multicultural history. millions of immigrants entered the u.s. in the late 19 th and early 20 th...
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Multicultural History
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Off to America…Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries Causes
Famine Land shortages Religious and political persecution Some were “birds of passage,” intending to immigrate
only temporarily to earn money and return home
Immigration today reflects many of the same causes… Sudan (Darfur) Middle East Africa Mexico Europe
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Europeans Arrived at Ellis Island (New
York) 1870-1920
Approximately 20 million immigrants flooded the U.S.
Before 1890 most came from western and northern Europe
Ireland, England, Scandinavia, etc.
After 1890 most came from southern and eastern Europe
Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Balkans, Poland, etc.
Causes: Rising population in Europe---
400 million Land and farm scarcity Job scarcity Religious persecution
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Chinese and Japanese Arrived at Angel Island (San
Francisco) 1851-1883
Approximately 300,000 immigrants
Gold Rush of 1849 ---Chinese came to make their fortunes
Helped build the transcontinental railroad-connected the east and west
After completion of the railroad most turned to farming, mining, and domestic services
1884 Approximately 200,000
immigrants Hawaiian planters were allowed
to recruit Japanese workers United States annexation of
Hawaii in 1898 led to an increased number of Japanese immigrants to America
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The West Indies and Mexico 1880-1920
Approximately 260,000 immigrantsArrived in eastern and southeast U.S.
Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islandsCame to the U.S. because jobs were scarce and
the U.S. was in the middle of an industrial boomEarly 1900s
700,000 immigrants (7% Mexico’s entire population)
Mexicans arrived to work on newly created farmland and political/social upheavals in Mexico
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Hardships Faced many adjustments to
culture Trip from Europe took 1 week Trip from Asia took nearly 3
weeks Many traveled in steerage,
the cheapest accommodations Crammed into small areas
with many other travelers Rarely allowed on deck Louse-infested beds Shared toilets with many
others Disease spread quickly and
many died
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Once Admitted to the Country…
1. Find a place to live2. Get a job3. Get along in daily life
without understanding the language and culture
4. Search out those who shared common culture, religion, language and values
5. Pool money with those people and build churches or synagogues and create social clubs
6. Publish newspaper in native language
7. Deal with hatred and prejudice from natives
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Restrictions on Immigration
Many natives (born in America) viewed the country as a melting pot, where the old language and customs are abandoned to blend with American culturenew immigrants did not wish to abandon their native customs,
enraging the nativesNativism-overt favoritism toward American-born citizens
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Anti-Asian Sentiment
Native-born workers feared Chinese immigrants would take jobs, accepting lower wages
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Multicultural History
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Urban OpportunitiesTechnological/industrial boom of the 19th
century led to rapid growth of the citiesImmigrants settled in cities
Cheap and convenient places to liveOffered unskilled laborers steady jobsBy 1910 immigrants made up more than half
the total population of 18 major American citiesAmericanization Movement
Designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture (AMERICAN)
Schools and volunteers taught immigrants skills needed for citizenship
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Urban Problems Housing
Tenements (multi-family urban dwellings) were often over crowded and unsanitary
Transportation Transportation meant to
move large numbers of people along fixed routes
Water Little to no access to safe
water Sanitation
Horse manure Sewage fowl smoke into the air trash
Crime Pickpockets and thieves
Fire
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Reform Settlement House
Movement Settlement Houses
Community centers that provided assistance to people
Educational, cultural, and social services
Social Gospel Salvation through
service to the poor and unable
Jane AddamsOne of the lead
reformers at Chicago’s Hull House