muammar al-gaddafi

8/9/2019 Muammar al-Gaddafi

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Muammar al-GaddafiMuammar al-Gaddafi

Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution

Incumbent

Assumed office1 September 1969

President

Abdul Ati al-ObeidiMuhammad az-Zaruq RajabMifta al-Usta UmarAbdul Razzaq as-SawsaMuhammad al-ZanatiMiftah Muhammed K'ebaImbarek ShamekhMohamed Abdul Quasim al-Zwai

Prime Minister

Jadallah Azzuz at-TalhiMuhammad az-Zaruq RajabJadallah Azzuz at-TalhiUmar Mustafa al-MuntasirAbuzed Omar DordaAbdul Majid al-QaudMuhammad Ahmad al-MangoushImbarek Shamekh


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Shukri GhanemBaghdadi Mahmudi

Preceded by Idris I (King of Libya)

Secretary General of the General People'sCongress

In office2 March 1977 2 March 1979

Prime Minister Abdul Ati al-Obeidi

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Abdul Ati al-Obeidi

Chairman of the Revolutionary Command

Council

In office8 September 1969 2 March 1979

Prime Minister

Mahmud Sulayman al-MaghribiAbdessalam JalloudAbdul Ati al-ObeidiJadallah Azzuz at-Talhi

Preceded by Idris I (King of Libya)

Succeeded by Position abolished

Prime Minister of Libya

In office16 January 1970 16 July 1972

Preceded by Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi

Succeeded by Abdessalam Jalloud

Chairperson of the African Union

In office2 February 2009 31 January 2010

Preceded by Jakaya KikweteSucceeded by Bingu wa Mutharika

Born7 June 1942 (age 68)Sirt, Italian Libya

Religion Islam


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Signature

Website Official website

Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1Muammar al-Qaf; also known simply as ColonelGaddafi; born 1942) has been the dictator of Libya since a coup in 1969. [1]From 1972, when Gaddafi relinquished the title of prime minister, he has been accorded thehonorifics "Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's LibyanArab Jamahiriya" or "Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution" in government statements

and the official press.[2]

With the death of Omar Bongo of Gabon on 8 June 2009, he became thethird longest serving of all current national leaders. He is also the longest-serving ruler of Libyasince Ali Pasha Al Karamanli, who ruled between 1754 and 1795. [3]

Contents1 Early life2 In power2.1 Military coup d'tat2.2 Islamic Socialism and pan-Arabism2.3 External relations2.4 Openness2.5 Cooperation with Italy2.6 Pan-Africanism2.7 'NATO of the South'3 UN General Assembly speech4 Disappearance of Imam Musa al-Sadr5 Internal dissent6 Public works projects6.1 Great Manmade River6.2 Astronomical observatory7 Personal life and family8 Quotes9 Name10 The show11 Postage stamps12 Books and other Writings13 See also14 References15 External links

Early life


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Gaddafi was born in a Bedouin family near Sirt. Although this claim is not proven, there isspeculation that his biological father was Albert Preziosi, a Free French Forces air officer ofCorsican origins.[4]As an early follower of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and his Arab socialist andnationalism ideal, he took a part as a teenager in anti-Israeli demonstrations during Suez Crisis. [5]

An early conspirator, he begun first plan to overthrow monarchy while in military college. Hereceived further military training in the United Kingdom.[5]

In powerMilitary coup d'tat

Gaddafi (far right) posing with Hafez al-Assad, Idi Amin and Anwar al-Sadat in 1971On 1 September 1969, a small group of junior military officers led by Gaddafi staged a bloodlesscoup d'tat against King Idris I, while he was in Kamena Vourla, a Greek resort, for medicaltreatment. His nephew the Crown Prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi had beenformally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolishedthe monarchy and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic.[6] The slim 27-year-old Gaddafi,with a taste for safari suits and sunglasses, then sought to become the new "Che Guevara of theage".[7] To accomplish this Gaddafi turned Libya into a haven for anti-Western radicals, whereany group, supposedly, could receive weapons and financial assistance, provided they claimed to

be fighting imperialism.[7] The Italian population in Libya almost disappeared after Gaddafiordered the expulsion of Italians in 1970.[8]A Revolutionary Command Council was formed to rule the country, with Gaddafi as chairman.He added the title of prime minister in 1970, but gave up this title in 1972. Unlike some othermilitary revolutionaries, Gaddafi did not promote himself to the rank of general upon seizingpower, but rather accepted a ceremonial promotion from captain to colonel and has remained atthis rank since then. While at odds with Western military ranking for a colonel to rule a countryand serve as Commander-in-Chief of its military, in Gaddafi's own words Libya's society is"ruled by the people", so he needs no more grandiose title or supreme military rank. [1]Islamic Socialism and pan-ArabismGaddafi based his new regime on a blend of Arab nationalism,[9][10] aspects of the welfarestate,[11][12][13] and what Gaddafi termed "popular democracy",[14] or more commonly "direct,popular democracy". He called this system "Islamic socialism", and, while he permitted privatecontrol over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones. Welfare, "liberation"(or emancipation depending on the translation),[15] and education[16] were emphasized. He alsoimposed a system of Islamic morals,[17][18] outlawing alcohol and gambling. Like previousrevolutionary figures of the 20th century such as Mao and his Little Red Book, Gaddafi outlinedhis political philosophy in his Green Book to reinforce the ideals of this socialist-Islamic stateand published in three volumes between 1975 and 1979. [citation needed]


