M.Tech Biotechnology Curriculum & Syllabus 2008-2010

M.Tech. Biotechnology (Full Time) Curriculum & Syllabus

Semesters I to IV

To be adopted from 2008-2010

Department of Biotechnology School of Bioengineering

Faculty of Engineering & Technology SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai

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DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLGY SCHOOL OF BIOENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203 M.TECH. BIOTECHNOLOGY - (FULL TIME) CURRICULUM - (REGULATIONS 2008-2010)

I SEMESTER CODE Course L T P C Theory MA0535 Applied Mathematics for Biotechnologists 3 0 0 3 BT 0501A Biomolecules 3 0 3 4 BT 0503A Bioprocess Engineering 3 0 3 4 BT 0505A Enzyme and fermentation Technology 3 0 3 4 CH0511 E1

Principles of Chemical Engineering (Interdisciplinary Elective 1)

3 0 0 3

TOTAL 15 0 9 18

II SEMESTER Code Course L T P C

Theory MC 0509A Statistical Techniques for Bioengineers 3 0 3 4 BT 0502 r-DNA Technology 3 0 3 4 BT 0504 A Bioseparation Technology 3 0 3 4 BT 0506 Protein Engineering 2 0 3 3 BT-E 2 Elective – 2 3 0 0 3 TOTAL 14 0 12 18

III SEMESTER Code Course L T P C

Theory BT-E 3 Elective – 3 3 0 0 3 BT-E 4 Elective – 4 3 0 0 3 BT-E 5 Elective – 5 0 0 9 3 BT 0601A Seminar 1 0 0 1 BT 0602A Research Project Phase I 0 0 12 6 TOTAL 7 0 21 16

IV SEMESTER

Code Course L T P C Practical BT 0603 A Research Project Phase – II 0 0 36 18 TOTAL 0 0 36 18 TOTAL CREDITS TO BE EARNED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE = 18+18 +16+18=70

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LIST OF ELECTIVE MODULES (6 Elective Modules) Students will select any one module

Elective Module 1 Medical Biotechnology 3 0 0 3

Elective Module 2 Fermentation Technology 3 0 0 3

Elective Module 3 Environmental Biotechnology 3 0 0 3

Elective Module 4 Bioinformatics 3 0 0 3

Elective Module 5 Tissue Engineering 3 0 0 3

Elective Module 6 Pharmaceuticals Biotechnology 3 0 0 3

DETAILS OF ELECTIVE MODULES

1. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • BT 0512 – Immunobiology • BT 0613 - Stem Cell Technology • BT 0615 - Cancer Biology • BT 0680 - Medical Biotechnology Lab

2. FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY • BT 0522 - Fermentation Engineering • BT 0659 - Bioprocess Plant design • BT 0627 - Bioprocess Modelling & Simulation • BT 0681- Fermentation Technology Lab

3. BIOINFORMATICS • BT 0633 - Proteomics & Genomics • BT 0635 - Bioinformatics Algorithms • BT 0637 - Molecular Simulation of Biomolecules • BT0682 – Molecular Simulation of Biomolecules Lab

4. TISSUE ENGINEERING • BT 0542 - Animal Cell Science & Technology • BT 0645 - Plant Tissue Culture Engineering • BT 0647 - Biopolymers • BT 0683 – Tissue Engineering Lab

5. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY • BT 0552 – Waste-water Treatment • BT 0655 - Environmental Bioremediation Technology • BT 0657 - Energy engineering & Technology • BT 0684 - Environmental Biotechnology Lab

6. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

• BT 0562 - Pharmaceuticals Biotechnology • BT 0665 – Molecular Modeling and Drug Design • BT 0667 – Bioinstrumentations • BT 0685 - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab

SUPPORTIVE COURSES Code Course L T P C

MA0535 Applied Mathematics for Biotechnologist 3 0 0 3 MC0509 Statistical Techniques for Bioengineers 3 0 3 4

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CREDIT HOUR SUMMARY TABLE SEMESTER I II III IV TOTAL % CS 12 11 7 18 48 69 S 3 4 0 0 7 10 CE 0 3 9 0 12 17 IE 3 0 0 0 3 4 18 18 16 18 70 100 CS – Core Subject S – Supportive course CE – Core Elective IE – Interdisciplinary Elective CONTACT HOURS SUMMARY TABLE CATEGORY CONTACT HOURS PERCENTAGE THEORY 36 32% PRACTICAL 78 68% TOTAL 114 100%

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SEMESTER 1

Code Course L T P C MA0535 Applied Mathematics for Biotechnologist 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE The course is designed to offer knowledge about the application of mathematics for the analysis of biological data. It provides fundamental ideas on the useful of data analysis, interpretation and inference based on experimental data collected from the conduct of biological experiments. The relevance more on the analysis of biological data. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES By the end of the course the student will be able to understand

1. The exact method of data analysis for the problem under investigation. 2. Study the differential equations and its applications 3. Basic statistics and its applications in the biological sciences

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Formation of differential Equations - Variables separable equations - Homogenous Equations - Linear and Bernoulli Equations - Applications of differential equations - Physical Applications: Newton's Law of Cooling - Heat Flow - Law of Natural growth or decay - Linear differential equations of second and higher orders - Definitions - Complete solutions - Operator D - Rules for finding the complementary function - Rules for finding the particular integral - Working procedure - variable coefficients differential equations. LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Definition - Transform of elementary functions - Properties of Laplace transforms - Existence conditions - Transforms of Derivatives - Transforms of integrals - Derivatives and Integrals of transform - Inverse transforms - Convolution Theorem - Periodic Functions - Application to differential equations with constant coefficients. CURVE FITTING AND BASIC STATISTICS Principle of Least Squares: Fitting of straight line, parabola, exponential curve and power curve - Data analysis: Measures of Central tendency - Measures of dispersion - Skewness and kurtosis - Correlation and Regression – Applications to Biological Sciences. DISTRIBUTION THEORY Introduction to probability - Random Variables and its characteristics - Binomial, Poison and normal distributions. TESTING OF HYPOTHESES AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE Large sample tests based on normal distribution - Test based on t and F distributions - Chi - square tests for independence of attributes and goodness of fit - ANOVA: One way and two way classifications - Applications from Biological Sciences - Case studies. REFERENCE BOOKS

1) B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, 36th Edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2003 2) S. Narayanan, T. K. Manickavachagom Pillai, G. Ramaniah, Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students,

Volume 3, S. Viswanathan Private Limited, 1986 3) S. C. Gupta and V. K. Kapoor, Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand and Co., New Delhi, 2004 4) J. C. Arya. and R. W. Kardber, Mathematics for Biological Sciences, Prentice Hall International Edition, 1979 5) Prem Narain, Statistical Genetics, Wiley Eastern, 1990

L T P C BT0501A BIOMOLECULES 3 0 3 4

PURPOSE Deals with the study biomolecules through an introduction to biomolecular composition, form and function. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. To study the chemistry of carbohydrates, fats, oils and lipids; amino acids; peptides and proteins and nucleic acids

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2. To discuss chemical structures, reactions, mechanisms of action, synthesis and various techniques involved in their manipulation.

