mud findings memo final 10.16 · 2018-10-17 · mud memo kinder institute 12 size of muds with the...
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4701 Sangamore Road | Suite S240
Bethesda, MD 20816
301.320.6900 | www.tischlerbise.com
MEMORANDUM
TO: Bill Fulton and Kyle Shelton
Kinder Institute, Rice University
FROM: Julie Herlands, AICP
Colin McAweeney
TischlerBise
DATE: October 16, 2018
RE: Municipal Utility District (MUD) Analysis Findings
I. Overview
TischlerBise is working with the Kinder Institute to research Municipal Utility Districts (MUDs) as part of a
larger effort on Regional Governance intended to identify current roles, responsibilities, and revenue
sources of the city, the county, MUDs, and other special district agencies.
TischlerBise obtained datasets1 on MUDs from the Kinder Institute that includes basic information about
each MUD in the City of Houston ETJ, including: geographical location of each MUD, year of formation,
presence of overlapping jurisdictions, property values, and financial information (indebtedness, tax rates,
etc.). While the dataset includes other special districts in addition to MUDs, the analysis herein is limited
to MUDs only. In addition to the datasets provided by the Kinder Institute, TischlerBise downloaded a
dataset on Special Districts Rates and Levies from the Texas Comptroller for Tax Year 2015.2
This task includes the overall review and description of MUD characteristics as well as the development
of fiscal metrics dependent on data availability, such as, but not limited to: debt per acre, taxable value
per acre, debt to value ratios, and tax rates compared to value to allow comparisons among MUDs by
different variables.
1 Datasets are owned and maintained by Municipal Information Systems and provided to the Kinder Institute through a contractual agreement between Municipal Information Systems and the Kinder Institute. Data were provided for years 1991-2015. 2 The 2016 Report reflects Tax Year 2015 data and was the latest available at the time of the analysis. Older years are available. See https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/property-tax/rates/index.php.
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II. Municipal Utility Districts in the Houston Region
Using Tax Year 2015 data from the Texas Comptroller, TischlerBise summarized MUD characteristics for
MUDs located in the Houston region compared to the rest of the state. The Texas Comptroller data is
organized and provided at the County level therefore the findings below are for Harris County first,
followed by an expanded figure that includes Fort Bend and Montgomery counties. MUDs included in the
expanded counties may or may not be located within the Houston ETJ. Data on Houston ETJ MUDs is
provided and analyzed in later sections of this report.
Figure 1. Comparison of MUDs in Harris County to Statewide Totals
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Figure 2. Comparison of MUDs in Houston Region Counties to Statewide Totals
• MUDs in Harris County comprise 40 percent of the total number of MUDs statewide3 and account
for 51 percent of the value.
• Expanding the catchment area to include all of Fort Bend and Montgomery counties, the figures
increase to 70 percent of the number of MUDs and almost 78 percent of the taxable value.
3 The number of MUDs (and related data) included in the Comptroller’s data does not equal the number from the
Municipal Information Services data due to issues related to self-reporting and changes in status.
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Houston ETJ MUDs Overview
Houston ETJ MUDs (located in counties of Harris, Fort Bend, or Montgomery) as of Tax Year 2015 total
374 separate Municipal Utility Districts (some of which may be inactive). The number of MUDs represents
MUDs that are currently registered as of Tax Year 2015, so do not reflect those districts that have been
dissolved or disbanded due to annexation or other reasons. A map4 with current Houston ETJ MUDs
identified is provided in Figure 3 followed by a summary of the number of Houston ETJ MUDs by county.
4 Using the Municipal Information Services data, TischlerBise created a series of maps to investigate whether there are discernible patterns with MUDs in the Houston ETJ. We utilized data from 2015, reflecting present conditions and 1993, the earliest dataset that included an ETJ identifier to reflect initial conditions. These maps are included throughout this memo.
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Figure 3. Map of Houston ETJ MUDs
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Figure 4. Number of MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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III. Trends in City of Houston ETJ Municipal Utility Districts
Time Frames for Houston ETJ MUD Formation
MUDs have been utilized since the 1960s in Texas. Below is a summary of the number of current MUDs5
formed during the time periods shown. The 1970s saw the largest number of MUDs created in the
Houston ETJ. The Houston area was in a recession during the mid-1980s with economic recovery beginning
in the late 1990s. The economy was in full recovery during the period 2000 through 2007 prior to the
Great Recession, which began to be felt nationally in 2008.6 MUD formation followed these regional
economic trends.