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In 1977, Gaddafi proclaimed that Libya was changing its form of government from a republic toa "jamahiriya" - a neologism that means "mass-state" or "government by the masses". In theory,Libya became a direct democracy governed by the people[19] through local popular councils andcommunes.[20] At the top of this structure was the General People's Congress, [21] with Gaddafi assecretary-general. However, after only two years, Gaddafi gave up all of his governmental posts

in keeping with the new egalitarian philosophy.

[citation needed]

In practice, Libya's political system is less idealistic. Real power is vested in a "revolutionarysector" composed of Gaddafi and a small group of trusted advisers. While he holds no formaloffice, it is believed by many that Gaddafi holds near-absolute control over thegovernment.[citation needed]From time to time, Gaddafi has responded to domestic and external opposition with violence. Hisrevolutionary committees called for the assassination of Libyan dissidents living abroad in April1980, with Libyan hit squads sent abroad to murder them. On 26 April 1980, Gaddafi set adeadline of 11 June 1980 for dissidents to return home or be "in the hands of the revolutionarycommittees".[22] Nine Libyans were murdered during that time, five of them in Italy.[citation needed]External relations

Main article: Foreign relations ofLibya

Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1969


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Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito (in blue) and Gaddafi (in brown) in 1975

With former Russian President and current Prime Minister Vladimir Putin

Gaddafi with Serbian President Boris TadiWith respect to Libya's neighbors, Gaddafi followed Gamal Abdel Nasser's ideas of pan-Arabismand became a fervent advocate of the unity of all Arab states into one Arab nation. He alsosupported pan-Islamism, the notion of a loose union of all Islamic countries and peoples. AfterNasser's death on 28 September 1970, Gaddafi attempted to take up the mantle of ideologicalleader of Arab nationalism. He proclaimed the "Federation of Arab Republics" (Libya, Egypt,

and Syria) in 1972, hoping to create a pan-Arab state, but the three countries disagreed on thespecific terms of the merger. In 1974, he signed an agreement with Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba ona merger between the two countries, but this also failed to work in practice and ultimatelydifferences between the two countries would deteriorate into strong animosity.Libya was also involved in a sometimes violent territorial dispute with neighbouring Chad overthe Aouzou Strip, which Libya occupied in 1973. This dispute eventually led to the Libyaninvasion of the country and to a conflict that was ended by a ceasefire reached in 1987. Thedispute was in the end settled peacefully in June 1994 when Libya withdrew troops from Chaddue to a judgement of the International Court of Justice issued on 13 February 1994. [23]Gaddafi also became a strong supporter of the Palestine Liberation Organization, which supportultimately harmed Libya's relations with Egypt, when in 1979 Egypt pursued a peace agreement

with Israel. As Libya's relations with Egypt worsened, Gaddafi sought closer relations with theSoviet Union. Libya became the first country outside the Soviet bloc to receive the supersonicMiG-25 combat fighters, but Soviet-Libyan relations remained relatively distant. Gaddafi alsosought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by callingfor the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-SaharanAfrica.Notable in Gaddafi's politics has been his support for self-styled liberation movements, and alsohis sponsorship of rebel movements in West Africa, notably Sierra Leone and Liberia, as well as


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Muslim groups. In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that eventhe most unsympathetic groups could obtain Libyan support; often the groups representedideologies far removed from Gaddafi's own. Gaddafi's approach often tended to confuseinternational opinion.Throughout the 1970s, his regime was implicated in subversion and terrorist activities in both

