muhamad abduhinstitut teknologi bandung3.1 w e e k 3 3 computer technology

Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung 3.1

W e e k

33COMPUTER TECHNOLOGYCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY


INPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

PRIMARY STORAGE

COMPUTER COMPONENTS

CPU

OUTPUT DEVICES

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BUSES


• BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE: Group of bits for one character

– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte)

– ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

• PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors

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HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA


EXAMPLES OF BYTES

C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1

A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0

T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1

Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number

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EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)


CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE

CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE


CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK


ALU & CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations

• CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system

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STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION

• PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second)

• POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second)

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MACHINE CYCLE


COMPUTER TIME

Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 sec

Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days

Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years

Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years

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NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND

# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED


TYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM: Random Access Memory– Dynamic: Changes thru processing– Static: Remains constant (power on)

• ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)– PROM: Program can be changed once– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light– EEPROM: Electrically erasable

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ADDRESSES IN MEMORY

101101 102102 103103

201201

301301

202202 203203

302302 303303

Each location can hold data Each location can hold data

Each location is a Each location is a REGISTERREGISTER


MEMORY SIZE• KILOBYTE (KT): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTE (TB): 210 GB... “trillion” bytes

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VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU• WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one time• MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per second• DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other

devices• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):

Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip

improves multimedia applications

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MICROPROCESSOR


SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

RESULTRESULT

MASSIVE PARALLEL MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMSPROBLEMS


•DISK

•TAPE

•OPTICAL STORAGE

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SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE


DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems

• RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks

• FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC

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DISK PACK STORAGE• LARGE SYSTEMS

• RELIABLE STORAGE

• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE

• TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks

• CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces

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CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5

READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS


TRACKS AND SECTORSTRACKS AND SECTORS

EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATASAME AMOUNT OF DATA

SECTORSECTOR

TRACKSTRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS


• CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES–LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light

–PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light

• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):–CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable–CD-RW: CD - Rewritable

• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data

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OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE


• STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH

FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)

• RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block)

• GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

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HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

MAGNETIC TAPEMAGNETIC TAPE


• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE

• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS

• INEXPENSIVE

• STORED IN SAFE LOCATION

• CAN BE REUSED

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MAGNETIC MAGNETIC CARTRIDGECARTRIDGE


STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)

• HIGH-SPEED NETWORK

• CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES– TAPE LIBRARIES– DISK ARRAYS

STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER:

3rd party rents storage space

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INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

• POINTING DEVICES

• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• OUTPUT DEVICES

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POINTING DEVICES:

• KEYBOARD• MOUSE

– WIRED– INFRA-RED– TRACKBALL– TOUCH PAD

• JOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREEN

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION

• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, format

• BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments

• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, amount

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images &

characters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts

spoken word into digital form• SENSORS: Devices that collect data

from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)

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OUTPUT DEVICES:

• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

• PRINTER

• PLOTTER

• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE

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DATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions.

• ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices.

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KEYBOARD INPUTKEYBOARD INPUTBATCH OF BATCH OF TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS

SORTED SORTED TRANSACTION FILETRANSACTION FILE

OLD MASTER OLD MASTER FILEFILE

NEW NEW MASTER FILEMASTER FILE

VALIDATE AND UPDATEVALIDATE AND UPDATE

ERROR ERROR REPORTSREPORTS

REPORTSREPORTS

BATCH PROCESSING


ON-LINE PROCESSING

TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS

KEYBOARDKEYBOARD

PROCESS / PROCESS / UPDATE UPDATE

MASTER FILEMASTER FILE

MASTER MASTER FILEFILE

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE INPUTINPUT

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE PROCESSINGPROCESSING

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATEFILE UPDATE


INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

• INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA

• TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION

• STREAMING TECHNOLOGY

• MP3: Audio compression standard

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• MAINFRAME

• MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER

• SERVER

• PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

• WORKSTATION

• SUPERCOMPUTER

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MAINFRAME

• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER

• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM

• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS

• MASSIVE DATA

• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

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MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second


MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGE

• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM

• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS

• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME

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• DESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128

MEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKED

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MICROCOMPUTER


• NETWORKED COMPUTERS

• CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have

• SERVER: Component (computer) having desired data, application, communications

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CLIENT / SERVER


CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA, SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVER


WORKSTATION

• DESKTOP COMPUTER

• POWERFUL GRAPHICS

• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES

• MULTI-TASKING

• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphics

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SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP: TRILLION

CALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED

• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS

• FASTEST CPUs

• LARGE SIMULATIONS

• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS

• EXPENSIVE

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• CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROL

• DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSE

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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED


DOWNSIZING

TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL

• REDUCES COST

• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER

• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST

• COOPERATIVE PROCESSING

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SHARING COMPUTERS

• NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)

• PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale

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MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS

• UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS

• DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP: Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure

• PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY• IDENTIFY TRENDS

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DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION

• PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER

• STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE

• SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION

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SOFTWARE


PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++;

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGESFOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

