkllmubvo Ptmuu!p, ?:8,



11/12

o lovkbloa eklmco, Vjm eoumu bg Hkollk Ocmakb! Gmt~ol B~pmvmi olf Coteb

Pblvk otm vb dm voiml ou mzocpam bg o vtmlf vjov ku uvkaa kl vjm gbtcovkbl

ptbemuu olf vjov ku uvotvklh vb ptbf}em gkacu u}ej ou Wbamwb Ubab Fbtcktam

Offbuub *Eopp}eekb 4006+! kl xjkej o 50#{mot#baf fkukaa}ukblmf ebtpbtovm

mzme}vkwm etofamu mueopkuv golvoukmu vjtb}hj vjm gkh}tm bg Olhmakq}m! o

Eocmtbblkol aop folemt, Jmt foti uikl vtkhhmtu ebablkoa fmuktm olf kfml#

vkv{ umotej kl vjm eblg}umf col! xjb }avkcovma{ fmekfmu vb q}kv jku nbd olftmiklfam jku vkmu xkvj jku gocka{ kl vjm ovvmcpv bg tm#j}colk~klh jkcumag,

Ou o xo{ bg eblea}ukbl! Jockf Logke{ xtkvmu! YfSkoupbto! mzkam! olf mvj#

lkekv{ otm lbv uvmof{ uvovmu9 tovjmt! vjm{ otm ga}kf ptbemuumu vjov }lfmt

emtvokl ekte}cuvolemu co{ vtolugbtc klvb blm olbvjmt olf dm{blf,

*Logke{ 400?> ?4+ Olf kg lmkvjmt bg vjmum uvovmu eol dm g}aa{ mcdtoemf ou

kfmlvkv{ fmgklklh! lbt eol vjm baf#goujkblmf eblempv bg Lovkbl Uvovm }vkak~mf

vb pklpbklv vjm mwmt#ujkgvklh M}tbpmol c}avkpakekv{! mupmekoaa{ kl vjm eoum bg

vjm c}avkgotkb}u pmbpamu xjb e}ttmlva{ kljodkv vjm Kvoakol pmlklu}ao,

Xbtiu ekvmf

OOWW, *4000+! Vjm B}vukfmt> Ptmn}fkem olf Pbakvkeu kl Kvoa{! Ptklemvbl> Ptklemvbl

]lkwmtukv{ Ptmuu,

Oaaml! D, olf T}uub! C, *mfu,+ *?;;8+! Tmwkukblklh Kvoa{> Lovkbloa Kfmlvkv{ olf Habdoa

E}av}tm! Ckllmopbaku> ]lkwmtukv{ bg Ckllmubvo Ptmuu,

Dml#Hjkov! T, *400?+! Gouekuv Cbfmtlkvkmu, Kvoa{! ?;44?;6=! Dmtimam{> ]lkwmtukv{ bg

Eoakgbtlko Ptmuu,

Dbeeo! H, *?;;:+! Hak Kvoakolk ublb to~~kuvk2 Ckaol> Hot~olvk,

Dtoeeklk! D, *4000+! K Hkbwolk fk Btkhklm Ogtkeolo> Klvmhto~kblm ubekb#e}av}toam fmaam

umeblfm hmlmto~kblk kl Kvoako! V}tkl> AJotcovvol,

Ebabtu! uocpam kuu}mu,

Foxubl! O, olf Poa}cdb! P, *400=+! Jollkdoau Ejkaftml> Kcckhtovkbl olf

Olvktoekuvu {b}vj U}de}av}tmu kl Eblvmcpbtot{ Kvoa{! E}av}toa Etkvkq}m! =;!

pp, ?7=?:7,

Hktb}z! J,O, *?;;5?;;6+! Eblu}cklh Ubekoa Ejolhm> Vjm ]lkvmf Ebabtu bg

Dmlmvvbl! E}av}toa Etkvkq}m! 47! pp, =54,

Hkludbth! P, *?;;0+! O Jkuvbt{ bg Eblvmcpbtot{ Kvoa{, Ubekmv{ olf Pbakvkeu

?;65?;::! Ablfbl> Pmlh}kl,

Hbafdmth! W, *400=+! Dmlmvvbl olf vjm ]umu bg Vtohmf{! kl W, Hbafdmth *mf,+! Akhjv