Arab and non-Arab countries. By the mid-1980s, he was widely regarded in the West as theprincipal financier of international terrorism. Reportedly, Gaddafi was a major financier of the"Black September Movement" which perpetrated the Munich massacre at the 1972 SummerOlympics, and was accused by the United States of being responsible for direct control of the1986 Berlin discotheque bombing that killed three people and wounded more than 200, of whoma substantial number were U.S. servicemen. He is also said to have paid "Carlos the Jackal" tokidnap and then release a number of Saudi Arabian and Iranian oil ministers. [citation needed]Tensions between Libya and the West reached a peak during the Ronald Reagan administration,which tried to overthrow Gaddafi. The Reagan administration viewed Libya as a belligerentrogue state because of its uncompromising stance on Palestinian independence, its support forrevolutionary Iran in the 19801988 war against Saddam Hussein's Iraq (see IranIraq War), and

its backing of "liberation movements" in the developing world. Reagan himself dubbed Gaddafithe "mad dog of the Middle East". In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated USpassports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyanoil[24] and the export to Libya of U.S. oil industry technology; European nations did not followsuit. Libya has also been a supporter of the Polisario Front in their fight against Spanishcolonialism and Moroccan military occupation.In 1984, British police constable Yvonne Fletcher was shot outside the Libyan Embassy inLondon while policing an anti-Gaddafi demonstration. A burst of machine-gun fire from withinthe building was suspected of killing her, but Libyan diplomats asserted their diplomaticimmunity and were repatriated. The incident led to the breaking off of diplomatic relationsbetween the United Kingdom and Libya for over a decade.[citation needed]The U.S. attacked Libyan patrol boats from January to March 1986 during clashes over access tothe Gulf of Sidra, which Libya claimed as territorial waters. On 15 April 1986, Ronald Reaganordered major bombing raids, dubbed Operation El Dorado Canyon, against Tripoli andBenghazi killing 45 Libyan military and government personnel as well as 15 civilians. [1] Thisstrike followed U.S. interception of telex messages from Libya's East Berlin embassy suggestingLibyan government involvement in a bomb explosion on 5 April in West Berlin's La Bellediscothque, a nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen. Among the alleged fatalities of the 15April retaliatory attack by the U.S. was Gaddafi's adopted daughter, Hannah. Libya responded byfiring two Scud missiles at the U.S. Coast Guard navigation station on the Italian island ofLampedusa, in retaliation for the bombing. The missiles landed in the sea, and caused nodamage.[citation needed]In late 1987, a merchant vessel, the MV Eksund, was intercepted. Destined for the IRA, a largeconsignment of arms and explosives supplied by Libya was recovered from the Eksund. Britishintelligence believed this was not the first and that Libyan arms shipments had previouslyreached the IRA. (See Provisional IRA arms importation.)For most of the 1990s, Libya endured economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation as a result ofGaddafi's refusal to allow the extradition to the United States or Britain of two Libyans accusedof planting a bomb on Pan Am Flight 103, which exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland. Throughthe intercession of South African President Nelson Mandela who made a high-profile visit to


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Gaddafi in 1997 and U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Gaddafi agreed in 1999 to acompromise that involved handing over the defendants to the Netherlands for trial under Scottishlaw.:[25] U.N. sanctions were thereupon suspended, but U.S. sanctions against Libya remained inforce.An alleged plot by Britain's secret intelligence service to assassinate Colonel Gaddafi, when

rebels attacked Gaddafi's motorcade near the city of Sirte in February 1996, was described as"pure fantasy" by former foreign secretary Robin Cook, although the FCO later admitted: "Wehave never denied that we knew of plots against Gaddafi."[26]In August 2003, two years after Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi's conviction, Libya wroteto the United Nations formally accepting 'responsibility for the actions of its officials' in respectof the Lockerbie bombing and agreed to pay compensation of up to US$2.7 billion or up toUS$10 million each to the families of the 270 victims. The same month, Britain and Bulgariaco-sponsored a U.N. resolution which removed the suspended sanctions. (Bulgaria's involvementin tabling this motion led to suggestions that there was a link with the HIV trial in Libya inwhich 5 Bulgarian nurses, working at a Benghazi hospital, were accused of infecting 426 Libyanchildren with HIV.)[27] Forty percent of the compensation was then paid to each family, and a

further 40% followed once U.S. sanctions were removed. Because the U.S. refused to take Libyaoff its list of state sponsors of terrorism, Libya retained the last 20% ($540 million) of the $2.7billion compensation package. In October 2008 Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund which will beused to compensate relatives of the

1. Lockerbie bombing victims with the remaining 20%;2. American victims of the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing;3. American victims of the 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing; and,4. Libyan victims of the 1986 US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi.

As a result, President Bush signed an executive order restoring the Libyan government'simmunity from terror-related lawsuits and dismissing all of the pending compensation cases inthe US, the White House said.[28]On 28 June 2007, Megrahi was granted the right to a second appeal against the Lockerbiebombing conviction.[29] One month later, the Bulgarian medics were released from jail in Libya.They returned home to Bulgaria and were pardoned by Bulgarian president, Georgi Parvanov.Gaddafi's 2009 welcome to the return of convicted Lockerbie bomber Megrahi, who wasreleased from prison on compassionate grounds, attracted criticism from Western leaders[30][31][32]and has disrupted his first-ever visit to the United States to attend a UN General Session. Gaddafioften resides in a tent when travelling,[33] but plans to erect a tent in Central Park and on Libyangovernment property in Englewood, New Jersey during Gaddafi's stay at the UN were bothprotested by community leaders and subsequently cancelled by Gaddafi.[34][35][36] His tent finallyfound a home on an estate belonging to Donald Trump in Bedford. [37]September 23, 2009 marked Gaddafi's first appearance at the United Nations General Assemblywhere he addressed world leaders at the annual gathering in New York. The Libyan leader whiledemanding representation for the African Union, used the occasion to scold the United Nationsstructure saying the 15-member body practised security feudalism for those who had a protected seat.[38] The Libyan leader's appearance at the United Nations generateddemonstrations both for and against Gaddafi.[39]