STRUTURES OF CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND PROTEINS Classification, characteristics and functions of monosaccharides, complex carbohydrate, glycoproteins, lectins, Blood group sugar compounds, sugar nucleotides, bacterial cell wall components, Lipids and cell membranes – types of membrane lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids from bimolecular sheets, protein structure and function – primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Structures. METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS Glycolysis, Glucogenesis, Citric acid cycle and Glycogen metabolism. Protein turnover and Amino acid catabolism, Biosynthesis of amino acids. FATTY ACID METABOLISM AND NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism, synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, De novo synthesis of Nucleotides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Structure of nucleoside, nucleotide. De novo and salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis. Experimental evidence for nucleic acids as genetic material. Secondary structure of DNA, Watson and crick model of DNA. A, B and Z forms of DNA, Chemical and enzymatic degradation of nucleic acids. DNA REPLICATION, RNA SYNTHESIS, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA polymerase-replication-recombination-mutation. RNA trancription –translation – catalytic RNA. Protein synthesis-amino-acyl transfer RNA synthetase-subunits of ribosome-differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis. TEXT BOOKS :

1. Biochemistry by Jeremy M.Berg, John L.Tymozko, Lubert Stryer, Fifth edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1514pages.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Lehninger principles of Biochemistry Edition 4, Nelson, David L. Cox, Michael M. Lehninger, Albert L. W H

Freeman & Co. 2. Student Companion to Accompany Biochemistry, Richard I. Gumport, Jeremy M. Berg, Nancy Counts Gerber, Frank

H. Deis, Jeremy Berg, W H Freeman & Co. ADVANCED BIOCHEMISTRY LAB 1. Amino acid titration and determining their pKa values 2. Tryptic peptide mapping of proteins 3. N-terminal analysis of proteins with phenylthioisothiocyanate (PITC)-First reaction in protein sequencing. 4. Preparation of CM-Cellulose and separation of proteins 5. DNA isolation and quantitation 6. Carbohydrate analysis of glycoproteins 7. Phospholipid analysis of membranes 8. Separation of proteins using 2D electrophoresis 9. Biotinylation of proteins, western blotting, identification 10.FITC-conjugation of antibodies 11.Enzyme kinetics of phosphatase 12. Enzyme denaturation and renaturation

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L T P C

BT 0503A BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING 3 0 3 4PURPOSE Develop quantitative tools and methods of analysis for understanding biological systems; and Prepare students for entry into pharmaceutical, food and other bioengineering job positions or advanced study where exposure to fermentation, cell culture, bioreactors, bioseparations and bioprocessing, in general, are required. INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES By the end of the course the student will be able to understand

• The different types of bioreactors, their operation and the difference between bioreactors and chemical reactors. • How batch, fed-batch and continuous flow bioreactors operate and be able to analyze data from these types of

bioreactors. • The growth kinetics, comparison of modes of fermenter operation and productivity. • To evaluate design features and the instrumentation and control of bioreactors. • To identify the materials of construction and control and monitor the process

KINETICS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH Fundamental of Biochemical Engineering- Stoichiometry and energetic of microbial metabolite – kinetics of microbial growth and product formation – Phases of cell growth – batch cultures – structured and unstructured kinetics STERILIZATION AND MEDIA DESIGN Sterilization methods – Thermal Death Kinetics of micro organisms – Batch and continuous heat sterilization of liquid media – filter sterilization of liquid media and air. Media formulation for optimal growth and product formation – examples of simple and complex media – Design and usage of various commercial media for industrial purposes. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN BIOREACTOR Mass transfer in heterogeneous biochemical reaction system; oxygen transfer in submerged fermentation processes, Oxygen uptake and determination of oxygen transfer coefficients (kla), - Role of aeration and agitation in various transfer. Heat transfer processes in biological system, heat balance of bioreactors – Gas liquid mass transfer – measurement of transfer coefficients – Mixing and power requirements – scale up of biological reactors – Effect of rheological properties on mixing. PROCESS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BIOREACTORS Materials of construction for fermentation process equipments – Vessel geometry. Design and analysis of bioreactors, batch reactor, fed batch reactor, CSTR (Chemo stat-mode)-operation modes of bioreactor – batch, continuous fed batch, repetitive batch, recycles and continuous cultivation, novel bioreactors, stirred tank, air lift and loop reactor, packed bed and hollow fiber membrane bioreactor, reactors for waste treatment processes. INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF BIOREACTORS Bioprocess control and monitor – variables such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, impeller speed, pressure, on line measurements, on/off control, PID control, computers in bioprocess control TEXT BOOKS: 1. Bailey J.E. and Ollis, D.F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, (1986). 2. Michael L Shuler and Kargi, Bioprocess engineering, Basic concepts, Prentice Hall, Second Indian Reprint (2004). 3.Biochemical Engineering by James M.Lee , Prentice Hall 1992 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Aiba .S., et al Biochemical Engineering, Academic press, London, 1965 2. Pauline m. Doran Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Academic press, 1995 3. Harvey W. Blanch and Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker Inc. (1997) 4. Scragg.A.H., bioreactors in biotechnology – A Practical approach:1991 5. Atkinson, B. & Mavituna . F., Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology Handbook, McGraw Hill (2nd Edition) (1993). 6. Wastewater Engineering 4th ed. Metcalf and Eddy (2002). McGraw Hill, New York. BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES The students will be able

1. Develop the skills of large scale production of secondary metabolites. 2. Identify the growth factors 3. Study the batch and continuous culture growth 4. Evaluate the temperature effect on culture growth

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Temperature effect on growth-estimation of energy of activation and Arrhenius constant for micro-organisms. Batch, fed batch and continuous cultures a) Estimation of Monod parameters b) Pure and mixed cultures.

2. Production of secondary metabolite by plant cells in a photobioreactor. Production of secondary metabolites in synthetic and complex industrial media.

3. Production of wine by yeast. 4. Production of Aminoacid. 5. Screening of process variables single dimensional search, Blackett Burman design, design expert etc. 6. Study of rheology of fermentation broth and power determination. 7. Production of secondary metabolites by feed batch culture. 8. Comparison of enzyme activity on immobilized and free enzyme.

REFERENCE BOOK Laboratory manual BT0505A ENZYME AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY L T P C Pre – requisite – NIL 3 0 3 4 PURPOSE This course helps the students Enzyme Technology and its application INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES Students will be able to 1. Students the isolation and purification of enzymes 2. Understand the kinetics of enzyme action 3. Learn about the recovery and purification of fermentation products ENZYMES Types of enzymes- Constitutive and induced enzymes, intracellular and extracellular enzymes; source of Enzymes; classification of enzymes; Isolation and purification of enzymes; Characterization of enzymes; Enzyme catalysis:- mechanism of action, kinetics, and factors influencing enzyme action; extremozymes; ENZYME TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF ENZYMES Immobilization of enzymes- Principles, techniques and applications; enzymes in organic synthesis; enzymes as biosensors; industrial biocatalysis; industrial application of enzymes; enzyme for environmental applications; enzymes for molecular biology research INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATION PROCESSES Range of Fermentation processes, Microbial growth kinetics, Microbial biomass, Microbial enzymes, Microbial metabolites, Recombinant products, Batch culture, continuous culture, and Industrial production of proteases, cellulases, amylase, lipase; Process parameters that influence enzyme production during submerged and solid state fermentation, production of biofuel. IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT MICRO-ORGANISMS Isolation, preservation and improvement of industrial micro-organism, development of media for industrial fermentation. Development of inocula for yeast and bacterial processes. RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF FERMENTATION PRODUCTS Removal of microbial cells, Precipitation, filtration, centrifugation. Cell disruption- extraction and chromatography, Drying and crystallization. TEXT BOOKS

1. ENZYMES by Trevor Palmer 2. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P.F.Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall

REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Rehm, H and G.Reed (edu) “Biotechnology” Vol I-XII Verlag chemie. 2. Moo Young, M and K.F. Gregory, “Microbial Biomass Protein” (Elsevier Applied Science, London). 3. Peppler and Perlman “Microbial Technology” Vol, I &II Academic Press. 4. Kolot, F.B. “Immobilised Microbial Systems; Principles Techniques and Industrial Applications” RR Krieger

Publications Company. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of activities of industrial enzymes such as protease, amylase, lipase etc.

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2. Determination of specific activity of enzyme. 3. Estimation of Vmax and Km. 4. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme activity. 5. Determination of stability of enzyme activity. 6. Production of microbial enzymes 7. Partial purification of enzymes 8. Characterization of enzymes 9. Immobilization techniques such as adsorption, entrapment and encapsulation. 10. Immobilization of yeast cells as biocatalyst for the production of ethanol from sugar.