Figure 5. Number of MUDs (2015) Formed by Time Period
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
5 The data reflect MUDs that are registered as of the 2015 Tax Year. MUDs that may have been dissolved are not included in these totals. 6 Municipal Information Services, “Vital Statistics for Houston Area Water Districts,” Summer 2016.
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Figure 6. MUD Formation by Decade Map Series
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Figure 7. Houston ETJ MUDs (2015): Date of Formation Summary Map
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To illustrate the growth over time in the region, including and beyond the City of Houston’s ETJ, Figure 8, lists the number of MUDs formed in 5-year intervals for Harris, Fort Bend, and Montgomery counties. Figure 8. Formation of MUDs by Time Period and County (Beyond the City of Houston’s ETJ)
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Size of MUDs
With the high point of MUD formation in the 1970s, the largest amount of land area included in MUDs
also occurred in that time frame.
Figure 9. Size of MUDs by Time Period
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
The current summary of number of housing units and acres in Houston ETJ MUDs is shown below in Figure
10 with counties identified. Over 550,000 housing units are in MUDs on almost 260,000 acres, comprising
almost 400 square miles. This is slightly larger than the City of Dallas and slightly smaller than the City
of San Antonio.7 Houston is 627 square miles, within the municipal boundaries of the city.
7 The City of Dallas is 385 square miles; the City of San Antonio is 465 square miles.
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Figure 10. Number of Housing Units and Acreage in MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
The relative sizes of Houston ETJ MUDs in number of housing units is shown in Figure 11. The map reflects
housing units in current MUDs (tax year 2015). No distinct pattern emerges; however, it does appear that
larger relative developments tend to have occurred in the MUDs on the edges of the ETJ.
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Figure 11. Total Housing Units by MUD: Tax Year 2015
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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MUD Tax Value and Debt Trends
Tax value in Houston ETJ MUDs is currently at a total of approximately $123 billion as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Aggregate Tax Value in MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ
With over 370 MUDs in the Houston ETJ, the value of each ranges greatly. To further explore trends in tax
value, TischlerBise analyzed tax value by date of formation as well as value per acre by date and
geography.
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Figure 13. Current Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
Figure 14. Average Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) per Acre by Time Period
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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Tax value per acre in Houston ETJ MUDs is shown below first for 1993 MUDs and then 2015 MUDs. The
calculation is per MUD, so smaller MUDs by land area with relatively higher values will have relatively
higher values per acre.
Values are provided in current dollars (not adjusted for inflation), so the visual is less about the actual
values and more about the minimum and maximums relative to geographic dispersal. While no clear
pattern emerges in either time frame, in the northwest quadrant of the ETJ, closer-in MUDs tend to have
higher values per acre in both time frames. Further, a higher relative value per acre occurs in the
northwest corridor between US 290 and the Tomball Parkway.
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Figure 15. Tax Value per Acre: Tax Year 1993
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Figure 16. Tax Value per Acre: Tax Year 2015
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A key function of MUDs is to pay for infrastructure to serve new development. To do this, MUDs issue
debt and pay debt service through property taxes assessed within the MUDs. As of tax year 2015, Houston
ETJ MUDs have almost $5.8 billion in outstanding debt.
Figure 17. Aggregate Outstanding Debt in MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
A series of figures and maps are provided regarding outstanding debt in Houston ETJ MUDs. MUDs that
were formed in the 1970s still have a higher amount of outstanding debt than MUDs formed in recent
years given the larger number of MUDs formed at that time and still in existence today. The debt and tax
value for the MUDs formed between 1975 and 1979 make up almost 25 percent of the Houston ETJ
MUD total and almost 30 percent of the acreage.
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Figure 18. Current Outstanding Debt (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
In the most recent time period, 2010-14, there was only one MUD formed with a small size resulting in a
relatively large debt per acre when compared to the previous time periods.