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Openness"In his four decades as Libya's 'Brother Leader', Colonel Muammar Gaddafi has gone from beingthe epitome of revolutionary chic to an eccentric statesman with entirely benign relations withthe West." David Blair, diplomatic editor forThe DailyTelegraph[7]

Gaddafi also appeared to be attempting to improve his image in the West. Two years prior to theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, Libya pledged its commitment to fighting Al-Qaeda and offered toopen up its weapons programme to international inspection. The Bush administration did notpursue the offer at the time since Libya's weapons program was not then regarded as a threat, andthe matter of handing over the Lockerbie bombing suspects took priority. Following the attacksof 11 September, Gaddafi made one of the first, and firmest, denunciations of the Al-Qaeda bombers by any Muslim leader. Gaddafi also appeared on ABC for an open interview withGeorge Stephanopoulos, a move that would have seemed unthinkable less than a decade earlier.Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein by US forces in 2003, Gaddafi announced that hisnation had an active weapons of mass destruction program, but was willing to allow internationalinspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them. US President George W. Bush and

other supporters of the Iraq War portrayed Gaddafi's announcement as a direct consequence ofthe Iraq War by stating that Gaddafi acted out of fear for the future of his own regime if hecontinued to keep and conceal his weapons. Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi, a supporter of theIraq War, was quoted as saying that Gaddafi had privately phoned him, admitting as much. Manyforeign policy experts, however, contend that Gaddafi's announcement was merely acontinuation of his prior attempts at normalizing relations with the West and getting thesanctions removed. To support this, they point to the fact that Libya had already made similaroffers starting four years prior to it finally being accepted. [40][41] International inspectors turnedup several tons of chemical weaponry in Libya, as well as an active nuclear weapons program.As the process of destroying these weapons continued, Libya improved its cooperation withinternational monitoring regimes to the extent that, by March 2006, France was able to conclude

an agreement with Libya to develop a significant nuclear power program.

Gaddafi and Brazilian President Lula at a conference in NigeriaIn March 2004, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair became one of the firstWestern leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi. Blair praised Gaddafi'srecent acts, and stated that he hoped Libya could now be a strong ally in the international War onTerrorism. In the run-up to Blair's visit, the British ambassador in Tripoli, Anthony Layden,explained Libya's and Gaddafi's political change thus:"35 years of total state control of the economy has left them in a situation where they're simplynot generating enough economic activity to give employment to the young people who are


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streaming through their successful education system. I think this dilemma goes to the heart ofColonel Gaddafi's decision that he needed a radical change of direction."[42]On 15 May 2006, the US State Department announced that it would restore full diplomaticrelations with Libya, once Gaddafi declared he was abandoning Libya's weapons of massdestruction program. The State Department also said that Libya would be removed from the list

of nations supporting terrorism.

[43]

On 31 August 2006, however, Gaddafi openly called upon hissupporters to "kill enemies" who asked for political change.[44]In July 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy visited Libya and signed a number of bilateraland multilateral (EU) agreements with Gaddafi.[45]On 4 March 2008 Gaddafi announced his intention to dissolve the country's existingadministrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people. The plan includesabolishing all ministries, except those of defence, internal security, and foreign affairs, anddepartments implementing strategic projects.[46]In September 2008, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Libya and met with Gaddafias part of a North African tour. This was the first visit to Libya by a US Secretary of State since1953.[47]

In January 2009, Gaddafi contributed an editorial to theN

ew YorkTimes, suggesting that he wasin favor of a single-state solution to the Israeli and Palestinian conflicts that moved beyond old

conflicts and looked to a unified future of shared culture and mutual respect. [48]Cooperation with ItalyOn 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi signed a historiccooperation treaty in Benghazi.[49][50][51] Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya ascompensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya will take measures tocombat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italiancompanies.[50][52] The treaty was ratified by Italy in 6 February 2009,[49] and by Libya on 2March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi.[50][53] In June Gaddafi made his first visit to Rome,where he met Prime Minister Berlusconi, President Giorgio Napolitano and Senate President

