Mughal Empire 1

Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire (fa)

(ur)

15261857

Flag

The Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb c. 1700Capital Agra

(15261571)Fatehpur Sikri(15711585)Lahore(15851598)Agra(15981648)Shahjahanabad(16481857)

Language(s) Persian (official and courtlanguage)[1]

Chagatai Turkic (only initially)Urdu (later on)

Religion Islam

Government Absolute monarchy, unitary statewith federal structure

Emperor

Mughal Empire 2

- 15261530 Babur (first)

- 18371857 Bahadur Shah II (last)

Historical era Early modern

-Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526

-Indian Rebellion 10 May 1857

Area

-1700 3200000km2 (1235527sqmi)

Population

-1700 est. 150000000

Density 46.9/km2 (121.4/sqmi)

Currency Rupee

Preceded by Succeeded by

Timurid dynasty

Delhi Sultanate

Suri dynasty

Adil Shahi dynasty

Sultanate of Bengal

Deccan Sultanates

Maratha Empire

Durrani Empire

Hotaki dynasty

British Raj

Hyderabad State

Nawab of Carnatic

Nawab of Bengal

Nawab of Awadh

Kingdom of Mysore

Bharatpur State

Today part of India Pakistan Bangladesh Afghanistan

Population source:[2]

The Mughal Empire (Persian: , Shhn-e Moul, self-designation: , Grkn;[3] Urdu: , Sultanate-e-Mughliya),[4] or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperialpower in the Indian subcontinent from about 1526 to 1761 (though it lingered for another century). The Mughalemperors were Muslims and direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. At the height oftheir power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the subcontinentextending fromBengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. Its population atthat time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million squarekilometres (1.2 million square miles).[2]

The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with the accession of Akbar the Great. Under his rule, Indiaenjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as religious harmony. Akbar was a successful warrior; he alsoforged martial alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significantthreat to Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but they were subdued by Akbar.

Mughal Empire 3

The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, was the golden age of Mughal architecture and the arts. He erected manysplendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Pearl Mosque, theRed Fort, Jama Masjid (Mosque), and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorialexpansion during the reign of Aurangzeb. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire tomore than 1.25 million square miles, ruling over more than 150 million subjects, nearly 1/4th of the world'spopulation, with a combined GDP of over $90 billion.[2][5]

By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had ravaged the Mughal provinces from the Deccan to Bengal, and internaldissatisfaction (as well as separatist agendas from the Rajputs, Sikhs, and Jats) arose due to the weakness of theMughal Empire's administrative and economic systems. In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire was defeated in theBattle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah. Mughal power was severely limited. The last emperor, Bahadur ShahII had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad. He supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was overthrownby the British, and the last remnants of the empire were taken over by the British Raj.

Early history

A dagger from the Mughal Empirewith hilt in jade, gold, rubies and

emeralds. Blade of damascened steelinlaid with gold.

The name Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids, theCentral Asian steppes once conquered by Genghis Khan and hence known asMoghulistan, "Land of Mongols". Although early Mughals spoke the Chagatailanguage and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentiallyPersianized[6] and transferred the Persian literary and high culture[6] to India,thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture and the Spread of Islam inSouth Asia.[6][7]

Zahir ud-din Muhammad Babur acquired Kabulistan in 1504, and decided toregain the territories in Hindustan held once by Turks. He started his exploratoryraids from September 1519 when he visited the Indo-Afghan borders to suppressthe rising by Yusufzai tribes. He undertook similar raids up to 1524 and hadestablished his base camp at Peshawar. Finally in 1526 in his fifth attempt, Baburdefeated the last of the Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodi, at the First Battle ofPanipat. To secure his newly founded kingdom, Babur then had to face theformidable Rajput Rana Sanga of Chittor, at the Battle of Khanwa. Rana Sangaoffered stiff resistance but was defeated.[8]

Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but suffered reversals at the handsof the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri and lost most of the fledgling empire before it could grow beyond a minor regionalstate. From 1540, Humayun became ruler in exile, reaching the court of the Safavid rule in 1554 while his force stillcontrolled some fortresses and small regions. During 15531556, the Hindu king, Hemu Vikramaditya acceded tothe throne of Delhi by defeating forces of the Mughal Emperor Akbar at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughalsreestablished their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat.[9]

Humayun crossed the rough terrain of the Makran with his wife until their son Akbar was born in the fortress ofUmarkot in Sind. The resurgent Humayun then conquered the central plateau around Delhi, but months later died inan accident, leaving the realm unsettled and in war.Akbar succeeded his father on 14 February 1556. He became known as Akbar, as he was a wise ruler, setting highbut fair taxes. He was more inclusive in his approach to the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire. He investigated theproduction in a certain area and taxed inhabitants one-fifth of their agricultural produce. He also set up an efficientbureaucracy and was tolerant of religious differences which softened the resistance by the locals. He made allianceswith Rajputs and appointed native generals and administrators. Later in life, he devised his own brand of syncreticphilosophy based on tolerance.[10]