REFERENCE BOOK Laboratory manual L T P C CH0511 E-1

PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE This course helps the students to develop a clear understanding of the fundamentals of chemical engineering. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To familiarize: • Material balance calculations in chemical processes • Energy balance calculations in chemical processes • Basics of fluid mechanics • Basics of heat transfer operations • Basics of mass transfer operations MATERIAL BALANCE IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES Introduction, Application of Material Balance to crystallization drying, extraction and absorption, Material balance with chemical reaction – limiting and excess reactants, conversion and yield. ENERGY BALANCE IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES Thermo physics: Heat capacity of solids, liquids, gases and solutions: use of heat capacity and latent heats in heat calculations. Thermo chemistry: Standard heat of reaction, use of Hess law, heats of formation and combustion, calculation of standard heats of reactions, calculation of heat of reaction at other temperatures, theoretical flame temperature. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS Unit and dimensions, laminar and turbulent flow, Basic equations of fluid flow – continuity equations and Bernoulli’s equation, Shear – stress relationships, Non-Newtonian fluids, Friction factor and its calculation in laminar and turbulent flow. Operational principles of different types of pumps, compressors and valves, Measurement of fluid flow using venturimeters, orifice meters, rotameters, pivot tube. FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER Conduction – concept of heat conduction – Fourier’s law of heat conduction: one dimensional steady state heat conduction: equation for flat plate, hollow cylinder Individual and overall heat transfer coefficients and relationship between them, convection, Convection: concept of heat transfer by convection; natural and forced convection: equations for forced convection Operational principles of heat exchangers – double pipe heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers. FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER & MECHANICAL SEPARATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER Introduction to mass transfer, Fick’s law of diffusion - diffusion in binary mixtures, Interphase mass transfer - film theory of mass transfer .Principles of cake filtration and membrane-based cross-flow filtration processes, Centrifugation – Operational principles of different types of centrifuges. (DERIVATIONS ARE NOT NECESSARY FOR ALL THE UNITS).

TEXT BOOKS 1. David M. Himmelblau, “Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering”, 6th Edn., Prentice-Hall of India,

New Delhi, 1997. 2. Warren L. Mccabe, Julian C. Smith and peter Harriott, “Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering”, 6th Edn., McGraw

Hill International Edition, New York, 2001. REFERENCE BOOKS

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1. Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, “Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes” III-Edition by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Singapore, 2000.

2. Donald Q. Kern, “Process Heat Transfer”, Tata McGraw Hill Book Co., New Delhi, 1997. 3. Robert E. Treybal, “Mass-Transfer Operations”, 3rd Edn., McGraw Hill International Edition, Singapore, 1980.

SEMESTER II L T P C MC0509A STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR BIO-ENGINEERS 3 0 3 4 PURPOSE The course is designed to offer knowledge about the application of Statistical techniques for the analysis of biological data. It provides fundamental ideas on the useful of data analysis, interpretation and inference based on experimental data collected from the conduct of biological experiments. The relevance more on the analysis of biological data. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

• Data characteristics and form of distribution of Data Structure • To understand the exact method of data analysis for the problem under investigation. • For drawing valid inferences and to plan for future investigations.

Measures Central Tendency, Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis. Basic Probability Theory – Probability density function – Mathematical Expectation – Basic Statistical Distributions. Correlation – Simple, Partial and Multiple correlation: Regression – Simple Repression Models and Multiple regression models. Basic Sampling Techniques – Sampling Distribution – Large Sample Tests – Chi-square Distribution – Small Sample Tests. Non-Parametric Methods – One sample and two sample tests – Analysis of variance – Principles of experimentation and Basic Experimental designs. TEXT BOOK FOR STUDY

1. S. C. Gupta and V. K. Kapoor (2003): Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons, Delhi. 2. S. C. Gupta and V. K. Kapoor (2003): Applied Statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons, Delhi. 3. Marcello Pagano and Kimberley Gauvreau (2000): Principles of Bio-Statistics, Duxbury: Thomson Learning, USA. 4. B. L. Agrawal (1996): Programmed Statistics, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 1. Computation of Measures of Central tendency 2. Computation of measure of Dispersion 3. Computation of Measure of Kurtosis 4. Fitting of Binomial Distribution 5. Fitting of Poisson Distribution 6. Fitting of Normal Distribution (Ordinate Method) 7. Computation of Simple Correlation Coefficient 8. Computation of Multiple Correlation Coefficient (restricted to 3 variables) 9. Computation of Partial Correlation Coefficient (restricted to 3 variables) 10. Construction of Simple Linear Regression Model 11. Construction of Multiple Regression Model (restricted to 3 variables) 12. Large Sample Tests

a. Test for single sample mean b. Test for the difference between two sample means c. Test for sample proportion d. Test for the difference between two sample proportions

13. Chi-square Distribution : 14. To test for independence of attributes. 15. Student’s t-test:

a. Test for single mean

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b. Test for the difference between two sample means c. Paired-t-test for difference of means

16. F-test for equality of population variances 17. Non-parametric Test

a. Mann-Whitney U-test b. Kruskal – Wallis H-Test c. Friedman’s Test

18. Completely Randomized Design 19. Randomized Block Design 20. Latin Square Design

L T P C BT 0502 r - DNA TECHNOLOGY 3 0 3 4 PURPOSE This course helps the student to study theoretical concepts of rDNA technology and their applications INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1. To make the student understand the different types and application of cloning vectors 2. Preparation of DNA libraries 3. Application to the field of medicine, agriculture etc. Ideal features of cloning vectors – plasmids and bacteriophages – cloning vectors for E.coli ; pBR322, PUC vectors, M13 and other plasmid vectors – Cosmids, Phagemids – vectors for Bacillus, Streptomyces – Expression vectors in prokaryotes DNA modifying enzymes – ligases – nucleic acid probe preparation; Radioactive and nonradioactive labels – Hybridization techniques – PCR ; different types and applications – DNA sequencing – DNA fingerprinting – RFLP, RAPD – chromosome walking. Yeast cloning vectors – selectable markers for eukaryotes – SV40, Papilloma, Retrovirus, Baculoviral vectors – mammalian cell expression system – Gene transfer techniques – Agrobacterial plasmids – Ti plasmid and viral vectors – cloning in plants Different strategies for in vitro and in vivo cloning – Preparation of rDNA, genomic DNA libraries – screening procedures – linkers, adapters, homopolymer tailing and TA cloning – gene transfer technologies – Mutagenesis – site directed mutagenesis – application Applications in medicine ; Diagnostics, pathogenesis, recombinant vaccines – genetically modified food – bioremediation – forensic science – genetic diversity – Agriculture, crop improvement – production of biosensors, enzymes – safety guidelines in rDNA research – containment and disposal TEXT BOOKS

1. Principles of Gene manipulation" by R.W.Old and S.B.Primrose 2. Gene Cloning – T.A.Brown

REFERENCES

1. From Genes to Clones” by E.L. Winnecker 2. Genetic Engineering by Nicholas 3. Genes VI" by B. Lewin

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 1. Isolation and Restriction enzyme digestion of bacterial genomic DNA 2. Purification of digested DNA-column purification 3. Preparation of target DNA by linker/adapters/alkaline phosphatase treatment for cloning 4. Ligation of DNA fragment with cloning vector 5. Preparation of competent cells 6. Transformation in E.coli with recombinant vector 7. Isolation of recombinants and confirmation of insert DNA in vector 8. Preparation of DNA probe by nick translation /PCR 9. Southern Hybridization 2. DNA Finger printing REFERENCE BOOK:Sambrook et al “ Molecular Cloning” A Laboratory manual

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L T P C BT 0504 BIOSEPARATION TECHNOLOGY 3 0 3 4 PURPOSE: This course provides an opportunity to understand the role and important of downstream processing in the biotechnology, economic and process design criteria for various classes of bioproducts.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES • To make the student understand the role of downstream processing in biotechnology. • Process of primary separation and recovery • Enrichment operation • Resolution of products • Polishing of Products.

Role and Importance of downstream processing in biotechnology-Economics and cost cutting strategies-Primary separation and recovery. Process-Cell disruption methods, Coagulation, Flocculation, centrifugation and Filtration. Membrane Technology- Reverse Osmosis, Nano filtration, Ultra filtration, Micro filtration, dialysis and Electrodialysis. Precipitation, Solvent Extraction, Aqueous two Phase Extraction, Supercritical fluid extraction, Reverse miscellar Extraction. Classes of Liquid Chromatography and gas Chromatography, Electrophoretic separations. Crystallization, drying and Freeze drying. Case study-synthesis of bioseparation Processes, Process Analysis, Process Economics with flow sheets-Insulin, Citric Acid, Monoclonal antibody, antibiotics –etc. Text Books: 1. Belter P.A,Cussler E.L and Hu W.S , Bioseparations: Downstream Processing in Biotechnology, John Wiley and sons. New

York, 1998. 2. Kaushik Nath, Membrane Separation Processes, PHI, 2008 3. Ladisch M.R, Bioseparations Engineering: Principles, Practice and Economics, John Wiley and sons. New York, 2001 4. Harrison R.G, Todd P, Rudger S.R, Petrides D.P , Bioseparations Science and Engineering,Oxford University Press, 2003 5. Wankat P.C, Rate Controlled Separations, Springer International Edition, 2005 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

1. Cell disruption techniques – sonication – High Pressure Homogenization 2. Solid-liquid separation methods - Rotatory drum Filter, Filter Press, Vacuum Filter 3. Sedimentation 4. Centrifugation 5. Flocculation - Precipitation 6. Micro Filtration and Ultra filtration 7. Extraction – Aqueous Two phase Extraction 8. High resolution purification - Preparative liquid chromatographic techniques, Gas Column Chromatography 9. Product crystallization 10. Drying - Lyophilization.