Renato Schifani; Chamber President Gianfranco Fini cancelled the meeting because of Gaddafi'sdelay.[50] The Democratic Party and Italy of Values opposed the visit, [54][55] and many protestswere staged throughout Italy by human rights organizations and the Radical Party. [56] Gaddafialso took part in the G8 summit in L'Aquila in July as Chairman of the African Union. [50] Duringthe summit a handshake between US President Barack Obama and Muammar Gaddafi took place(the first time the Libyan leader has been greeted by a serving US president), [57] then at summit'sofficial dinner offered by President Giorgio Napolitano US and Libyan leaders upset theceremony and sat by the Italian Prime Minister and G8 host, Silvio Berlusconi. (According toceremony, Gaddafi should seat three places after Berlusconi).[58][59][60][61][62]Pan-Africanism


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Gaddafi at an African Union summit in Addis AbabaGaddafi has also emerged as a popular African leader. As one of the continent's longest-serving,post-colonial heads of state, the Libyan leader enjoys a reputation among many Africans as anexperienced and wise statesman who has been at the forefront of many struggles over the years.Gaddafi has earned the praise of Nelson Mandela and others, and is always a prominent figure invarious pan-African organizations, such as the Organisation of African Unity (now replaced bythe African Union). In February 2009, upon being elected chairman of the African Union inEthiopia, Gaddafi told the assembled African leaders: "I shall continue to insist that oursovereign countries work to achieve the United States of Africa."[63] Gaddafi is also seen bymany Africans as a humanitarian, pouring large amounts of money into sub-Saharan states.

Large numbers of Africans have come to Libya to take advantage of the availability of jobsthere.His views on African political and military unification have received a relatively lukewarmresponse from other African governments. On 29 August 2008, Gaddafi held a public ceremonyin Benghazi in which he was self-handed the title "King of Kings of Africa" with over 200African traditional rulers and kings as part of a grassroots effort to encourage African heads ofstate and government to join with Gaddafi toward a greater political cohesion ;[64] this wasfollowed on 1 February 2009 by a coronation ceremony in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia simultaneouswith the 53rd African Union Summit, at which he was elected head of the African Union for theyear.[65] His January 2009 forum for African kings, however, was cancelled by the Ugandangovernment (Uganda was to host the forum), since the invitation of traditional rulers to

discussion of political affairs contravened Uganda's current constitution, and according toUgandan foreign ministry spokesperson James Mugume, would have led to instability. [66]The title of "King of Kings" was reiterated by Gaddafi at the 2009 Arab League Summit, atwhich he claimed to be the King of Kings, "leader of the Arab leaders" and "imam of theMuslims" in his criticism of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia prior to storming out of thesummit.[67] Notwithstanding his claims of concern for his African roots, Gaddafi has often expressed anovert contempt for the Berbers, a non-Arab people of North Africa, and for their language,


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maintaining that the very existence of Berbers in North Africa is a myth created by colonialists.He adopted several measures forbidding the use of Berber, and often attacks this language inofficial speeches, with statements like: "If your mother transmits you this language, shenourishes you with the milk of the colonialist, she feeds you their poison" (1985). [68]'NATO of the South'

In September 2009, at a South America-Africa summit on Isla Margarita in Venezuela, ColonelGaddafi joined the host, Hugo Chvez, in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa andLatin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization torival NATO, saying: "The worlds powers want to continue to hold on to their power. Now wehave to fight to build our own power."[69]

UN General Assembly speechOn 23 September 2009, Colonel Gaddafi addressed the 64th session of the United NationsGeneral Assembly in New York, his first visit to the United States, in part because a Libyandiplomat, Ali Treki, has just become president of the General Assembly for 2009-10.[70] Gaddafispoke for one hour and 36 minutes.[71]A translation of the speech courtesy of Jamahiriya News Agency (JANA) the official Libyan

news agency, is available here.[72]Gaddafi spoke in favor of the preamble to the United Nations Charter, but rejected severalprovisions of the rest of the Charter; and criticized the United Nations for failing to prevent 65wars, and invited the General Assembly to investigate the wars that the Security Council had notauthorized, and for those responsible to be brought before the International Criminal Court. Healso defended the Taliban and Somali Pirates. He also claimed that a foreign military wasresponsible for the H1N1 outbreak, accused Israel of assassinating John F. Kennedy, and calledfor a one-state solution, and referred to Barack Obama as "my son". He also stated that all of hisrepresentatives had jet lag.Following Colonel Gaddafi's speech, in which he criticized the UN Security Council (UNSC)calling it the "Terror Council",[73] Gaddafi failed to attend a special Security Council heads-of-

state meeting on 24 September 2009, when a resolution calling for a reduction in the number ofnuclear weapons was passed unanimously.[74]Gaddafi expressed he believes the UN General Assembly should be the parliament of the world.He also expressed support of a one state solution for Palestine and Israel.

