mul$%contaminant-dynamics-and-pollu$on-tradeoﬀs-in-a ... pdfs/session 9... ·...

Mul$-‐contaminant dynamics and pollu$on tradeoffs in a restored wetland / riparian zone system -‐ 10 years later

Vidon, P.1, Jacinthe, P.A.2, Baker, M.3, Liu, X2., Fisher, K2., and Panunto, M3.

04/09-‐03/12, (PI) P. Vidon, (Co-‐PIs) P. Jacinthe, M.E. Baker. UDSA-‐CSREES – Air Quality Program (Award # 2009-‐35112-‐05241). Title: Greenhouse gas emissions from riparian zones across a regional hydrogeomorphic gradient.

03/10-‐03/11. (PI) P. Vidon. Indiana Water Resources Research Center (IWRRC) (USGS 104B grant) (Award # 06HQGR0084). Title: Landscape controls on riparian zone funcZon vis-‐à-‐vis mulZple contaminants and associated polluZon trade-‐offs.

06/10-‐05/11. (PI) P. Vidon. Indiana Academy of Science. Title: Landscape controls on riparian zone funcZon vis-‐à-‐vis mulZple contaminants and associated polluZon trade-‐off.

1 2 3

Many wetlands that have been drained for agriculture are now being restored

Restore the hydrology, remove invasive species, plant some wetland plants and the

rest will come

Source: USGS – PublicaZon # 1139

Wetland losses

•  In Louisiana: 66 to 90 km2/yr •  Wetland losses since 1780: Louisiana: 46% Alaska: 0.1% The top five states in wetland losses are: California 91%,

Ohio 90%, Iowa 89%, Indiana 87%, Missouri 87%

NaZonal Average: 53% (Lower 48)

Data from Mitch and Gosslink 2000

How long does it take for “wetland biogeochemistry” to be restored?

What does restoraZon of “wetland hydrology” mean for a variety of contaminants of naZonal importance for water or air quality, such as

NO3, NH4, PO4, SO4, Hg, MeHg, CO2, N2O, CH4?

How will N, P, S, C, and Hg cycles change in these systems under various climate change and land use scenarios?

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Site DescripZon and History

1900s to 1991 – Agricultural land cover

1991-‐1999 – Fallow

1999 – Tile drains are removed, and wetland vegetaZon planted

2004 – Hydrological study (Vidon and Smith 2007, 2008)

2009-‐2011 – Biogeochemistry study (this study)

Methods

Field Measurements:

ConZnuous temperature and water table measurements in well 11

Monthly Measurements of:

Water level (WL), dissolved oxygen (DO), oxido-‐reducZon potenZal (ORP)

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N2O, CO2 and CH4 fluxes

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Soluble ReacZve Phosphorus (SRP)

Total Dissolved Mercury (TDHg)

Methylmercury (MeHg)

Site Hydrology

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1)  NO3, NH4, SRP and SO4 dynamics in the WL and AL areas?

2)  TDHg concentraZon, and MeHg producZon?

3)  CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes at the soil-‐atmosphere interface?

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What are the dominant variables driving the dynamics of these compounds / elements at this site?

How are these compounds / elements likely to respond to changes in climate and land use in the coming years?

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Both nitrificaZon AND denitrificaZon can produce N2O

N2O is NOT significantly correlated to either mean WT, Temp, ORP, or DOC

There exists no significant differences in N2O fluxes between the AL and WL sites

N2O responds to storms

N2O

TEMP ORP DOC

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CH4 Zooming in…

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CH4

CH4 Zooming in…

Following reweung periods / precipitaZon, large posiZve CH4 fluxes occur, especially in the WL area

As the water table drops in the summer, ORP remains above the methanogenesis threshold, and negaZve CH4 fluxes are observed

TEMP ORP DOC

Key Variables: Seasonal WT and Temp, ORP, AND Storms

mg C/m

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Source Driven

BGC Driven REMARKS / KEY DRIVING VARIABLES

TDHg Y N ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION

NO3 Y N SEPTIC SOURCE

PO4 Y N SEPTIC SOURCE

NH4 N Y Seasonal WT, Temp, ORP

SO4 N Y Seasonal WT, Temp, ORP

MeHg N Y Seasonal WT, Temp, ORP

CH4 N Y Seasonal WT, Temp, ORP and STORMS

N2O N N STORMS

CO2 N Y TEMP

Groups

Forest > low density residenZal areas on sepZc

CHANGE RESPONSE

Higher NO3 and SRP

More drought > extended periods of low water table, low ORP, and high temperature

Higher NH4, Lower SO4, Higher CO2 fluxes, higher MeHg, more negaZve CH4 fluxes

More large precipitaZon events Large increases in N2O (x 1 order of magnitude), and CH4 (x 2 order of magnitude) especially in wetlands

What does it mean for our future as climate and land use con$nue to change?

What does it mean for our future from a restora$on standpoint?

Hydrological restoraZon is likely to primarily affect NH4, SO4, MeHg and CH4, at least in former agricultural areas in glacial Zll valleys of the Midwest.

Other compounds (NO3, SRP, CO2, N2O, THg) seem to respond bewer to climate (temp), inputs (source driven), and storms

10 years is not enough

Thank you !!!

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Red = CH4; Blue = N2O

N2O and CH4 are BOTH associated with large precipitaZon events

Wetland Area Alluvium Area

NO2 and CH4 are not correlated BUT large precipitaZon events drive N2O and CH4 fluxes

Water dep

th in W

ell 11 (cm BGS)

CH4 (m

g C/m

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N2O

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CH4 (m

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N2O and CH4 are NOT correlated (p >0.05)

Trade-‐offs

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What does it mean for our future as climate and land use con$nue to change?

Source: Climate Change 1995, Cambridge Press University

We will likely see an increase in the intensity and frequency of large precipitaZon events.

Drought increases

Wet seasons become wewer

UrbanizaZon is increasing.

More forested lands will be converted to low density residenZal areas on sepZc systems in the next 40 years.

mul$%contaminant-dynamics-and-pollu$on-tradeoﬀs-in-a ... pdfs/session 9... ·...

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