Mughal Empire 4

Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar, ruled the empire from 16051627. In October 1627, Shah Jahan, son of EmperorJahangir succeeded to the throne, where he inherited a vast and rich empire. At mid-century this was perhaps thegreatest empire in the world. Shah Jahan commissioned the famous Taj Mahal (16301653) in Agra which was builtby the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri as a tomb for Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birthto their 14th child. By the late 17th century, the empire reached its peak under the leadership of Aurangzeb Alamgirwhen it included almost all of present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and most of Afghanistan.[11]

Mughal dynasty

A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the last Mughal Emperor BahadurShah II to celebrate the feast of the Eid ul-Fitr in 1843.

Genealogy of the Mughal Dynasty

The Mughal Empire was the dominantpower in the Indian subcontinentbetween the mid-16th century and theearly 18th century. Founded in 1526, itofficially survived until 1858, when itwas supplanted by the British Raj. Thedynasty is sometimes referred to as theTimurid dynasty as Babur wasdescended from Timur.

The Mughal dynasty was foundedwhen Babur, hailing from Ferghana(Modern Uzbekistan), invaded parts ofnorthern India and defeated IbrahimShah Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi, at theFirst Battle of Panipat in 1526. TheMughal Empire superseded the DelhiSultanate as rulers of northern India. Intime, the state thus founded by Baburfar exceeded the bounds of the DelhiSultanate, eventually encompassing amajor portion of India and earning the

appellation of Empire. A brief interregnum (15401555) during the reign of Babur's son, Humayun, saw the rise ofthe Afghan Suri Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri, a competent and efficient ruler in his own right. However, SherShah's untimely death and the military incompetence of his successors enabled Humayun to regain his throne in1555. However, Humayun died a few months later, and was succeeded by his son, the 13-year-old Akbar the Great.

Mughal Empire 5

By the year 1690, at it zenith the realms of theMughal Empire spanned from Kabul to Central

Southern India.[12].

The greatest part of the Mughal expansion was accomplished duringthe reign of Akbar (15561605). The empire was maintained as thedominant force of the present-day Indian subcontinent for a hundredyears further by his successors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.The first six emperors, who enjoyed power both de jure and de facto,are usually referred to by just one name, a title adopted upon hisaccession by each emperor. The relevant title is bolded in the listbelow.

Akbar the Great initiated certain important policies, such as religiousliberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusion of natives in the affairsof the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Rajputs, thatwere innovative for his milieu; he also adopted some policies of SherShah Suri, such as the division of the empire into sarkar raj, in hisadministration of the empire. These policies, which undoubtedlyserved to maintain the power and stability of the empire, werepreserved by his two immediate successors but were discarded byEmperor Aurangzeb who spent nearly his entire career expanding hisrealm, beyond the Urdu Belt, into the Deccan and South India, as wellas into Assam in the east; this venture provoked resistance from theMarathas, Sikhs, Jats and Ahoms.

DeclineThe main outside force contributing to the destruction of the Mughal Empire was the Hindu Maratha Empire.Chatrapati Shivaji declared "Hindu Swarajya" (Independence for Hindus) and raised an army that could outfight thelarger Mughal armies. Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav, one by one, eliminated most of the Mughalgenerals.[13] Mountstart Elphinstone call this period a demolishing period for "Mussalmans" with many of themlosing spirit to fight against the Maratha Army. In 1706, just a few months before Aurangzeb's death, his son PrinceBakht was routed by Maratha General Dhanaji in South Gujarat.[14] Defeats of the imperial army brought disgrace tothe throne, and its helplessness was apparent after Aurangzeb's death. Maratha Prime Minister Peshwa made deepinroads ravaging Mughal outposts in much of the Indian Subcontinent in the subsequent years. After Aurangzeb'sdeath, Shivaji's grandson Shahu was released by the Mughals, which brought some peace between the Marathas andMughals. However, the Marathas continued to expand their Empire.[15] Peshwa Vishwanath Balaji Rao ravagedMughal Deccan territory and forced the Mughal emperor to make "Chatrapati Shahu" the viceroy of Deccan.[16] Itwas, however,Vishwanath's son Baji Rao I who is credited with overthrowing Mughal control from Tamilnadu to thePunjab and from Bengal to Sindh; Sir Jadunath Sarka calls him the "Second Shivaji".[17] Assuming the post ofPeshwa at 19 years age, he started invading northern Mughal strongholds. In 1728, he defeated Nizam in the Battleof Palked, and in 1729, defeated Muhammad Khan Bangash at Bundelakhand.[18] None of the Muslim generals wereable to stop him, and by 1735, he had annexed Rajasthan and Bundelkhand.[19] In 1737, he invaded and plunderedDelhi itself. Under Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, he sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalrysoldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the Imperial Mughal Armyfled.[20][21] In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army,Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire.The final blow came from Nadir Shah in 1739.[22].For the next century the Mughal emperors had authority only over Delhi. In 1857, Emperor Bahadur Shah IIamystic who led a renaissance in poetrysupported the great rebellion. He was overthrown by the British, his sonskilled, and the last remnant of the Mughal empire was absorbed into the British Raj.[23]