Figure 19. Average Debt per Acre (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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Outstanding MUD debt per acre is shown for both tax year 1993 and 2015. Few clear patterns emerge;
however, it does appear that MUDs on the outside edges of the ETJ are carrying higher debt per acre than
closer in MUDs. This makes sense as these are the MUDs generally that are relatively younger and
therefore have new debt that is currently outstanding.
Figure 20. Debt per Acre: Tax Year 1993
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Figure 21. Debt per Acre: Tax Year 2015
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To identify potential stress in MUDs, debt to value ratio is analyzed, which is a common municipal financial
indicator. The above sections have explored both tax value and outstanding debt in Houston ETJ MUDs.
More recent MUDs—with less value created to date—have a much higher debt to value ratio than older
MUDs. Figure 22 provides detail.
Figure 22. Outstanding Debt to Value Ratio (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period
To identify specific MUDs with higher relative debt to value ratios, the following two maps are provided.
The first depicts debt to value ratios for 1993 MUDs followed by ratios for current (2015) MUDs. Following
on the patterns that emerged from the outstanding debt discussed above, the same potential pattern
emerges where the debt to value burden is greater for those MUDs on the outside edges of the ETJ. This
is intuitive as these MUDs are the “youngest” with debt issued to construct infrastructure with property
values accruing as developments get built. However, for those MUDs that had relatively high debt to value
ratios in 1993 and continue to do so today, further attention may be necessary.
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Figure 23. Debt to Value Ratio: Tax Year 1993
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Figure 24. Debt to Value Ratio: Tax Year 2015
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Below, the MUDs that had the top five highest debt to value ratios in 1993 are listed along with their 1993
tax rates, 2015 debt to value ratio, and 2015 tax rate. Noted earlier, a high debt to value ratio may only
indicate that the district is recently created and taken on a large amount of debt, but growth has yet to
occur.
In 1993, Northwood MUD #1 had one of the highest debt to value ratio and the highest tax rate, while the
other four districts had relatively average or low tax rates. Additionally, all the MUDs listed were formed
by 1986, which signals that only marginal growth had occurred in the first 5-10 years for these districts.
Since 1993, these five districts have seen a significant decrease in their debt to value ratio as debt is
reduced and development occurs. However, Fort Bend County MUD #50 and Cinco MUD #1 have
increased their tax rate. The decrease in debt to value ratio is a positive feature, but the increase in tax
rate for the two MUDs may be a sign that revenue generation has been lower than anticipated or
additional expenditures have been incurred.
Figure 25. Debt to Value Ratio, Top Five Highest Ratios in 1993
In Figure 26, the MUDs with the top five highest debt to value ratios in 2015 are listed. The MUDs
highlighted are within the top 50 of highest tax rates as well. All MUDs listed below were established in
the early 2000s, except for Baybrook MUD #1 which was formed in 1984. It is anticipated that within the
first 10 years, the debt to value ratio will be relatively high, so the debt to value ratio in Figure 26 is
expected from those formed in the early 2000s.
Figure 26. Debt to Value Ratio, Top Five Highest Ratios in 2015
Fort Bend County MUD #50 2493% $0.73 10.2% $0.91
Cinco MUD #1 1791% $0.34 1.3% $0.44
Northwood MUD #1 468% $10.25 6.5% $1.25
Northwest Harris County MUD #19 254% $1.25 12.0% $0.88
Harris County MUD #216 112% $1.50 4.1% $0.70
MUDs
1993 Debt to
Value Ratio 1993 Tax Rate
2015 Debt to
Value Ratio 2015 Tax Rate
Harris County MUD #504 34% $1.39
Fort Bend County MUD #134B 19% $1.45
Grand Mission MUD #2 15% $1.25
Fort Bend County MUD #133 14% $1.43
Baybrook MUD #1 13% $1.11
MUDs
2015 Debt to
Value Ratio 2015 Tax Rate
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Tax Value and Tax Rates over Time
Using the Municipal Information Services database, annual tax value is shown in Figure 27. This data
reflects current year values (i.e., not adjusted for inflation) and shows the increasing value capture in
MUDs over time.
Figure 27. Tax Value per Tax Year (not adjusted for inflation) 1986-2015
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
The average MUD tax rate for all Houston ETJ MUDs has stayed relatively stable between $.567 and $.869
per $100 in tax value. It should be noted that this is not a weighted average, rather an average of Houston
ETJ MUD tax rates in that tax year.