REFERENCE BOOK: Scopes AK, “ Protein Purification ”, IRL Press, 1993.

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L T P C BT 0506 PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2 0 3 3 PURPOSE : The course is designed to impart advanced knowledge on proteins through a detailed study of protein structure, its characteristics, properties and significance in biological systems. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. To focus on the methods of protein engineering 2. to study the available data sources for proteins 3. to create knowledge on drug designing

Levels of structures in proteins, primary structure determination, Ramachandran plot and its importance, secondary structure prediction – methods, super secondary structure, forces stabilizing the structure of proteins, protein folding models and pathways. Introduction, Techniques for oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis – mutagenesis using single stranded and double stranded DNA as template, PCR methods; Strategies for engineering proteins – chemical modification, genetic fusion of domains, alteration of function using selections and screens, deletion mutagenesis, oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, scanning mutagenesis; Case studies – introduction of metal binding sites in proteins, alteration of selectivity without a structural guide, substrate-assisted catalysis, engineering transcription factors, increasing thermostability, improved therapy. Introduction; De Novo design of structure, Strategies for the design of structure – self assembly, Ligand induced assembly, covalent cross-linking, assembly on a synthetic template,, Examples – all α-helical proteins, β-hairpins, α/β proteins, all β proteins; De Novo design of function – metal binding sites, heme-binding proteins, DDT binding design; Design of catalytic proteins – Esterase activity, four- helix bundle; Computer-assisted combinatorial design with example. Protein databases – primary, secondary and structure databases; pair-wise alignment – methods, multiple sequence alignment and applications, homology modeling and applications, interactive graphics programs – examples. Biochemistry of drugs, lead compound identification, pharmacophore, Docking, Structure-based and computer-assisted drug designing, Immunotoxins and applications,

TEXT BOOKS 1. Branden C, Tooze R “ Introduction of Protein structure ”, Garland 1993. 2. Ruth Hogue Angeletti Proteins:Analysis and Design, Elsevier Publications 3. Jean-Pierre Doucet and Jacques Weber , Computer-Aided Molecular Design:Theory and Applications, Elsevier Ltd,

1996

REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Paul R Carey, Protein Engineering and Design, , Elsevier Publications 2. Creigten, TE, “ Proteins ” , Freeman WH Second Ed 1993 3. Moody PCE, and Wilkinson AJ – “ Protein Engineering ”, IRL press oxford 1990 4. David W Mount, “Bioinformatics: Se`quence and Genome analysis” CSHL Press, 2004 5. Lilia Albergina, Protein Engineering in Industrial Biotechnology, CRC Press, 2000 6. Jeffrey L Cleland and Charles S Craik, Protein Engineering: Principles and practice, Wiley-Liss, 1996 PROTEIN ENGINEERING LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 1. Production of protein hydrolysates using enzymes. 2. Amino Acid Analysis by Precolumn Derivatization with 1-Fluoro-2,4-Dinitrophenyl-5-L-Alanine Amide. 3. Estimation of Disulfide Bonds Using Ellman’s Reagent. 4. Quantitation of Cysteine Residues and Disulfide Bonds by Electrophoresis. 5. Protein Ladder Sequencing.

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6. Isolation of Proteins Cross-linked to DNA by Formaldehyde 7. Chemical Methods of Analysis of Glycoproteins. 8. Monosaccharide Analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC) 9. Performic Acid Oxidation. 10. Modification of Arginine Side Chains with p-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal. 11. Amidation of Carboxyl Groups. 12. Modification of Sulfhydryl Groups with DTNB. 13. Chemical Cleavage of Proteins at Methionyl-X Peptide Bonds. 14. Chemical Cleavage of Proteins at Cysteinyl-X Peptide Bonds. 15. Enzymatic Digestion of Proteins in Solution and in SDS Polyacrylamide Gels REFERENCE: The protein protocols hand book, 2nd edition by John M. Walker

SEMESTER III

BT 0601 SEMINAR L T P C 1 0 0 1

Students will select a topic related to biotechnology and give a seminar. Others students will be encouraged to ask pertinent questions on the topic. They will be graded on presentation, preparation of slides, discussion, and knowledge about the subject. The aim is to improve communication skills and critical thinking in students.

L T P C BT 0602 RESEARCH PROJECT PHASE I 0 0 12 6

At the end of the second semester, students will be assigned the projects based on their abstracts. Review meetings will be conducted during which their progress will be monitored and evaluated by their oral presentation. A written report of the project needs to be submitted. The major project areas are: • Physiology, Ecology, Genetics, Evolution, Molecular Pathogenesis, Virology, Immunology, Cancer Biology, Cell biology, Genomics & Genetics, Bioenergy, Biobased technologies, Metabolomics in microbes and microbial communities

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SEMESTER IV

BT 0603 RESEARCH PROJECT PHASE II L T P C 0 0 36 18

The project stated during the previous semester will be continued in the semester also. Three review meetings will be conducted during which their progress will be monitored and evaluated by their oral presentation. A written report of the project needs to be submitted. The students have to submit a written thesis at the end of the semester, followed by Viva voce examination conducted by the external examiners. Every student should include a paper for refereed journal.

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ELECTIVE MODULES

MODULE 1. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

BT 0512 IMMUNOBIOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The course aims at imparting basic and advanced topics in immunology, interaction with neuroendocrine system, and its impact on disease. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To strengthen the knowledge of students through a detailed study on various topics in immunology. • T and B cell biology, cell signaling • Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases • Techniques used in assessing the functions of immune system Innate and Adaptive immunity-Cells and tissues of the immune response Antigen presentation-B cell activation - synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins-Antibody responses, T lymphocyte-Th1/Th2, T reg cells-cytokines-development, activation, and differentiation of T cells Immunity to pathogens, Transplantation, Tolerance and Autoimmunity, inflammation, immunodeficiency and AIDS and Vaccination Identification of lymphocytes and their subsets in blood, T Cell activation parameters, cytokines and regulation, estimation of cytokines, macrophages activation , macrophage microbial assays, in-vitro experimentation-functional studies on isolated cells-Flow cytometry-application of the above technology to understand the Pathogenesis of infectious diseases- Preparation of storage of tissues- Immunocytochemisty - immunofluroscence Cancer and immune responses- Current trends in immunology of pathogens and cancer topics TEXT BOOK 1.A. K. Chakravarty, Immunology and Immunotechnology, Oxford University Press, 2006

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REFERENCE BOOKS 1.Immunobiology 6th Edition, Janeway, Travers, Walport, Shlomchik, Garland, 2005 2.The immune response: Basic and Clinical principles, Tak Mak and ME Saunders, Elsevier, 2005 BT 0613 STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The course aims at imparting basic and advanced topics in Stem Cell technology, potential and its clinical applications. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To strengthen the knowledge of students through a detailed study on various topics in Stem Cell Technology.