Mughal Empire 6

Historiography

Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1690 and 1720,after a century of growth and prosperity. In fiscal terms the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers,the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lostconfidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. The imperial army,bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive Marathas, lost its fighting spirit. Finally came a seriesof violent political feuds over control of the throne. After the execution of emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719, localMughal successor states took power in region after region.[24]

Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians whowanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation.[25]

Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor wasdominant. The psychological interpretations emphasize depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasinglynarrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge. A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib andbased at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasizes excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which strippedaway the will and the means to support the regime.[26] Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime towork with Hindu bankers, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Marathaand the British.[27] In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu Rajputs revolted against Muslimrule.[28] Finally other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a highdegree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court.[29]

List of Mughal emperors

Emperor Birth ReignPeriod

Death Notes

Babur Feb 23,1483

15261530 Dec26,1530

Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Timur and was the founder of the MughalEmpire after his victories at the Battle of Panipat (1526) ad the Battle of Khanwa.

Humayun Mar 6,1508

15301540 Jan1556

Reign interrupted by Suri Dynasty. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his beingregarded as a less effective ruler than usurper, Sher Shah Suri.

Sher ShahSuri

1472 15401545 May1545

Deposed Humayun and led the Suri Dynasty.

Islam ShahSuri

c.1500 15451554 1554 2nd and last ruler of the Suri Dynasty, claims of sons Sikandar and Adil Shah were eliminatedby Humayun's restoration.

Humayun Mar 6,1508

15551556 Jan1556

Restored rule was more unified and effective than initial reign of 15301540; left unifiedempire for his son, Akbar.

Akbar Nov 14,1542

15561605 Oct 27,1605

He and Bairam Khan defeat Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat and later won famousvictories during the Siege of Chittorgarh and the Siege of Ranthambore; He greatly expandedthe Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Empire as he set up theempire's various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. One of hismost famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort.

Jahangir Oct 1569 16051627 1627 Jahangir set the precedent for sons rebelling against their emperor fathers. Opened firstrelations with the British East India Company. Reportedly was an alcoholic, and his wifeEmpress Noor Jahan became the real power behind the throne and competently ruled in hisplace.

Shah Jahan Jan 5,1592

16271658 1666 Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, JamaMasjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposed by his sonAurangzeb.

Mughal Empire 7

Aurangzeb Oct 21,1618

16581707 Mar 3,1707

He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured the diamondmines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent the major part of his last 27 years in the war withthe Maratha rebels; at its zenith, his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; theover-stretched empire was controlled by Mansabdars, and faced challenges after his death. Heis known to have transcribed copies of the Qur'an using his own styles of calligraphy. he diedduring a campaign against the ravaging Marathas in the Deccan.

Bahadur ShahI

Oct 14,1643

17071712 Feb1712

First of the Mughal emperors to preside over an empire ravaged by uncontrollable revolts.After his reign, the empire went into steady decline due to the lack of leadership qualitiesamong his immediate successors.

JahandarShah

1664 17121713 Feb1713

Was an unpopular incompetent titular figurehead;

Furrukhsiyar 1683 17131719 1719 His reign marked the ascendancy of the manipulative Syed Brothers, execution of therebellious Banda In 1717 he granted a Firman to the English East India Company grantingthem duty free trading rights for Bengal, the Firman was repudiated by the notable MurshidQuli Khan.

RafiUl-Darjat

Unknown 1719 1719

RafiUd-Daulat

Unknown 1719 1719

Nikusiyar Unknown 1719 1743

MuhammadIbrahim

Unknown 1720 1744

MuhammadShah

1702 17191720,17201748

1748 Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Countered the emergence of the renegade Marathas and lost largetracts of Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion of Nadir-Shah of Persia in1739.[30]

Ahmad ShahBahadur

1725 174854 1775 His Grand Vizier Safdarjung was responsible for the Mughal Civil War, during which Mughalforces massacred by the Maratha during the Battle of Sikandarabad;

Alamgir II 1699 17541759 1759 The Mughal Empire had impulsively began to re-centralize after subjects anxiously sought hisgratification, he was murdered according to the conspiracy of the unscrupulous VizierImad-ul-Mulk and his schismatic Maratha associate Sadashivrao Bhau;

Shah JahanIII

Unknown In 1759 1772 Was ordained to the imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau who went on to loot the Mughalheartlands, he was generally regarded as an usurper and was overthrown after the Third Battleof Panipat by Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht.