Disappearance of Imam Musa al-SadrIn August 1978, the Lebanese Shia leader Musa al-Sadr and two companions departed for Libyato meet with government officials. They were never heard of again. At the time, Musa al-Sadrfounded Amal Movement, a liberal-Shia Lebanese resistance movement (which later went on tooppose the Israeli invasion of Lebanon). However Amal Movement became powerful much tothe annoyance of the PLO which was based primarily in south Lebanon. Libya has consistently

denied responsibility, claiming that al-Sadr and his companions left Libya for Italy. Some othershave reported that he remains secretly in jail in Libya. Al-Sadr's disappearance continues to be amajor dispute between Lebanon and Libya. Lebanese Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri claimedthat the Libyan regime, and particularly the Libyan leader, were responsible for thedisappearance of Imam Musa Sadr, London-based Asharq Al-Awsat, a Saudi-run pan-Arab dailyreported on 27 August 2006.


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According to Iranian General Mansour Qadar, the then head of Syrian security, Rifaat al-Assad,told the Iranian ambassador to Syria that Gaddafi was planning to kill al-Sadr. On 27 August2008, Gaddafi was indicted in Lebanon for al-Sadr's disappearance. [75]

Internal dissentIn October 1993, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Gaddafi by elements of the

Libyan army. On 14 July 1996, followed a football match in Tripoli, organised by his son wasfollowed by bloody riots as a protest against Gaddafi.There are a number of political groups opposed to Gaddafi:

y National Conference of the Libyan Oppositiony National Front for the Salvation of Libyay Committee for Libyan National Action in Europe

A website, actively seeking his overthrow, was set up in 2006 and lists 343 victims of murderand political assassination.[76] The Libyan League for Human Rights (LLHR) based in Geneva petitioned Gaddafi to set up an independent inquiry into the February 2006 unrest in Benghaziin which some 30 Libyans and foreigners were killed.Fathi Eljahmi was a prominent dissident who has been imprisoned since 2002 for calling for

increased democratization in Libya.Public works projectsGreat Manmade RiverMain article: GreatManmade River

The Great Manmade River is a network of pipes that supplies 6,500,000 m of fresh water perday from beneath the Sahara Desert, from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer,to the cities in the north of Libya, including Tripoli, Benghazi and Sirt. [77] The project consists ofmore than 1,300 wells, most more than 500 m deep. According to the 2008 edition of GuinnessBook of Records, it is the world's largest irrigation project. [citation needed]Construction on the first phase started in 1984, and cost about $5 billion. The completed project

may total $25 billion.Muammar al-Gaddafi has described it as the "Eighth Wonder of the World" and presented theproject as a gift to the Third World.[citation needed]Astronomical observatoryThe Libyan National Telescope Project, costing nearly 10 million euros, was ordered byMuammar al-Gaddafi, who has a passionate interest in astronomy. The robotic telescope, whichwill be two metres in diameter and remote-controlled, will be built by France's REOSC,[78] theoptical department of the SAGEM Group.It will be housed in an air-conditioned building, with a network of four weather stations deployedat a distance of 10 kilometers around it to warn of impending sandstorms that could damage itsfragile optics.[79] A desert site at 2200 meters above sea level near Kufra may be chosen as the

location for the observatory, which will be North Africa's largest astronomical observatory.Personal life and familyGaddafi has eight biological children, seven of them sons. He also had two adopted children. Hisadopted daughter was killed. His adopted son, Milad Abuztaia Al-Gaddafi is also his nephew.Milad is credited with saving Gaddafi's life during the April 1986 bombing of the Gaddaficompound. [80] His eldest son, Muhammad al-Gaddafi, was born to a wife now in disfavour, butruns the Libyan Olympic Committee. The next eldest son by his second wife is Saif al-IslamMuammar Al-Gaddafi, who was born in 1972 and is an architect. He runs a charity (GIFCA)


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which has been involved in negotiating freedom for hostages taken by Islamic militants,especially in the Philippines. In 2006, after sharply criticizing his father's regime, Saif Al Islambriefly left Libya, reportedly to take on a position in banking outside of the country. He returnedto Libya soon after, launching an environment-friendly initiative to teach children how they canhelp clean up parts of Libya. He is involved in compensation negotiations with Italy and the