• Development and its characterizations • Applications of Stem cells • Benefits to humans

Stem Cells: Definition, classification and sources, Blastocyst culture, Xeno-free derivation and Cryopreservation, Properties and application of Embryonic stem cells. Characterization of Human Embryonic stem cells. Stem cells and their Developmental Potential, subcloning and controlled differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. in vitro and in vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Feeder free culture of human embryonic stem cells Therapeutic cloning: Derivation and propagation of human embryonic stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer, Hurdles to improving the efficiency of Therapeutic cloning, Stem cells and translational medicine ethics. Haematopoietic Stem Cells: Basic science to Clinical applications, Growth factors and the regulation of haematopoietic stem cells, Haematopoietic stem cells for gene therapy, Haematopoietic cells for leukemia Skeletal muscle stem cells, Liver stem cells, Tumour stem cells, Stem cell therapies in animal models: Their outcome and possible benefits in humans TEXT BOOKS: 1.Stem Cells: From Bench to Bedside-Ariff Bongso, Eng Hin Lee 2.Stem Cells-C S Potten REFERENCES: 1.Nagy A,Gertenstein M,Vintersten K,Behringer R(2003).Manipulating the Mouse Embryo ,New York:Cold Spring Harbor Press. 2.Gilbert SF.(2000) Developmental biology,6th ed.Sunderland,MA:Sinauer Associates,Inc. BT 0615 CANCER BIOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE To provide knowledge about biological aspects of cancer INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To impart basic concepts of cancer biology, various stages in carcinogenesis, molecular cell biology of cancer, cancer metastasis, and cancer therapy. Regulation of Cell cycle, Mutations that cause changes in signal molecules, effects on receptor, signal switches, tumour suppressor genes, Modulation of cell cycle-in cancer, Different forms of cancers, Diet and cancer. Chemical Carcinogenesis, Metabolism of Carcinogenesis, Natural History of Carcinogenesis, Targets of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Principles of Physical Carcinogenesis, X-Ray radiation – Mechanism of radiation Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes, Identification of Oncogenes, Retroviruses and Oncogenes, detection of Oncogenes, Growth factor and Growth factor receptors that are Oncogenes. Oncogenes / Proto Oncogenes activity. Growth factors related to transformations. Clinical significances of invasion, heterogeneity of metastatic phenotype, Metastatic cascade, Basement membrane disruption, Three step theory of invasion, Proteinases and tumour cell invasion.

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Different forms of therapy, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Detection of Cancers, Prediction of aggressiveness of Cancer, Advances in Cancer detection. TEXT BOOKS : 1. King R.J.B., Cancer Biology, Addision Wesley Longmann Ltd, U.K., 1996. 2. Ruddon.R.W., Cancer Biology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. REFERENCES : 1. Maly B.W.J., Virology a practical approach, IRL press, Oxford, 1987. 2. Dunmock.N.J and Primrose S.B., Introduction to modern Virology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. BT0680 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 1. Immunoelectrophoresis 2. ELISA 3. Western Blot 4. Blood group typing 5. Separation of serum and plasma 6. Isolation of monocytes/lymphocytes 7. Culturing of lymphocytes for activation assays 8. Culturing of cancer cell lines to identify tumor proteins 9. Detection of intracellular signaling molecules 10. Assay of cytotoxicity ELECTIVE MODULE 2. FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY BT 0522 FERMENTATION ENGINEERING L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The course introduces the basic principles of Fermentation Technology which involves various strategies for strain selection and improvement, media formulation, sterilization, inoculums development, various fermenter configurations and mode of operations. INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES By the end of the course the student will be able to understand: • To apply chemical engineering principles to fermentation processes • The inocula development and improvement of cultures • The evaluation of fermentation processes • The fermenter configuration and mode of operations • The industrial applications of fermentation technology Overview of fermentation industry, general requirements of fermentation processes, basic configuration of fermenter and ancillaries, main parameters to be monitored and controlled in fermentation processes. Reaction Kinetics: Types of reaction, order of reaction, Michealis-Menten constant, effect of temperature on reaction rate, activated complexes, catalysed reactions, thermal death of micro organisms, enzyme inhibition. Fermentation Kinetics: Continuous fermentation, advantages and limitations, theory of single and two stage continuous fermentation systems application. Media formulation and preparations-complex and synthetic media, Selection of components, buffers, pH adjustment. Media and air- Batch and Continuous In-situ sterilization in fermenter. Isolation, selection and improvement of cultures – screening methods, culture preservation, strain improvement. Aseptic culture transfer and incubation, inoculum age/size, studies on growth kinetics in batch, continuous and fed batch cultures. Details of Industrial manufacture of important biotechnological products

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Ideal bioreactors, various configurations, Mechanical construction, various parts and accessories - Introduction to Mass and Heat transfer: Agitation and aeration, Modes of reactor operations. Details of the process parameters and materials for the industrial manufacture of Antibiotics, solvents, amino acids, organic acids and Biopharmaceuticals. TEXT BOOK 1. Stanbury, Whitaker & Hall – Principles of Fermentation Technology (1997) 2. Shuler and Kargi - Bioprocess Engineering, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd.(2002) REFERENCE 1. Bailey J.E. and Ollis, D.F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, (1986). 2. Pauline M Doran - Bioprocess Engineering Principles –, Academic Press, 1995. 3. James M.Lee - Biochemical Engineering by, Prentice Hall 1992 4. A.H.Scragg -Bioreactors in Biotechnology – A practical approach; 1991. BT 0625 BIOPROCESS PLANT DESIGN L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE To understand the fundamentals of engineering economics, drafting a project budget to develop and apply problem-solving and bioprocess plant design techniques INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES Define process design Develop flow diagrams • Optimize a chemical process • Determine the cost of equipment and apply design factors for scale • Design a plant layout for processing of biological materials • Evaluate a process plant design for regulatory compliance Compute fixed and operating costs for plant equipment and prepare INTRODUCTION Integrated analysis of material and energy balance-General overall design considerations - Process plant design development flow sheet development - Computer Aided design - Cost Estimation - Profitability analysis of investments - Optimum design - Practical Considerations in design - The design approach - Engineering ethics in design GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION Plant location - Factors involved - Selection of plant site - Plant layout - Preparation of plant layout - Plant operation and control – Instrumentation, Maintenance, utilities, structural design, Storage, Material Handling PROCESS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Process creation - Batch versus Continuous operation, Raw material and product specification, process synthesis steps. Process Design - Types of process design Process flow diagrams - Types of reactors(Fermentor) Design of reactor systems - Reactor design procedure - Design of extraction equipment Design concepts for membrane separation and design procedure Design of filtration and drying equipments PROCESS ECONOMICS Estimation of capital investment - Estimation of operating cost- Uncertainty analysis CASE STUDY Case studies for bioproducts TEXT BOOKS 1. Plant design and Economics for Chemical Engineers: Max S. Peter,Klaus D.Timmerhaus et.al., 5th Edition McGraw Hill REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Ullmann's , Chemical Engineering and Plant design, Vol 2, Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH & Co 2. Bioprocess engineering Basic Concepts 2nd ed.Michael L.shuler,Fikert Kargi Prentice Hall or India 3. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals 2nd ed. James E.Bailey,David F.Ollis 4. Scott, R. and N. Macleod. 1992. Process Design Case Studies. VCH Publishers, New York.

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BT 0627 BIOPROCESS MODELING AND SIMULATION L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE This course makes the students Knowledgeable in different aspects of modeling Bioprocess system and also to familiarize the numerical simulation of models. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To familiarize the: •Basics of Modeling • Modeling of bioreactors • Modeling of unit operations • Modeling of unit operations BASICS OF MODELING Principles of formulation, Fundamental laws-continuity equation, Energy Equation, Equation of motion, transport Equation ,Equation of state, Equilibrium and chemical and Bio kinetics. MODELLING IN BIOPROCESS SYSTEM Types of kinetic model; Data smoothing and analysis; Mathematical representation of Bioprocess; Parameter estimation. MODEL VALIDATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF MODELS Numerical integration techniques; Parameter sensitivity analysis; Statistical validity,: Discrimination between two models; Physiological state markers and its use in the formulation of a structured model; Development of compartment and metabolic pathway models for intracellular state estimation; DYNAMIC SIMULATION Dynamic simulation of batch, fed-batch steady and transient culture metabolism; Numerical optimization of bioprocess using mathematical models. CASE STUDY Batch , Fed Batch ,Continuous and Immobilized cell culture system TEXT BOOKS 1. William L.Luyben,"Process Modelling ,Simulation and control for Chemical Engineers",2nd Edn,McGraw Hill International Editions,New York,1990 2. Modeling and Optimization of Fermentation of Fermentation Processes;B.Voesky and J.Votrua Elsevier-New York 1992 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V ,Netherland REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Bioprocess engineering Basic Concepts 2nd ed.Michael L.shuler,Fikert Kargi Prentice Hall or India 2. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals 2nd ed. James E.Bailey,David F.Ollis 3. Davis M.E ,Numerical Methods and Modelling for chemical engineers,Wiley, New York 1984 4. Bisio A.,and Robert L.Kabel," Scale up of chemical processes",wiley New York 1985 5. Denn M.M., "Process Modelling"wiley New York 1986 6. B.A Finlayson ,"Nonlinear analysis in Chemical Engineering," McGraw Hill International Editions,New York,1980 BT0681 FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 1. Isolation and secondary screening of industrially important microorganisms. 2. Strain improvement (for increased yield) by stress inducers. 3. Calibration, and standardization of a bioreactor. 4. Power calculations, and KLa determinations of a typical bioprocess. 5. Construction of growth curve. 6. Determination of specific growth rate and doubling time in batch and continuous culture 7. Rate of substrate utilization and product formation 8. Enzyme kinetic study –substrate concentration and product inhibition a. Effect of metal ion concentration. b. Distilled beverage production c. Production of white and Red wine and assay of diacetyl and alcohol. d. Assay of flavour components