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Figure 28. Average MUD Tax Rate 1986-2015
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data; TischlerBise analysis.
As MUDs mature, debt is retired, and expenses can shift to operations. However, the trend shown below
in Figure 29 is counter to this phenomenon where new MUDs are shown to have higher operating and
maintenance rates relative to debt service rates. One explanation may be that newer MUDs require higher
start-up costs prior to issuing debt, and these newer MUDs formed at the end of the Great Recession have
yet to start development in earnest.
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Figure 29. Average Tax Rates (Operating and Debt Service) by Year of Formation
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data; TischlerBise analysis.
Finally, we provide a scatter plot of Tax Rates (per $100 in Tax Value) compared to Tax Value for each
MUD in the Houston ETJ to try to identify relationships between tax values and tax rates. Almost 65
percent of the ETJs have a current tax value between $100 and $500 million. However, tax rates range
from low to high without a statistical relationship to value.
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Figure 30. Tax Rates by Tax Value (Tax Year 2015)
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data (Tax Year 2015); TischlerBise analysis.
Further investigation of MUD tax rates is provided below by time and geographic location.
The takeaway from these graphics is other than a potential trend of areas of higher tax rates on the
outer edges of the ETJ MUDs, there really is no discernible pattern.
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Figure 31. MUD Property Tax Rate: Tax Year 1993
It should be noted that the MUD with the highest rate of $10.25 per $100 in value in 1993 is under a bankruptcy plan in 2015.
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Figure 32. MUD Property Tax Rate: Tax Year 2015
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Limited Purpose Annexation Agreements
The City of Houston currently has Limited Purpose Annexation (LPA) agreements with special purpose
districts in the ETJ. A total of 227 LPAs are active as of Fiscal Year 2017, generally with revenue sharing
agreements for 50 percent of sales tax generated within the special purpose district. Special purpose
districts include MUDs and other types of districts such as Planned Unit Developments (PUD), however
the figure below only depicts MUDs. Cross-matching the City’s LPA list with the MUD database identifies
187 MUDs with current LPAs. The graphic below provides detail on the number of MUDs with LPAs.
Figure 33. MUDs and Limited Purpose Agreements: Tax Year 2017
MUDs with vs without an LPA (FY2017)
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The following figure compares MUDs with LPAs to other utility districts with LPAs. Figure 34. MUDs vs. Other Utility Districts with LPAs
MUD vs Non-MUD LPAs (FY2017)
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IV. Comparison of Houston ETJ MUDs to City of Houston
It is telling to compare Houston area MUDs to the City of Houston itself. Houston ETJ MUDs are those
MUDs that are located (a) in the Houston ETJ; (b) outside of the City of Houston; and (c) in unincorporated
Harris, Ft. Bend, and Montgomery counties. The Houston ETJ MUD area is approximately two-thirds the
physical size of the City of Houston with about two-thirds the taxable value. However, the Houston MUDs
have almost double the outstanding debt as the City of Houston.8
Figure 35. Population Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs
8 City of Houston debt measured is debt that is backed by property taxes (General Bonded Debt Outstanding) as compared to debt that is backed by other sources of revenue such as utility rates and/or fees.
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Figure 36. Size Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs
Figure 37. Tax Value and Outstanding Debt Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs
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Figure 38. Outstanding Debt Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs
Figure 39. Detailed Comparison Data
Note: The data comparing the City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs excludes MUDs located inside the
City of Houston. This differs from Section III where all MUDs are included in the analysis.