OPERATING SYSTEM:OPERATING SYSTEM:• SCHEDULED COMPUTER SCHEDULED COMPUTER

EVENTS EVENTS • ALLOCATES COMPUTER ALLOCATES COMPUTER

RESOURCES MONITORS RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTSEVENTS

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:• INTERPRETERSINTERPRETERS• COMPILERSCOMPILERS

UTILITY PROGRAMS:UTILITY PROGRAMS:• ROUTINE ROUTINE

OPERATIONSMANAGE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATADATA

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

HARDWAREHARDWARE

SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE


MULTIPROGRAMMINGO

PE

RA

TIN

G S

YS

TE

MO

PE

RA

TIN

G S

YS

TE

M

UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

TRADITIONAL SINGLE-TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMPROGRAM SYSTEM

OP

ER

AT

ING

SY

ST

EM

OP

ER

AT

ING

SY

ST

EM

UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

PROGRAM 2PROGRAM 2

PROGRAM 3PROGRAM 3

MULTIPROGRAMMING MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT


MULTITASKING

MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MICROCOMPUTER

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MULTITHREADING

ABILITY TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT PARTS (THREADS) OF A PROGRAM SIMULTANEOUSLY

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VIRTUAL STORAGEMETHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL

PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:• PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO

– FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR

– VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)

• CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE

• PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

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TIME SHARINGMANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:• TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2

MICROSECONDS)• EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING

SLICE• SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING

TIME SLICE• USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT

END OF SLICE

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MULTIPROCESSING

• TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM

• PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs

• CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY

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• SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS

• COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE

• OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER

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LANGUAGE TRANSLATION


TR

AN

SLA

TIO

N P

RO

CE

SS

SOURCE CODE SOURCE CODE PROGRAMPROGRAM

COMPILERCOMPILER

OBJECT CODEOBJECT CODE

LINKAGE LINKAGE EDITOREDITOR

LOAD MODULELOAD MODULE

OTHER OBJECT OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULESCODE MODULES

UTILITY PROGRAMSUTILITY PROGRAMS

PERFORM ROUTINE PERFORM ROUTINE TASKSTASKS


GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

OPERATING SYSTEM USES:

• GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxes

• POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen

TO ISSUE COMMANDS

MAKE SELECTIONS

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MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking

32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking

32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networking

Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices

Windows Windows 98 & 9598 & 95

Windows Windows NT Me & NT Me & 20002000

Windows CEWindows CE

OS/2OS/2

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES


OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

Mac OSMac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia

UnixUnix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms

DOSDOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K

LinuxLinux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source

FEATURESFEATURES

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS


GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code

2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code

3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES


HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications

• COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing

• BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language

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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

• PASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / output

• C and C++: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C++ is object oriented

*


FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

• CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS

• NONPROCEDURAL

• CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY

• NATURAL LANGUAGES

• SIX CATEGORIES

*



1. QUERY LANGUAGES:

• Rapidly retrieve data

• Interactive/ on-line

• May use NATURAL LANGUAGE

• Support special requests for data from relational databases

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2. REPORT GENERATORS:

• Create customized reports

• Wide range of formats

3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:

• Can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos

• Presentation managers

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4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:• User specifies computer needs• Generator creates logic and code for

application• Greatly reduces development time

*



5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

• Professional programmer productivity tool• Uses fewer instructions• Reduces development time

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7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: Commercially available set of programs...

• WORD PROCESSING

• SPREADSHEETS

• DATA MANAGEMENT

• PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW

COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE

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SOFTWARE TOOLS• WORD PROCESSING• SPREADSHEETS• DATA MANAGEMENT• PRESENTATION GRAPHICS• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES• E-MAIL• WEB BROWSERS• GROUPWARE

*


GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES

• GROUP WRITING & COMMENTING• ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION• SCHEDULING MEETINGS & APPOINTMENTS• SHARED FILES & DATABASES• SHARED TIME LINES & PLANS• ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES

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MIDDLEWARE

SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA

*

APPLICATION APPLICATION AA

APPLICATION APPLICATION BB

MIDDLE MIDDLE WAREWARE

DATADATA


OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT

• PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE

• OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM

• CREATES REUSABLE CODE• REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING

SOFTWARE

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VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE

CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS

INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS

OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker pay check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker

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JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

• APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION

• APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK• RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM• RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC

• ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE

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HTML: Hypertext markup language, current favorite for Web pages

XML: eXtensible Markup Language, further development of HTML describes data more fully

XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web

*



ActiveX: Controls for Windows software environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g.,

• CHARTS• TABLES• ANIMATIONS

to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE

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MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS

• RENT OR BUILD DECISIONS

• APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS

• SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

*


SELECTING ORGANIZATIONAL SOFTWARE

• APPROPRIATENESS

• EFFICIENCY

• COMPATIBILITY

• SUPPORT

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W e e k

33COMPUTER TECHNOLOGYCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

muhamad abduhinstitut teknologi bandung3.1 w e e k 3 3 computer technology

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