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9. Protein separation by aqueous two-phase partitioning. 10. Whole cell immobilization and alcohol production with immobilized yeast 11. Comparison of efficacy of immobilized and free cells. 12. Recombinant stain and product formation 13. Anaerobic systems and reactors REFERENCE Lab Manual

ELECTIVE MODULE 3: BIOINFORMATICS BT 0633 PROTEOMICS AND GENOMICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE This course offers advanced level training on gene expression and gene therapy by covering topics such as genome mapping, proteomic techniques and new targets for drug discovery. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To familiarize and expose the students to the • Principle of gene expression • Concepts of functional genomics in biopharmaceutical industry • Application of gene therapy • Principles of proteomics • Role of models in genetic disorder Principles of gene Expression – Genome Mapping – Human Genome Project – Genomes of other organisms – Role of genomics in Drug discovery and development – peptide nucleic acid technology. Genomics in Biopharmaceutical Industry Functional Genomes – Pharmacogenetics – Genomics in relation to molecular Diagnosis – Molecular Therapeutic technologies. FORCE FIELD - Components of the force field – Parameterization. Steric energy and derived information: strain energy and heat of formation. Search for the preferred geometry and energy minimization. Molecular mechanics- scope, limitations and evolution High through put proteome analysis, automation, protein expression Proteomics: Proteomic Techniques – Pharmaceutical Applications – Proteomics in drug Discovery – in human. Identifying protein, protein interactions, protein complexes REFERENCE BOOKS 1. S.Sahai, “ Genomics and Proteomics ”, Functional and Computational Aspects, Plenum Publications, 1999. 2. S.R.Pennington. Micheal J.Dunn, “Proteomics: From protein seq. To function, Taylor, Francis, 2006 3. Daniel Liebier, “Proteomics: Tools for the New Biology:, Human Press, 2000.

BT 0635 BIOINFORMATICS ALGORITHMS L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The purpose of this subject is to study various Algorithm design techniques and applying it in Bioinformatics INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1. Notation and different types of Algorithms 2. Mapping Algorithms and Greedy approaches. 3. Dynamic programming for sequence alignment 4. DNA analysis using graph Algorithms. 5. Clustering and trees.

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Algorithms and Complexity- Biological algorithms versus computer algorithms – The change problem –Correct versus Incorrect Algorithms – Recursive Algorithms – Iterative versus Recursive Algorithms – Big-O Notations – Algorithm Design Techniques. Molecular Biology Primer – Exhaustive Search – Mapping Algorithms – Motif-Search Trees – Finding Motifs – Finding a Median String – Greedy Algorithm – Genome Rearrangements – Sorting by Reversals – Approximation Algorithms – A Greedy Approach to Motif Finding. DNA Sequence comparison – Manhattan Tourist Problem – Edit Distance and Alignments – Longest Commons Subsequences – Global Sequence Alignment – Scoring Alignment – Local Sequence Alignment – Alignment with Gap Penalties – Multiple Alignment-Gene Predictions – Approaches to Gene Prediction - Spiced Alignment – Divide and Conquer Algorithms. Graphs – Graphs and Genetics – DNA Sequencing – Shortest Superstring Problem – DNA arrays as an alternative sequencing techniques – Sequencing by Hybridization – Path Problems – Fragment assembly in DNA Sequencing – Protein Sequencing and Identification – The Peptide Sequencing Problem – Spectrum Graphs – Spectral Convolution and Alignment – Combinatorial Patter matching. Clustering and trees – Gene expression analysis – Hierarchical clustering-k-means clustering – Clustering and corrupted Cliques – Evolutionary Trees – Distance-based tree reconstruction – Reconstruction trees from additive matrices – Evolutionary trees and hierarchical clustering – Character-based tree reconstruction – Small and large Parsimony Problem – Hidden Markov Models- Randomized Algorithms. TEXTBOOKS 1. Neil C. Jones and Pavel A. Pevzner, An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms, MIT Press, First Indian Reprint 2005. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Gusfields G, Algorithms on strings, trees and sequences- Computer Science and Computational Biology, Cambridge University Press 1997. 2. Gary Benson Roderic page (Eds), Algorithms in Bioinformatics, Springer International Edition, First Indian Reprint 2004. BT 0637 MOLECULAR SIMULATION OF BIOMOLECULES L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE This subject portraits the fundamentals and applications of computer aided drug designing INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

• Fundamentals of Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) • Drug development • Methods and applications

Monte carlo simulations, Introduction, Molecular dynamics simulations, theory and application therapeutic targets for drug discovery, combinatorial chemistry in drug development, principles of combinatorial chemistry, molecular diversity of proteins, peptides and oligonucleotides. Role of computational chemistry in therapeutic drug design, protein modeling, peptide and peptidometic engineering, small molecule drug design Protein modeling, peptide and peptidometric engineering, small molecule drug design by computational chemistry, structure based drug design and applications. Pharmacodynamics- Pharmacokinetics- toxicology- animal tests- formulations and delivery systems- future perspective Applications in pharmacophores mapping - Analysis of QSAR- computational approaches to chemical libraries TEXTBOOKS 1. Sunil Maulik, Salil D. Patel, Molecular Biotechnology: Therapeutic Applications and Strategies, Wiley-IEEE, 1996 2. David W Mount, Bioinformatics, Sequence and Genome analysis, CSHL Press, 2004 3. Jean-Pierre Doucet and Jacques Weber, Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Theory and Applications. Elsevier Ltd. 1996 REFERENCE BOOK

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1.Thomas J. Perun, Catherine Lamb Propst, Computer-Aided Drug Design: Methods and Applications,Informa Health Care, 1989.

BT0682 - Molecular Simulation of Biomolecules Laboratory Experiments Sequence similarity searching of nucleotide and protein sequences Gene prediction methods Multiple sequence alignment Pattern finding in proteins Homology modeling of proteins using Modeller and Swiss modeler Model refinement Model validation Threading methods Characterization of proteins Analysis of 2D and 3D structures of proteins Finding the active sites in a receptor Small molecule building, using ISIS Draw and CHEM SKETCH Creating chemical library using different chemical sketching tools Docking methodologies REFERENCE Lab Manual

ELECTIVE MODULE 4. TISSUE ENGINEERING BT 0542 ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE To impart the latest technology development in Animal Cell Science and Technology. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1. To learn about the various Cell culture techniques 2. To impart the knowledge of bioreactor design for mammalian cell culture. 3. To induce the latest developments in animal cell culture. To cultivate the knowledge of techniques of engineering cultural environment Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology; Introduction to the balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium. Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium, Serum & protein free defined media and their application, Medium Optimization. Measurements of cell death, Biology and characterization of the cultured cells, measuring parameters of growth, Cell Synchronization, Senescence and apoptosis, Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity, Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of tissue and primary culture, maintenance of cell culture; Scale-up of animal cells in culture, Scale-up of anchorage dependent cells: Roller Bottles and microcarriers Scale-up of anchorage dependent cells: hollow fibre technology, Scale-up of suspension cultures: Spinner flasks and stirred tank bioreactors , Mass transfer in mammalian cell culture Cell cloning and micromanipulation; Cell transformation , stem cell isolation and cultures, cryopreservation and transport of germplasm, Application of animal cell culture, FISH And Application of Animal Cell Culture, Biosafety and Biohazards in tissue culture laboratory. Harvesting of products, purification and Assays, Organ culture technology, Ethical issues in animal biotechnology. Management aspects of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Discussion about current developments in animal biotechnology. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Culture of Animal Cells, (3rd Edition), F1. Ian Freshney. Wiley-Liss. 2. Animal Cell Culture – Practical Approach, Ed. John R.W. Masters, OXFORD. 3. Animal Cell Culture Methods-Jennie P.Mather, David Barnes REFERENCES