Acreage Sq. Miles
Housing Units
(2015) Source
Tax Value
($1,000s) (2015) Source
Outstanding Debt
($1,000s) (2015) Source
Debt to
Value %
Population
(2015) Source
Harris County 1,137,280 1,777 1,660,235 [a] $350,425,713 [d] $2,536,215 [d] 0.72% 4,538,028 [d]
City of Houston 401,280 627 927,107 [a] $187,823,028 [e] $3,018,008 [e] 1.61% 2,239,558 [e]
Houston ETJ MUDs in Harris County
[outside City of Houston]176,797 276 409,728 [b] $81,675,716 [b] $3,891,287 [b] 4.76% 1,119,936 [f]
Harris County Remainder [outside
City and MUDs]559,203 874 323,400 [c] $80,926,969 [c] na 1,178,534 [c]
Houston ETJ MUDs in Ft. Bend and
Montgomery Counties81,208 127 142,817 [g] $41,427,891 [g] $1,877,258 [g] 4.53% 400,148 [h]
TOTAL in Houston ETJ MUDs 258,005 403 552,545 $123,103,607 $5,768,545 4.69% 1,520,084
Sources:
[a] US Census, ACS 2011-2015 5-Year Estimates
[b] Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015. Any part of MUDs that are in Harris County, per data.
[c] Calculated (estimated) from above figures
[d] Harris County FY17 CAFR: FY 2015 Taxable Assessed Value; FY 2015 General Bonded Debt Outstanding; Population Estimate
[e] City of Houston FY17 CAFR: Fiscal Year 2015 Taxable Assessed Value; FY 2015 General Bonded Debt Outstanding; Population Estimate
[f] TischlerBise estimate based on Housing Units and Harris County average persons per unit (calculated from above)
[g] Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015. Any part of MUDs that are in Harris County, per data.
[h] TischlerBise estimated based on Housing Units and average persons per housing unit by County from US Census
* General bonded debt outstanding
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V. MUDs in the City of Houston
MUDs located in the City of Houston are identified and discussed in this chapter, some of which are either
wholly or partially in the City limits. Figure 40 shows those MUDs located in the City of Houston.
Figure 40. City of Houston MUDs
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To understand the growth of MUDs in the City of Houston, the number of MUDs formed in the City in five-
year intervals is illustrated in Figure 41. From 1970 to 1999 there was a steady rate of two to five new
MUDs formed every five years. Between 2000 to 2009 the average doubled to eight new MUDs every five
years.
Figure 41. Formation of MUDs by Time Period, City of Houston
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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The total acreage of MUDs in the City of Houston is much smaller than in the City’s ETJ. The number of
acres located in MUDs in the City was largest during the 1970s, despite an average level of MUDs being
formed during that time period.
Figure 42. Size of MUDS by Time Period, City of Houston
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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To explore trends in tax value, TischlerBise analyzed tax value by date of formation (Figure 43) as well as
average value per acre by date of formation (Figure 44).
Figure 43. Current Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period, City of Houston
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
Figure 44. Average Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) per Acre by Time Period, City of Houston
Source: Municipal Information Services, 2016 Data for Tax Year 2015; TischlerBise analysis.
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To identify potential stress in MUDs, debt to value ratio is analyzed, which is a common municipal financial
indicator. More recent MUDs—with less value created to date—have a much higher debt to value ratio
than older MUDs. However, there is one MUD (Baybrook MUD #1) which was formed in 1984 that has the
highest debt to value ratio (13%) of any MUD in the City of Houston which brings the time period’s average
above all others.
Figure 45. Outstanding Debt to Value Ratio (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period, City of Houston
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VI. List of Figures
Figure 1. Comparison of MUDs in Harris County to Statewide Totals .......................................................... 2 Figure 2. Comparison of MUDs in Houston Region Counties to Statewide Totals ....................................... 3 Figure 3. Map of Houston ETJ MUDs ............................................................................................................ 5 Figure 4. Number of MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ ......................................................................... 6 Figure 5. Number of MUDs (2015) Formed by Time Period ......................................................................... 7 Figure 6. MUD Formation by Decade Map Series ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 7. Houston ETJ MUDs (2015): Date of Formation Summary Map ................................................... 10 Figure 8. Formation of MUDs by Time Period and County (Beyond the City of Houston’s ETJ) ................ 11 Figure 9. Size of MUDs by Time Period ....................................................................................................... 12 Figure 10. Number of Housing Units and Acreage in MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ ..................... 13 Figure 11. Total Housing Units by MUD: Tax Year 2015 ............................................................................. 