Shah Alam II 1728 17591806 1806 Was nominated as the Mughal Emperor by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle ofPanipat. Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal,Biharat the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. Treaty of Allahabad. Hyder Alibecomes Nawab of Mysore in 1761. Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathasduring the Third Battle of Panipat; The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799; He was the lastMughal Emperor to preside effective control over the empire.

Akbar Shah II 1760 18061837 1837 He designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, Although he was underBritish protection his imperial name was removed from the official coinage after a briefdispute with the British East India Company;

Bahadur ShahII

1775 18371857 1862 The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British and exiled to Burma following the IndianRebellion of 1857. End of Mughal dynasty.

Mughal Empire 8

Influence on the Indian subcontinent

Mughal influence on South Asian art and culture

Mir Sayyid Ali, writing a commentary on theQuran, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor

Shah Jahan.

A major Mughal contribution to the Indian subcontinent was theirunique architecture. Many monuments were built by the Muslimemperors, especially Shahjahan, during the Mughal era including theUNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, which is known to be one ofthe finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sitesinclude Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, the Red Fort, the Agra Fort,and the Lahore Fort The palaces, tombs, and forts built by the dynastystands today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri,Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India,Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.[31] With few memories ofCentral Asia, Babur's descendents absorbed traits and customs of theIndian Subcontinent,[32] and became more or less naturalised.

Mughal influence can be seen in cultural contributions such as: Centralised, imperialistic government which brought together many

smaller kingdoms.[33]

Persian art and culture amalgamated with Indian art and culture.[34]

New trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands. The development of Mughlai cuisine.[35]

Mughal Architecture found its way into local Indian architecture,most conspicuously in the palaces built by Rajputs and Sikh rulers.

Landscape gardeningAlthough the land the Mughals once ruled has separated into what is now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, andAfghanistan, their influence can still be seen widely today. Tombs of the emperors are spread throughout India,Afghanistan,[36] and Pakistan.

The Mughal artistic tradition was eclectic, borrowing from the European Renaissance as well as from Persian andIndian sources. Kumar concludes, "The Mughal painters borrowed individual motifs and certain naturalistic effectsfrom Renaissance and Mannerist painting, but their structuring principle was derived from Indian and Persiantraditions."[37]

Urdu languageAlthough Persian was the dominant and "official" language of the empire, the language of the elite later evolved intoa form known as Urdu. Highly Persianized and also influenced by Arabic and Turkic, the language was written in atype of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq, and with literary conventions and specialized vocabulary beingretained from Persian, Arabic and Turkic; the new dialect was eventually given its own name of Urdu. Comparedwith Hindi, the Urdu language draws more vocabulary from Persian and Arabic (via Persian) and (to a much lesserdegree) from Turkic languages where Hindi draws vocabulary from Sanskrit more heavily.[38] Modern Hindi, whichuses Sanskrit-based vocabulary along with Urdu loan words from Persian and Arabic, is mutually intelligible withUrdu.[39] Today, Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and also an important co-official language in India.

Mughal Empire 9

Mughal society

A silver coin made during the reign of theMughal Emperor Alamgir II.

The Indian economy remained as prosperous under the Mughals as itwas, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency,together with the unification of the country.[40] Manufactured goodsand peasant-grown cash crops were sold throughout the world. Keyindustries included shipbuilding (the Indian shipbuilding industry wasas advanced as the European, and Indians sold ships to Europeanfirms), textiles, and steel. The Mughals maintained a small fleet, whichmerely carried pilgrims to Mecca, imported a few Arab horses in Surat.Debal in Sindh was mostly autonomous. The Mughals also maintainedvarious river fleets of Dhows, which transported soldiers over rivers and fought rebels. Among its admirals wereYahya Saleh, Munnawar Khan, and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh. The Mughals also protected the Siddis of Janjira. Itssailors were renowned and often voyaged to China and the East African Swahili Coast, together with some Mughalsubjects carrying out private-sector trade.

Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals; however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, notmanufacturing or commerce centres.[41] Only those guilds which produced goods for the bureaucracy made goods inthe towns; most industry was based in rural areas. The Mughals also built Maktabs in every province under theirauthority, where youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law such as the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri in their indigenouslanguages.The Bengal region was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 to the seizure ofcontrol by the British East India Company in 1765.[42] In a system where most wealth was hoarded by the elites,wages were low for manual labour. Slavery was limited largely to household servants. However some religious cultsproudly asserted a high status for manual labour.[43]

The nobility was a heterogeneous body; while it primarily consisted of Rajput aristocrats and foreigners fromMuslim countries, people of all castes and nationalities could gain a title from the emperor. The middle class ofopenly affluent traders consisted of a few wealthy merchants living in the coastal towns; the bulk of the merchantspretended to be poor to avoid taxation. The bulk of the people were poor. The standard of living of the poor was aslow as, or somewhat higher than, the standard of living of the Indian poor under the British Raj; whatever benefitsthe British brought with canals and modern industry were neutralized by rising population growth, high taxes, andthe collapse of traditional industry in the nineteenth century.

Mughal Empire 10

Science and technology

Muhammad Salih Thattvi headed the task ofcreating a seamless celestial globe using a secretwax casting method, the famous celestial globe

was also inscribed with Arabic and Persianinscriptions.[44][45].

Astronomy

While there appears to have been little concern for theoreticalastronomy, Mughal astronomers continued to make advances inobservational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises.Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi. The instruments andobservational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainlyderived from the Islamic tradition.[46][47] In particular, one of the mostremarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is theseamless celestial globe.

Alchemy

Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal Alchemy andunderstood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps toproduce shampoo. He was also a notable writer who described theMughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhiin rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire.

Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV.[]

TechnologyFathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed a volleygun.[48]

Akbar was the first to initiate and utilize metal cylinder rockets known as bans particularly against War elephants,during the Battle of Sanbal.[49]

In the year 1657, the Mughal Army utilized rockets during the Siege of Bidar.[50] Prince Aurangzeb's forcesdischarged rockets and grenades while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan himself was mortally wounded after a rocketstruck his large gunpowder depot and after twenty-seven day's of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the victoriousMughals.[50]

Later onward's the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets utilized during the Siege of Jinji bythe progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded acorps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. Hyder Ali realized the importance of rocketsand introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. These rockets turned fortunes in favor of the Sultanateof Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War particularly during the Battle of Pollilur.[51]

Mughal Empire 11

Gallery

The Bazaar outside the WazirKhan Mosque in Lahore.

A MughalWar elephantguarding thegateway tothe GrandMosque inMathura.

Muslimsentering a

Grand Mosquein the Mughal

Empire.

Mughal trooperspurchase copperutensils in the

Bazaar.

References

History of the Mongols

Before Genghis Khan

Khamag Mongol

Mongol Empire

Khanates

- Chagatai Khanate

- Golden Horde

- Ilkhanate

- Yuan Dynasty

Northern Yuan

Timurid Empire

Mughal Empire

Crimean Khanate

Khanate of Sibir

Nogai Horde

Astrakhan Khanate

Kazan Khanate

Zunghar Khanate

Mongolia during Qing

Outer Mongolia (1911-1919)

Republic of China (Occupation of Mongolia)

Mughal Empire 12

Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia)

Modern Mongolia

Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia)

People's Republic of China (Inner Mongolia)

Republic of Buryatia

Kalmyk Republic

Hazara Mongols

Aimak Mongols

Timeline

[52]

[1] Conan, Michel (2007). Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity : Questions, Methods and Resources in a MulticulturalPerspective, Volume 31. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p.235. ISBN978-0884023296.

[2] Richards, John F. (March 26, 1993). Johnson, Gordon; Bayly, C. A.. eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I.The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.1, 190. doi:10.2277/0521251192.ISBN978-0521251198.

[3] Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (September 10, 2002). Thackston, Wheeler M.. ed. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. NewYork: Modern Library. p.xlvi. ISBN978-0375761379. "In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temr's title Gurkn, thePersianized form of the Mongolian krgn, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess."

[4] Balfour, E.G. (1976). Encyclopaedia Asiatica: Comprising Indian-subcontinent, Eastern and Southern Asia. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.S. 460, S. 488, S. 897. ISBN978-8170203254.

[5] Warrior Empire: The Mughals (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=P-Ygz9VbiE0) (DVD). The History Channel. October 31, 2006. .[6] Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20: "The Mughals Persianized Turks who

invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India"[7] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ itc/ mealac/ pritchett/ 00islamlinks/ ikram/ part2_10. html[8] Jeremy Black, "The Mughals Strike Twice," History Today (Apr 2012) 62#4 pp 22-26[9] Jeremy Black, "The Mughals Strike Twice," History Today (Apr 2012) 62#4 pp 22-26[10] Ahmad Bashir, Akbar the Great Mughul: His New Policy and His New Religion (2009)[11] Fergus Nicoll, Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor (2009)[12] "The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East - Marguerite Eyer Wilbur, The East India Company - Google Books" (http:/

/ books. google. com. pk/ books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA175& lpg=PA175& dq=baharji+ borah& source=bl& ots=AlYwMkBwb6&sig=KpQbE7bMcMILePXasygPjYd6Xkk& hl=en& ei=ahnNTtnqEOHb4QSUtZ1S& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=cape comorin& f=false). Books.google.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-04-29.