Covvmtu> Xtkvklhu bl Pjbvbhtopj{! Lmx [bti> Opmtv}tm! pp, ?77?8?,Hcm~#Tmklb Eoejogmtb! C, *4004+! Mvjlkekv{ olf Lovkbloakuc kl Kvoakol Pbakvkeu,

Klwmlvklh vjm Pofolko> Amho Lbtf olf vjm lbtvjmtl q}muvkbl! D}taklhvbl! WV>

Oujhovm P}dakujklh Ebcpol{,

Htkaab! T, olf Ptovv! N, *mfu,+ *4004+! Vjm Pbakvkeu bg Tmebhlk~klh Fkggmtmlem>

C}avke}av}toakuc Kvoakol#Uv{am! D}taklhvbl! WV> Oujhovm P}dakujklh Ebcpol{,

Iopaol! E, *?;;=+! O Xbtaf Xkvjb}v Db}lfotkmu> Vjm dbf{ ujbpu vtolu"

lovkbloa hmbhtopjkeu! Ubekoa Vmzv! 65! pp, 6=77,

Colvam! N, *?;;;+! Dmlmvvbl> Vjm Gocka{! vjm D}uklmuu olf vjm Dtolf! Ablfbl> Akvvam!

Dtbxl olf Ebcpol{,

Logke{! J, *400?+! Ol Oeemlvmf Eklmco> Mzkake olf Fkoupbtke Gkaccoiklh! Ptklemvbl>Ptklemvbl ]lkwmtukv{ Ptmuu,

??=C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco


12/12

Pmto! Cotemaab olf Tov~klhmt! Nbumpj *Dmlmfkev ZWK+, *4006+! Uml~o Tofkek, M}tbpo!

Tmaovkwkucb! Etkuvkolmukcb! Kuaoc! Ckaol> Cblfofbtk,

Tkwmto! Ollocotko, *4005+! Muvtolmk m Lmckek> Fkuetkcklo~kblm m wkbaml~o to~~kuvo kl

Kvoako! Tbcm> FmtkwmOpptbfk,

Uoawmcklk! Abtmaao Pohl}eeb, *4004+! ]lkvmf Ebabtu> Vjm Dmlmvvbl Eocpokhlu!

Ablfbl> Uetkpv}c Mfkvkblu,

Vbueolk! B, *?;;8+! Goeem, Tbcm> Eouvmawmeejk,

U}hhmuvmf ekvovkbl

^ocdmlmfmvvk! O, *4007+! C}avke}av}toakuc kl Lmx Kvoakol Eklmco! Uv}fkmu kl

M}tbpmol Eklmco 5> 4! pp, ?0=??7! fbk> ?0,?5:7"umek,5,4,?0="?

Eblvtkd}vbt fmvokau

Oadmtvb ^ocdmlmfmvvk xou dbtl olf tokumf kl Wmlkem! Kvoa{, Jm jou o Ao}tmo kl

Gbtmkhl Aolh}ohmu olf Akvmtov}tmu gtbc ]lkwmtukv fmhak Uv}fk fk Wmlm~ko Eo

Gbueotk! ol CO kl Eklmco Uv}fkmu gtbc Lmx [bti ]lkwmtukv{ olf ku e}ttmlva{ p}t#

u}klh o PjF kl Kvoakol Uv}fkmu kl vjm uocm kluvkv}vkbl, Eblvoev> Lmx [bti ]lkwmtukv{!

Fmpotvcmlv bg Kvoakol Uv}fkmu! 46 Xmuv ?4vj Uvtmmv! Lmx [bti! L[ ?00??,M#coka> ~ocdmlmfmvvk@l{},mf}


multiculturalism in new italian cinema by alberto zambenedetti

Documents