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1. Cell Culture Lab Fax. Eds. M. Butler & M. Dawson, Bios Scientific Publications Ltd., Oxford. 2. Animal Cell Culture Techniques. Ed. Martin Clynes, Springer. 3. Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57, Animal Cell Culture Methods. Ed. Jenni P. Mather and David Barnes. Academic Press. 4. Cell Growth and Division: A Practical Approach. Ed. R. Basega, IRL Press. BT0645 PLANT TISSUE CULTURE ENGINEERING L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE To impart the latest technology development in Plant Tissue culture engineering. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 4. To create awareness about the Cell culture system in plants 5. To impart the knowledge of bioreactor design for plant cell system. 6. To induce the latest technology development in mechanized micropropagation. 7. To cultivate the knowledge of techniques of engineering cultural environment. Evaluation of photosynthetic capacity in micropropagated plants by image analysis. Monitoring gene expression in plant tissues. Applications and potentials of artificial neural networks in plant tissue culture. Evaluation of plant suspension cultures by texture analysis. Bioengineering aspects of bioreactor application in plant propagation. thin-films of liquid media for efficient micropropagation. Design, development and applications of mist bioreactors for micropropagation and hairy root culture. Bioreactor engineering for recombinant protein production using plant cell suspension culture. Types and designs of bioreactors for hairy root culture. Oxygen transport in plant tissue culture systems. Temporary immersion bioreactor. Design and use of the wave bioreactor for plant cell culture. Integrating automation technologies with commercial micropropagation. Machine vision and robotics for the separation and regeneration of plant tissue cultures. Closed systems for high quality transplants using minimum resources. Aeration in plant tissue culture. Tissue culture gel firmness: measurement and effects on growth. Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on somatic embryogenesis. A commercialized photoautotrophic micropropagation system. Intelligent inverse analysis for temperature distribution in a plant culture vessel . Electrical control of plant morphogenesis. The uses of ultrasound in plant tissue culture. Acoustic characteristics of plant leaves using ultrasonic transmission waves. Physical and engineering perspectives of in vitro plant cryopreservation. TEXT BOOK 1.Plant Tissue culture engineering. (Focus on biotechnology) . GUPTA S.D., IBARAKI Y. Vol. 6. Lavoiser publications.480p. REFERENCES 1.“Phytochemical Methods” – A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. J. B. Harbone. Springler publications, third edition. 2005. 2.“Plant Physiology”, Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger. (2003) Third edition. Panima Publishing corporation, New Delhi, Bangalore BT0647 BIOPOLYMERS L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The objective of this subject is to give students an introduction to the principles and fundamentals of biomaterials. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES By the end of the course the student will be able to understand: • Metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite biomaterials, biologicalmaterials, • Relationships between composition, structure, and properties of biomaterials, • Interactions between materials and blood, cells and tissues, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biodegradation. • New trends in biomaterials

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Introduction to materials science-Structure – Property relations of biological materials, proteins, tissues – Bulk and surface properties of materials- Metallic biomaterials, ceramic biomaterials, polymer biomaterials, composite biomaterials. Biocompatibility of Biomaterials: Protein structure, interaction of proteins with synthetic materials - Methods for biomaterials surface characterization and analysis of protein adsorption on biomaterials. Molecular and cellular interactions with biomaterials - matrix synthesis, degradation, and contraction. Mechanisms underlying wound healing and tissue remodeling - implantation in various organs. Tissue and organ regeneration; design of implants and prostheses based on control of biomaterials-tissue interactions- classes of materials ised in medicine. Comparative analysis of intact, biodegradable, and bioreplaceable implants. Tissue response to biomaterials - inflammation and wound healing, immunology, toxicity, foreign body response, blood compatibility, implant associated infections- Testing of biomaterials. In vitro assessment, in vivo assessment of tissue compatibility. TEXT BOOKS 1.Joon B. Park, Joseph D. Bronzino -Biomaterials: Principles and Applications, CRC Press, 2002 2. Buddy D.Ratner - Biomaterials Science, Second Edition: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Academic press, 2004 3. Bundy, Kirk J. - Fundamentals of Biomaterials: Science and Applications, 2007 REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Kay C. Dee-An Introduction to Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions, John wiley & Sons,2002 2. Jonathan Black, Biological Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility, Fourth Edition , CRC Press 3.William D., Jr. Callister- Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Wiley 2003 4.Scott A. Guelcher - An Introduction to Biomaterials (Biomedical Engineering Series), CRC 2006. 5. Hill, D., "Design Engineering of Biomaterials for Medical Devices", Wiley, 1998. 6.Wise, D. L. Biomaterials and Bioengineering Handbook, Dekker, 2000 7.Sarikaya, M, Aksay, I. Biomimetics, Design and Processing of Materials, AIP, 1995. BT0683 -Tissue Engineering Laboratory Experiments 1. Cell suspension culture a) Growth studies b) Protein estimation c) Gel entrapment d) Elicitors – Ex. Aspergillus 2. Inducing Somatic Embryogenesis in Tissue culture Ex: Leaf culture Root tip culture 3. Isolation, fusion and regeneration of protoplast 4. Infection of plant cells with Agrobacterium tumefaciens a) leaf disc method b) Floral dip method 5. Hairy root culture 6. Preparation of culture media and sterilization for animal cell culture 7. Preparation of chicken embryo fibroblast culture. 8. Staining and counting of cells 9. MTT assay study 10. Advance cell culture technique- Hepatocyte culture.

ELECTIVE MODULE 5 . ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BT0552 WASTE-WATER TREATMENT L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The course will provide knowledge about the treatments of Waste – water and its analysis. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES :-

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To enable students to: 1] Know the various methods of waste water treatment 2] Knowledge about activated sludge 3} Know about the biofilm processes Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater; Wastewater disposal standards. Basics of microbiology. Biological wastewater treatment systems: Aerobic processes - activated sludge process and its modifications, trickling filter, RBC, Anaerobic Processes- conventional anaerobic digester, High rate and hybrid anaerobic reactors. Sludge digestion and handling. Disposal of effluent and sludge

BIOCHEMICAL OPERATIONS Bacterial Activity and energetics in Wastewater Treatment Bioprocess Stoichiometry: a) Quantification of biotransformation of organic compounds, nitrogen and phosphorus; b) Associated processes: biomass growth and decay, by-product generation MASS BALANCES AND REACTOR THEORY Bioprocess Kinetics Reactor Models suspended growth processes ACTIVATED SLUDGE: Quantification of COD utilization and growth in single CSTR with recycle ACTIVATED SLUDGE: Multiple reactions in single CSTR with recycle ACTIVATED SLUDGE: Multiple reactors in reactor sequences with varied conditions

BIOFILM PROCESSES

THEORY: Biofilm characteristics, reactor transport, and biofilm modeling e.g., trickling filters, Logan or Speitel Trickling Filter Model TEXT BOOKS: 1.Environmental biotechnology, 1995 S.N.Jogdand. Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur. 2.Biotechnology biology 1997 P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publications, Meerut. BT0655 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE This course will introduce students to the variety of ways in which microbes interact with their immediate surroundings, i.e. soil and water, and plant and animal hosts. It will also demonstrate how microbes have adapted to survive in extreme environments, and how the properties of microbes can be exploited for human benefit. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1. Give an account of the ways in which microbial genes can be tracked in the environment using molecular techniques 2. Be able to assess what microbial guild has been responsible for an undesirable incident, suggest the most appropriate course of remedy and suggest how such incidences could be prevented in the future 3. Describe the application of environmental microbiological research to other practical problems Introduction to Bioremediation, Types of Bioremediation, Bioremediation of surface soil and sludges, Bioremediation of subsurface material, In situ technologies, Ex-situ technologies, Phytoremediation, Bioaugmentation of naturally occurring microbial activities; Environmental modification- use of co-substrates, oxygen supplementation (Composting and aerobic bioreactors, in situ aeration). General microbial strategies for initiating attack on xenobiotics - Biodegradation strategies for key classes of compounds - Factors affecting biodegradation; Biodegradation kinetics ; Biodegradation Engineering & Modelling; Biocatalysis Enzymes and major reactions and its kinetics. Restriction endonucleases, techniques of restriction mapping-vectors-plasmid PBR 322 and Lamda phage, cosmid- construction of chimeric DNA, ligases, gene closing-Southern, northern and western blotting, dot and slot blos-construction of