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[14] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC& pg=PA842& dq=dhanaji+ 1706+ prince& hl=en& sa=X&ei=0fTST8akE46GrAf0v9T8Dw& ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=dhanaji%201706%20prince& f=false

[15] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC& pg=PA70& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X&ei=yvXST8v9MMHsrAfV36j8Dw& ved=0CEEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false

[16] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC& pg=PA70& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X&ei=yvXST8v9MMHsrAfV36j8Dw& ved=0CEEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false

[17] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC& pg=PA11& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X&ei=WvbST-3aCIy0rAe6vsD8Dw& ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false

[18] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC& pg=PA12& dq=bajirao+ 1728+ palkhed+ nizam& hl=en& sa=X&ei=tf_ST9u-B8yqrAfXuaj8Dw& ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=bajirao%201728%20palkhed%20nizam& f=false

[19] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC& pg=PA11& dq=balaji+ vishwanath+ peshwa& hl=en& sa=X&ei=WvbST-3aCIy0rAe6vsD8Dw& ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage& q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa& f=false

[20] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC& pg=PA295& dq=amir+ khan+ baji+ rao+ delhi& hl=en& sa=X&ei=4ffST8iGA5CurAe21PX7Dw& ved=0CE4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=amir%20khan%20baji%20rao%20delhi& f=false

[21] http:/ / www. google. co. in/ search?tbm=bks& hl=en& q=amir+ khan+ baji+ rao+ delhi& btnG=[22] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=1pMxAQAAMAAJ& pg=PA685& dq=baji+ rao+ delhi+ six+ hundred& hl=en& sa=X&

ei=5PjST87nMcPjrAe995H8Dw& ved=0CEoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=baji%20rao%20delhi%20six%20hundred& f=false[23] William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal (2007)

Mughal Empire 13

[24] J. F. Richards, "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy," Comparative Studies in Society and History, (1981) 23#2 pp.285-308 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 178737)

[25] Sir William Wilson Hunter (1908). Imperial gazetteer of India (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=QYlDAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA107).Clarendon Press. p.107. .

[26] Irfan Habib, "Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India," Journal of Economic History (1969) 29#1 pp.32-78 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 2115498)

[27] Karen Leonard, "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire', Comparative Studies in Society and History (1979) 21#2 inJSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 178414)

[28] Robert C. Hallissey, The Rajput Rebellion against Aurangzib (U. of Missouri Press, 1977)[29] Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C). pp.1723. .[30] S. N. Sen (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. pp.1113,4143. ISBN8122417744.[31][31] Ross Marlay, Clark D. Neher. 'Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders' pp.269 ISBN 0847684423[32] webindia123.com-Indian History-Medieval-Mughal Period-AKBAR (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ history/ MEDIEVAL/ mughal

period/ mughal2. htm)[33] "Mughal Empire MSN Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kx6SG3s9). Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/

encyclopedia_761564252/ mughal_empire. html) on 2009-11-01. .[34] Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650) (http:/ / www. soas. ac. uk/ southasia/ research/ nilc/

indopersian/ )[35] Mughlai Recipes, Mughlai Dishes Cuisine, Mughlai Food (http:/ / www. indianfoodforever. com/ mughlai/ )[36] The garden of Bagh-e Babur : Tomb of the Mughal emperor (http:/ / www. afghanistan-photos. com/ crbst_36. html)[37] R. Siva Kumar, "Modern Indian Art: a Brief Overview," Art Journal (1999) 58#3 pp 14+.[38] "A Brief Hindi Urdu FAQ" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071202103338/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ sikmirza/ arabic/ hindustani.

html). sikmirza. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. geocities. com/ sikmirza/ arabic/ hindustani. html) on 2007-12-02. . Retrieved2008-05-20.