14 Figure 12. Aggregate Tax Value in MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ .................................................. 15 Figure 13. Current Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period ................................................................... 16 Figure 14. Average Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) per Acre by Time Period .................................................... 16 Figure 15. Tax Value per Acre: Tax Year 1993 ............................................................................................. 18 Figure 16. Tax Value per Acre: Tax Year 2015 ............................................................................................. 19 Figure 17. Aggregate Outstanding Debt in MUDs Located in City of Houston ETJ ..................................... 20 Figure 18. Current Outstanding Debt (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period ...................................................... 21 Figure 19. Average Debt per Acre (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period ............................................................ 21 Figure 20. Debt per Acre: Tax Year 1993 .................................................................................................... 22 Figure 21. Debt per Acre: Tax Year 2015 .................................................................................................... 23 Figure 22. Outstanding Debt to Value Ratio (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period ............................................ 24 Figure 23. Debt to Value Ratio: Tax Year 1993 ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 24. Debt to Value Ratio: Tax Year 2015 ........................................................................................... 26 Figure 25. Debt to Value Ratio, Top Five Highest Ratios in 1993 ............................................................... 27 Figure 26. Debt to Value Ratio, Top Five Highest Ratios in 2015 ............................................................... 27 Figure 27. Tax Value per Tax Year (not adjusted for inflation) 1986-2015 ................................................. 28 Figure 28. Average MUD Tax Rate 1986-2015 ............................................................................................ 29 Figure 29. Average Tax Rates (Operating and Debt Service) by Year of Formation ................................... 30 Figure 30. Tax Rates by Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) ..................................................................................... 31 Figure 31. MUD Property Tax Rate: Tax Year 1993 ..................................................................................... 32 Figure 32. MUD Property Tax Rate: Tax Year 2015 ..................................................................................... 33 Figure 33. MUDs and Limited Purpose Agreements: Tax Year 2017 .......................................................... 34 Figure 34. MUDs vs. Other Utility Districts with LPAs ................................................................................. 35 Figure 35. Population Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs............................................... 36 Figure 36. Size Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs .......................................................... 37 Figure 37. Tax Value and Outstanding Debt Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs ............ 37 Figure 38. Outstanding Debt Comparison: City of Houston to Houston ETJ MUDs ................................... 38 Figure 39. Detailed Comparison Data ......................................................................................................... 38 Figure 40. City of Houston MUDs ................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 41. Formation of MUDs by Time Period, City of Houston ............................................................... 40 Figure 42. Size of MUDS by Time Period, City of Houston .......................................................................... 41 Figure 43. Current Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period, City of Houston ........................................ 42 Figure 44. Average Tax Value (Tax Year 2015) per Acre by Time Period, City of Houston ......................... 42 Figure 45. Outstanding Debt to Value Ratio (Tax Year 2015) by Time Period, City of Houston ................. 43
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VII. Sources and Resources
Sara C. Galvan, Wrestling with MUDs to Pin Down the Truth about Special Districts, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 3041 (2007). Available at: http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol75/iss6/14 Municipal Information Services, Datasets provided to Kinder Institute.
Municipal Information Services, “Vital Statistics for Houston Area Water Districts,” Summer 2016.
Texas Comptroller, Tax Rates and Levies, https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/property-
tax/rates/index.php
Texas Senate Research Center, “Research Spotlight. Invisible Government: Special Purpose Districts in
Texas,” October 2014
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VIII. Appendix
The Municipal Information Services dataset has the following data fields. (Note: This is from the 2015
database; earlier files can and do have different data fields as more information was added over the
years.)