United States. The third eldest, Saadi Gaddafi, is married to the daughter of a militarycommander. Saadi runs the Libyan Football Federation and signed for various professional teamsincluding Italian Serie A team U.C. Sampdoria, although without appearing in first team games.Gaddafi's fourth son, Moatassem-Billah Gaddafi, was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Libyan army.He now serves as Libya's National Security Advisor, in which capacity he oversees the nation's National Security Council. Saif Al Islam and Moatessem-Billah are both seen as possiblesuccessors to their father.The fifth eldest, Hannibal Gaddafi (who is often incorrectly confused with his brotherMoatassem),[81] once worked for General National Maritime Transport Company, a companythat specializes in Libyan oil exports. He is most notable for being involved in a series of violentincidents throughout Europe. In 2001, Hannibal attacked three Italian policemen with a fire

extinguisher;

in September 2004, he was briefly detained in Paris after driving a Porsche at90 mph in the wrong direction and through red lights down the Champs-lyses whileintoxicated; and in 2005, Hannibal in Paris allegedly beat model and then girlfriend Alin Skaf,who later filed an assault suit against him.[82] He was fined and given a four month suspendedprison sentence after this incident. In December 2009 police were called to Claridges Hotel inLondon after staff heard a scream from Hannibal's room. Aline Skaf, now his wife, was found tohave suffered facial injuries including a broken nose, but charges were not pressed after shemaintained she had sustained the injuries in a fall.[83]On 15 July 2008, Hannibal and his wife were held for two days and charged with assaulting twoof their staff in Geneva, Switzerland and then released on bail on 17 July. The government ofLibya subsequently put a boycott on Swiss imports, reduced flights between Libya andSwitzerland, stopped issuing visas to Swiss citizens, recalled diplomats from Bern, and forced allSwiss companies such as ABB and Nestl to close offices. General National Maritime TransportCompany, which owns a large refinery in Switzerland, also halted oil shipments toSwitzerland.[84] Two Swiss businessmen who were in Libya at the time have, ever since, beendenied permission to leave the country, and even held hostage for some time. [85] (seeSwitzerland-Libya conflict).At the 35th G8 summit in July 2009, Gaddafi called Switzerland a "world mafia" and called forthe country to be split between France, Germany and Italy.[86]Gaddafi's two youngest sons are Saif Al Arab and Khamis, who is a police officer in Libya.Gaddafi's only daughter is Ayesha al-Gaddafi, a lawyer who had joined the defense team ofexecuted former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. She married a cousin of her father in 2006.His adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed in the April 1986 United States bombing of Libya. At a"concert for peace", held on 15 April 2006 in Tripoli to mark the 20th anniversary of thebombing raid, U.S. singer Lionel Richie told the audience:"Hanna will be honoured tonight because of the fact that you've attached peace to her name." [87]In January 2002, Gaddafi purchased a 7.5% share of Italian football club Juventus for USD 21million, through Lafico ("Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company"). This followed a long-standing association with the Italian industrialist Gianni Agnelli and car manufacturer Fiat.[88]


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Gaddafi holds an honorary degree from Megatrend University in Belgrade conferred on him byformer Yugoslav President Zoran Lili.[89]

Quotesy "God damn America" Time magazine, April 2, 1973[90]y "Israel is a colonialist-imperialist phenomenon. There is no such thing as an Israeli people.

Before 1948, world geography knew of no state such as Israel. Israel is the result of an invasion,of aggression."[91]

y "The statements of our Kenyan brother of American nationality, Obama, on Jerusalem ... showthat he either ignores international politics and did not study the Middle East conflict or that it[Barack Obama's expression of solidarity with Israel] is a campaign lie. We fear that Obama willfeel that, because he is black with an inferiority complex, this will make him behave worse thanthe whites. This will be a tragedy. We tell him to be proud of himself as a black and feel that allAfrica is behind him."[92]

y "The black peoples struggle has vanquished racism. It was God who created colour. TodayObama, a son of Kenya, a son of Africa, has made it in the United States of America." [93]

y "It is a response to greedy Western nations, who invade and exploit Somalias water resources

illegally. It is not a piracy, it is self defence. It is defending the Somalia childrens food. If they(Western nations) do not want to live with us fairly, it is our planet and they can go to otherplanet."[94]

y "I am an international leader, the dean of the Arab rulers, the king of kings of Africa and theimam (leader) of Muslims, and my international status does not allow me to descend to a lowerlevel."[95]

y "There are signs that Allah will grant Islam victory in Europe - without swords, without guns,without conquests. The 50 million Muslims of Europe will turn it into a Muslim continent withina few decades."[96][97]

y "Any Muslim in any part of the world who works with Switzerland is an apostate -- is againstMuhammad, God and the Quran," [98]

y "It should not be called the Security Council. It should be called the terror council." At UNGeneral Assembly, Sep. 23, 2009 [99]

NameBecause of the lack of standardization of transliterating written and regionally pronouncedArabic, Gaddafi's name has been transliterated in many different ways into English and otherLatin alphabet languages. Even though the Arabic spelling of a word does not change, the pronunciation may vary in different varieties of Arabic, which may cause a differentromanization. In standard Arabic the name (pointed ) ispronounced [muamaru lqaafi]. Here [] represents a pharyngeal sound (), not present in English. The [m] is geminated (doubled). In spoken Libyan Arabic the voiceless

uvular plosive[q]