[39] Urdu Dictionary Project is Under Threat : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN (http:/ / pakistaniat. com/ 2009/ 07/ 23/urdu-dictionary-project-is-under-threat/ )

[40] John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire (1996) pp 185-204[41][41] K. N. Chaudhuri, "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India," Modern Asian Studies (1978) 12#1 pp. 77-96[42] Tirthankar1 Roy, "Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy," Past & Present (Nov 2011) 213#1

pp 115-146[43] Shireen Moosvi, "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c.15001750)," International Review of Social History (Dec 2011) Supplement S,

Vol. 56 Issue S19, pp 245-261[44] Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press,

Washington, D.C.[45] Kazi, Najma (24 November 2007). "Seeking Seamless Scientific Wonders: Review of Emilie Savage-Smith's Work" (http:/ / www.

muslimheritage. com/ topics/ default. cfm?articleID=832). FSTC Limited. . Retrieved 2008-02-01.[46] Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., pp.89, ISBN8120812565[47] Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York

Press, pp.829, ISBN0791429199[48] Bag, A. K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu". Indian Journal of History of Science (New Delhi: Indian

National Science Academy) 40 (3): 431436. ISSN0019-5235.[49] Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 - YouTube (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Lbzr26t8H2U)[50] "The Mughal Empire - Ishwari Prasad - Google Books" (http:/ / books. google. com. pk/ books?id=yAJuAAAAMAAJ& q=aurangzeb+

bidar+ rocket& dq=aurangzeb+ bidar+ rocket& hl=en& sa=X& ei=cXo1T5DDFcXP-ga3nPjsAQ& ved=0CE0Q6AEwBg).Books.google.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-04-29.

[51] Roddam Narasimha (1985). "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D." (http:/ / www. nal. res. in/ pages/ rocketsdet. htm). NationalAerospace Laboratories, India. . Retrieved 30 November 2011.

[52] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Template:History

Mughal Empire 14

Further reading Alam, Muzaffar. Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh & the Punjab, 1707-48 (1988) Ali, M. Athar. "The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case," Modern Asian Studies (1975) 9#3 pp. 385-396 in

JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 311728), on the causes of its colapse Black, Jeremy. "The Mughals Strike Twice," History Today (April 2012) 62#4 pp 22-26. full text online Blake, Stephen P. "The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals," Journal of Asian Studies (1979) 39#1

pp. 77-94 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 2053505) Dale, Stephen F. The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals (Cambridge U.P. 2009) Dalrymple, William (2007). The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi, 1857 (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=zlEDvkhEmL8C). Random House Digital, Inc.. Faruqui, Munis D. "The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India,"

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (2005) 48#4 pp 487-523 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor.org/ stable/ 25165118), on Akbar and his brother

Gommans; Jos. Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 (Routledge, 2002)online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=102714757)

Gordon, S. The New Cambridge History of India, II, 4: The Marathas 1600-1818 (Cambridge, 1993). Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982). Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C). Anthem Press. pp.79184. Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC).

Cambridge University Press. Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1974). The Mughul Empire (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ). B.V. Bhavan. Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996) excerpt and online search

(http:/ / www. amazon. com/ Mughal-Empire-Cambridge-History-India/ dp/ 0521566037/ ) Richards, J. F. "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy," Comparative Studies in Society and

History (1981) 23#2 pp. 285-308 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 178737)

Culture Berinstain, V. Mughal India: Splendour of the Peacock Throne (London, 1998). Busch, Allison. Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India (2011) excerpt and text search

(http:/ / www. amazon. com/ Poetry-Kings-Classical-Literature-Research/ dp/ 0199765928/ref=sr_1_2?s=books& ie=UTF8& qid=1339157925& sr=1-2)

Preston, Diana and Michael Preston. Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire Walker& Company; ISBN 0802716733.

Schimmel, Annemane. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture (Reaktion 2006)

Mughal Empire 15

Society and economy Chaudhuri, K. N. "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India," Modern Asian Studies (1978)

12#1 pp. 77-96 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 311823) Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982). Habib, Irfan. Agrarian System of Mughal India (1963, revised edition 1999). Heesterman, J. C. "The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction," Journal of the Economic

and Social History of the Orient, (2004) 47#3 pp. 292-297 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 25165051) Khan, Iqtidar Alam. "The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire," Social Scientist (1976) 5#1 pp. 28-49 in JSTOR

(http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 3516601) Rothermund, Dietmar. An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991 (1993)

Primary sources Bernier, Francois (1891). Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/

travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/ ii/ mode/ 2up). Archibald Constable, London. Hiro, Dilip, ed, Journal of Emperor Babur (Penguin Classics 2007)

The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor ed. byW.M. Thackston Jr. (2002); this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature Jackson, A.V. et al, eds. History of India (1907) v.9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic,

oriental, and occidental, by A.V.W. Jackson online edition (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/historyofindia09jackiala)

The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language byJouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). John Murray, London. 1832.

Older histories Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The

Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 18671877. ( Online Copy (http:/ / persian.packhum. org/ persian/ main?url=pf?file=80201010& ct=0) at Packard Humanities Institute Other Persian Textsin Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List (http:/ / persian. packhum. org/ persian/ ))

Adams, W. H. Davenport (1893). Warriors of the Crescent (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/warriorsofcresce00adamuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London: Hutchinson.