x
Name
Debt
BFB_12.31.15
2015_DS_T/R
86_TaxValue
87_TaxValue
88_TaxValue
89_TaxValue
90_TaxValue
91_TaxValue
92_TaxValue
93_TaxValue
94_TaxValue
95_TaxValue
96_TaxValue
97_TaxValue
98_TaxValue
99_TaxValue
00_TaxValue
01_TaxValue
02_TaxValue
03_TaxValue
04_TaxValue
05_TaxValue
06_TaxValue
07_TaxValue
08_TaxValue
09_TaxValue
10_TaxValue
11_TaxValue
12_TaxValue
13_TaxValue
14_TaxValue
15_TaxValue
86_TaxRate
87_TaxRate
88_TaxRate
89_TaxRate
90_TaxRate
91_TaxRate
92_TaxRate
93_TaxRate
94_TaxRate
95_TaxRate
96_TaxRate
97_TaxRate
98_TaxRate
99_TaxRate
00_TaxRate
01_TaxRate
02_TaxRate
03_TaxRate
04_TaxRate
05_TaxRate
06_TaxRate
07_TaxRate
08_TaxRate
09_TaxRate
10_TaxRate
11_TaxRate
12_TaxRate
13_TaxRate
14_TaxRate
15_TaxRate
86%Coll
87 % Coll
88 % Coll
89 % Coll
90 % Coll
91 % Coll
92 % Coll
93 % Coll
94 % Coll
95 % Coll
96 % Coll
97 % Coll
98 % Coll
99 % Coll
00 % Coll
01 % Coll
02 % Coll
03 % Coll
04 % Coll
05 % Coll
06 % Coll
07 % Coll
08 % Coll
09 % Coll
10 % Coll
11 % Coll
12 % Coll
13 % Coll
14 % Coll
16 Debt Serv
17 Debt Serv
18 Debt Serv
19 Debt Serv
20 Debt Serv
21 Debt Serv
22 Debt Serv
23 Debt Serv
24 Debt Serv
25 Debt Serv
Location
Census Tract
Acreage
SD Name 1
SD Lots 1
SD Lot Val 1
SD Houses 1
Sd Hou Val 1
SD Name 2
SD Lots 2
SD Lot Val 2
SD Houses 2
Sd Hou Val 2
SD Name 3
SD Lots 3
SD Lot Val 3
MUD Memo Kinder Institute
47
SD Houses 3
Sd Hou Val 3
SD Name 4
SD Lots 4
SD Lot Val 4
SD Houses 4
Sd Hou Val 4
SD Name 5
SD Lots 5
SD Lot Val 5
SD Houses 5
Sd Hou Val 5
SD Name 6
SD Lots 6
SD Lot Val 6
SD Houses 6
Sd Hou Val 6
SD Name 7
SD Lots 7
SD Lot Val 7
SD Houses 7
Sd Hou Val 7
SD Name 8
SD Lots 8
SD Lot Val 8
SD Houses 8
Sd Hou Val 8
SD Name 9
SD Lots 9
SD Lot Val 9
SD Houses 9
Sd Hou Val 9
SD Name 10
SD Lots 10
SD Lot Val 10
SD Houses 10
Sd Hou Val 10
SD Name 11
SD Lots 11
SD Lot Val 11
SD Houses 11
Sd Hou Val 11
SD Name 12
SD Lots 12
SD Lot Val 12
SD Houses 12
Sd Hou Val 12
SD Name 13
SD Lots 13
SD Lot Val 13
SD Houses 13
Sd Hou Val 13
SD Name 14
SD Lots 14
SD Lot Val 14
SD Houses 14
Sd Hou Val 14
SD Name 15
SD Lots 15
SD Lot Val 15
SD Houses 15
Sd Hou Val 15
SD Name 16
SD Lots 16
SD Lot Val 16
SD Houses 16
Sd Hou Val 16
SD Name 17
SD Lots 17
SD Lot Val 17
SD Houses 17
Sd Hou Val 17
SD Name 18
SD Lots 18
SD Lot Val 18
SD Houses 18
Sd Hou Val 18
SD Name 19
SD Lots 19
SD Lot Val 19
SD Houses 19
Sd Hou Val 19
SD Name 20
SD Lots 20
SD Lot Val 20
SD Houses 20
Sd Hou Val 20
Apartments
Raw Acres
Raw Value
Comm Acres
Comm Val
Imp Value
Exempt Acres
Developer 1
Developer 2
Attorney
Tax A/C
Bookkepper
Engineer
Fin Advisor
Operator
Auditor
Oper Fund Bal
Const Fund Bal
Other Fund
Other Fund Bal
Note 1
Note 2
Note 3
Note 4
Note 5
Note 6
Note 7
Note 8
Paying Agent
Tax Collector
School District
15 ISD Tax Rate
School District
15 ISD Tax Rate
County
12 Co Tax Rate
College
15 Coll Tax Rate
RFPD
15 RFPD Tax Rate
RFPD
15 RFPD Tax Rate
Other 1
Other 1 15 Tax Rate
Other 2
Other 2 15Tax Rate
ETJ
Creation Date
Jur Code
MUDMap