() may be replaced with[]

or[k];

and//

() (same as English "th" in "this")may be replaced with [d]. Vowel [u] alternates with [o] in spoken Arabic. Case endings aredropped: [muamaru] [muamar]). Thus, [muamaru lqaafi] may bepronounced [moamar aladafi] colloquially. The definite article al- ( ) is oftenomitted. Here, the initial /a/ is silent because of the preceding [u].An article published in the LondonEveningStandardin 2004 lists a total of 37 spellings of hisname, while a 1986 column by The Straight Dope quotes a list of 32 spellings known at the


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Library of Congress.[100] This extensive confusion of naming was used as the subject for asegment of Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update in the early 1980s.[citation needed]"Muammar Gaddafi" is the spelling used by Time magazine, BBC News, the majority of theBritish press and by the English service of Al-Jazeera.[101] The Associated Press, CNN, and FoxNews use "Moammar Gadhafi". The Edinburgh Middle East Report uses "Mu'ammar Qaddafi"

and the U.S. Department of State uses "Mu'ammar Al-Qadhafi". The Xinhua News Agency uses"Muammar Khaddafi" in its English reports.[102]In 1986, Gaddafi reportedly responded to a Minnesota school's letter in English using thespelling "Moammar El-Gadhafi".[103] The title of the homepage of algathafi.org reads "Welcometo the official site of Muammar Al Gathafi".[104]

The showIn September 2006, at the ENO in London, the UK-based electronic band Asian Dub Foundationcreated and did six performances of a show commissioned by Channel 4 and based on Gaddafi'sstory, called "Gaddafi: A Living Myth". The title role was played by Ramon Tikaram. The bookwas by Shan Khan and the direction by David Freeman. Although critics were generallyunflattering in the English-speaking press, coverage in Muslim countries was more positive. [105]

Postage stampsThe Libyan Posts (GPTC General Posts and Telecommunications Company) released manypostage issues (stamps, souvenir sheets, postal stationery, booklets, etc.) including the subject ofMuammar al-Gaddafi. The first issue was a souvenir sheet celebrating the 6th Anniversary oftheSeptember Revolution in 1975 (ref. Scott catalogue n.583 Michel catalogue block 18). [106]

Books and other WritingsIn addition to The Green Book(1975), Gaddafi has authored other works, including:

y Escape to Hell and Other Stories (1998)y "The One-State Solution", an op-ed piece which appeared in the New York Times in 2009

See alsoLibya portal

Biography portal

y Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rightsy HIV trial in Libyay List of national leaders

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97.^ 12 juni 2009. "Al-Qaddafi: Islam taking over Europe - Victory within a Few Decades". YouTube.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7ympF_grrA. Retrieved 2010-02-14.

98.^ "Colonel Gaddafi: "mad dog"?". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/02/switzerland-gaddafi-italy.

99.^ "Qaddafi time: Security council is "terror council"". Foreign Policy.http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/09/23/qaddafi_time.

100. ^ The Straight Dope - Fighting Ignorance Since 1973 "How are you supposed to spell MuammarGaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi?". The Straight Dope. 1986.http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_264b.html The Straight Dope - Fighting Ignorance Since 1973.Retrieved 2006-03-05.

101. ^ "Gaddafi in Moscow for arms talks". Al-Jazeera English. 2008.http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/10/200810311533276303.html. Retrieved 2008-10-31.

102. ^ "Xinhuanet.com". News.xinhuanet.com. 2009-02-04. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/04/content_10764270.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-14.

103. ^ "Second-Graders Get Letter From Khadafy." The Associated Press 16 May 1986: DomesticNews.

104. ^ "Gaddafi's personal website". Algathafi.org. http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/index.htm.Retrieved 2010-02-14.

105. ^ see Charles T. Downey, Gaddafi: Failure or Triumph? (Ionarts, 18 September 2006).106. ^ "Libyan Stamps online". Libyan-stamps.com. http://www.libyan-stamps.com. Retrieved 2010-

02-14.

Ex

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y Muammar Gaddafi: 40 Years in Power: Libya's Last Bedouiny Official personal websitey Colonel Gaddafi: with friends like these ... by The DailyTelegraph

Political offices

Preceded byPosition established

Leader and Guide of the Revolution

of Libya1969 present

Incumbent

Chairman of the Revolutionary

Command Council of Libya1969 1979

Succeeded byPosition dissolved


22/22

Preceded byMahmud Sulayman al-

Maghribi

Prime Minister of Libya1970 1972

Succeeded byAbdessalam Jalloud

Preceded byPosition established

General Secretary of the General

People's Congress of Libya

1977 1979

Succeeded byAbdul Ati al-Obeidi

Preceded byJakaya Kikwete

Chairperson of the African Union2009 2010

Succeeded byBingu wa Mutharika

muammar al-gaddafi

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