Holden, Edward Singleton (1895). The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398- A.D. 1707 (http:/ / www.archive. org/ stream/ mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). New York : C. Scribner's Sons.

Malleson, G. B (1896). Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/akbarriseofmugha00mallrich#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up). Oxford : Clarendon Press.

Manucci, Niccolao; tr. from French by Franois Catrou (1826). History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 13991657(http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ historyofmoguldy00manurich#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up). London : J.M.Richardson.

Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906). History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol.4) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ historyofindia04jackuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London, Grolier society.

Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 16531708, Vol. 1 (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ storiadomogororm01manuuoft#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 16531708, Vol. 2 (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ storiadomogororm02manuuoft#page/ n7/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907). Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 16531708, Vol. 3 (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ storiadomogororm03manuuoft#page/ n9/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

Mughal Empire 16

Owen, Sidney J (1912). The Fall of the Mogul Empire (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/fallofmogulempir00owenuoft#page/ n5/ mode/ 2up). London, J. Murray.

External links Mughals and Swat (http:/ / www. valleyswat. net/ literature/ papers/ MUGHULS_AND_SWAT. pdf) Mughal India (http:/ / www. mughalindia. co. uk/ index. html) an interactive experience from the British Museum The Mughal Empire (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ religion/ religions/ islam/ history/ mughalempire_1. shtml) from

BBC Mughal Empire (http:/ / www. i3pep. org/ archives/ 2005/ 04/ 12/ mughal-empire/ ) The Great Mughals (http:/ / www. islamicarchitecture. org/ dynasties/ mughals. html) Gardens of the Mughal Empire (http:/ / www. mughalgardens. org/ html/ home. html) Indo-Iranian Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future, by M.Reza Pourjafar, Ali A. Taghvaee, in Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (Fabio Maniscalco ed.) (http:/ / www. webjournal. unior. it/

), vol. 1, JanuaryJune 2006 Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace PHOTOS Great Mughal Emperors of India (http:/ / www. paradoxplace.

com/ Insights/ Civilizations/ Mughals/ Mughals. htm) A Mughal diamond on BBC (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ england/ 1566398. stm) Some Mughal coins with brief history (http:/ / www. chiefacoins. com/ Database/ Countries/ Mughal. htm)

Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and ContributorsMughal Empire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=498658933 Contributors: 15turnsm, 1or2, 3210, 3swordz, 7794hka, 9258fahsflkh917fas, A. B., A. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk)File:Mughal Empire (orthographic projection).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mughal_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: KarnRedsunFile:Timurid.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Timurid.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:StanneredFile:Blank.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor,Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, TintazulFile:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: DarkEvilFile:Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Herat.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk)File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: BarryobFile:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.png License: Public Domain Contributors: YenemusFile:Nawab flag.GIF Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nawab_flag.GIF License: Public Domain Contributors: Arafath.riyathFile:Flag of Awadh.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Awadh.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:UtcurschFile:Flag of Mysore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mysore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lucas Larson, based on work of MChewFile:Flag of Bharatpur.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bharatpur.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk)File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Pakistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Dagger horse head Louvre OA7891.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:User:Jastrow

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 18

File:A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id., 1843.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_panorama_in_12_folds_showing_the_procession_of_the_Emperor_Bahadur_Shah_to_celebrate_the_feast_of_the_'Id.,_1843.jpg License: PublicDomain Contributors: Aavindraa, Ekabhishek, Innotata, MPF, 2 anonymous editsFile:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mughal_Genealogical_Table.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: NafsadhFile:India in 1700 Joppen.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_in_1700_Joppen.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Charles JoppenFile:Mir Sayyid Ali - Portrait of a Young Indian Scholar.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg License:Public Domain Contributors: Ecummenic, Eugene a, Johnbod, Jungpionier, Shakko, ZoloFile:Silver Rupee Madras Presidency.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Albertomos,Jungpionier, Roland zhFile:Islamic Celestial Globe 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Islamic_Celestial_Globe_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors:Smithsonian InstitutionFile:Weeks Edwin Lord An Open-Air Restaurant Lahore.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_An_Open-Air_Restaurant_Lahore.jpg License:Public Domain Contributors: Ekabhishek, Look2See1, Mattes, Staszek99File:Weeks Edwin Lord Royal Elephant.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_Royal_Elephant.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:Ekabhishek, Kilom691, Mattes, Roland zh, Staszek99File:Weeks Edwin Before A Mosque 1883.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Weeks_Edwin_Before_A_Mosque_1883.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:AnonMoos, JMCC1, Kilom691, Mattes, Roland zh, Staszek99File:Street Scene in India.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Street_Scene_in_India.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKidImage:Mongol dominions1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mongol_dominions1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Briangotts, Latebird, Maksim, Nik Sage,RNLion, Shyam, 1 anonymous edits

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