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Genomic and cDNA libraries-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and gene closing - use of genetically altered microorganisms for field biodegradation of hazardous materials. Introduction - Hazardous wastes-biodegradation of Hazardous wastes - biological detoxification of cyanide -market for hazardous waste management-biotechnology applications to hazardous waste management- Source and Management Safety. Environmental Nanotechnology Research - Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Heavy metals - New Bioremediation Technologies to Remove Heavy Metals and Radionuclides using Fe (III), Sulfate and Sulfur Reducing Bacteria - Bioremediation of Petroleum Sludge using Bacterial Consortium and Biosurfactant - Biofilms in Porous Media: Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations – Biosensor Technology for monitoring pollutants. . TEXT BOOKS: 1.Environmental biotechnology, 1995 S.N.Jogdand. Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur. 2. Bioremediation 1994 Baker, K.H.and Herson, D.S. McGraw Hill, Inc.New York. 3. Biotechnology biology 1997 P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publications, Meerut. REFERENCE BOOKS 1.Molecular biology of the gene IV edition Watson, J.D.,Hopkins, N.H., Roberts, J.W.,Steitz, J.A.,Weiner, A.M. The Benjamin- Cummings Publications company Inc. 2.Environmental Bioremediation Technologies by Shree N. Singh; Rudra Tripathi 3.Crawford R.L. Crawford D.L. Bioremediation: Principles and Applications Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996. BT0657 ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The course will provide knowledge about different types of energy and development of environment-friendly sources of energy. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES :- To enable students to: 1] Know the various sources of energy. 2] Knowledge about alternate sources of energy/conversion of one source of energy to another. Introduction ; Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources ( Water, Minerals, and Energy; Use and over-exploitation; Classification and Sources of Energy; Problems relating demand and supply of various energy sources; Coal, Petroleum etc., Conventional fuels- firewood, plant and animal wastes, coal, gas, animal oils, their environmental impact. Modern fuels-methanogenic bacteria and biogas, microbial hydrogen production, conversion of sugars to ethanol, the gasohol experiment, solar energy converters-hopes from the photosynthetic pigments, plant based petroleum industry, cellulose degradation for combustible fuels their environmental impacts. KVIC plants, process kinetics, digester design, sludge treatment, energy from wastes – development in energy routes. Biotechnology and Microbiology of Coal Degradation – Aerobic and Anaerobic pathway of coal degradation- Characterisation/identification of bioconversion substrates and products – Biosolubilization and bioliquefaction of coal- Biodesulfurisation of coal and oil- Mechanisms of coal biosolubilization- Enzymes that depolymerise coal – Recent Advances in Bioprocessing of coal. From Microbes to Megawatts – Microbial Fuel Cells - Types of Biological fuel cells – Working Principle - Applications of Biological Fuel cells. TEXT BOOKS : 1. S.B Pandya, "Conventional Energy Technology - Fuels and chemical Energy - TMH (1987) 2. S.P. Sharma and Chander Mohan, Fuels and Combustion, "TMH, 1984 3. Kash Kori, C., Energy resources, demand and conservation with special reference to India, TMH, 1975. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Gulp Jr., "Principles of Energy Conservation, "MGK (1979) 2. Chemtech I - Manual of Chemical Technology, "Vol.I. S. Chand and Co., New Delhi (1985) 3. Pryde P.R., "Non Conventional energy resources" JW (1983) 4. Connolly, T.J., "Foundation of nuclear engineering" JW (1978)

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5. Gray T.J. and Gashos G.K., Tidel Power," Plenum Press (1972) 6. Sarkar S. "Fuels and Combustion, "Orient Longmans (1974) 7. Duffie T.R. and Beckman, W.A., 'Solar Energy Thermal Processes " JW (1974).

BT0684 - Environmental Biotechnology LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. Estimation of metals such as Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn, Ni, As, Bi, etc by Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometer. 2. Monitoring of water quality of- water and waste water treatment plant, effluents and a water body – BOD, COD, DO & TDS. 3. Analysis of organic compounds from soils. 4. Biodegradation of lipids, Cellulose materials, Hydrocarbons, Starch Industry wastes & Lignin. 5. Methods of screening of microorganisms with amylolytic and proteolytic activity. 6. Methods for high throughput cultivation and assay of microorganisms. 7. Construction and use of reporter gene fusions (gfp, lacZ, uidA, ice, luc, lux,) 8. Isolation (solid phase or solvent partitioning extraction) and analytical chemistry techniques (MS, NMR) for identification of microbial metabolites 9. Genome mining and genome analysis tools 10. Plasmid transfer. Use of self-transmissible plasmids in biotechnology. REFERENCE BOOK Laboratory manual

ELECTIVE MODULE 6. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BT0562 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The goal is to emphasize the importance of pharmaceutical research and its usefulness in biotechnology. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To impart basic concepts of • Drug metabolism • Pharmacokinetics, • Manufacturing principles, • Product development and its quality. Development of Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry – Therapeutic agents, their use and economics; Regulatory aspects. A Primer on Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Industrial Applications- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells in Biotech Production- Biopharmaceuticals Expressed in Plants Scientific, Technical and Economic Aspects of Vaccine Research and Development- DNA Vaccines: from Research Tools in Mice to Vaccines for Humans- Characterization and Bioanalytical Aspects of Recombinant Proteins as Pharmaceutical Drugs- Biogeneric Drugs Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Biotech Drugs- Formulation of Biotech Products- Patents in the Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Industry: Legal and Ethical Issues- Drug Approval in the European Union and the United States Rituximab: Clinical Development of the First Therapeutic Antibody for Cancer- Somatic Gene Therapy - Advanced Biotechnology Products in Clinical Development- Nonviral Gene Transfer Systems in Somatic Gene Therapy- Xenotransplanation in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology TEXT BOOK 1.Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Editor(s): Dr. Oliver Kayser, Prof. Dr. Rainer H. Müller, Wiley, 2004 REFERENCE BOOKS 1.Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, second edition. Crommelin J.A., Sindelar R.D. Routledge-Taylor&Francis, London, New York, 2003

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BT0665 MOLECULAR MODELLING AND DRUG DESIGN L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE The subject puts emphasis on the principles of Modelling and the studies of simulation of drug design and delivery. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To familiarize and expose and to develop the skill of the students on the concepts of • Fundamental binding forces in molecules and molecular mechanism • Computer simulation methods • Molecular dynamic simulation method • Metropolis method • Significance of molecular modeling in drug discovery and design Bond Stretching – Angle Bending – Torsional I terms – Out of plane bonding motions – Electrostatic interactions – Van Der Waals interactions – Effective pair Potentials – Hydrogen Bonding – Simulation of liquid water. Calculation of thermodynamic properties – Phase space – Practical aspects of computer simulation – Boundaries monitoring Equilibrium – Long range process – Analysing results of simulation and estimating errors. Molecular Dynamics using simple modules – Molecular Dynamics with continuous potentials – Running Molecular Dynamics simulation – Constant dynamics – Time dependent properties – Molecular Dynamics at constant temperature and pressure. Metropolis methods – Monte Carlo simulation of molecules – Monte Carlo simulation of polymers – Calculating chemical potentials – Monte Carlo or Molecular Dynamics.

Molecular modeling in drug discovery – Deriving and using 3D Pharmacores – Molecular docking – Structure Based methods to identify lead components – Denovo ligand design. REFERNECE BOOKS: 1. A.R. Leach. “ Molecular Modeling Principles and applications ”, Longman, 1996. 2. J.M. Haile, “ Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods”, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. BT0667 BIOINSTRUMENTATION L T P C 3 0 0 3 PURPOSE This course is a one-semester, thorough training in basic laboratory techniques used in modern biology. This course will develop the student's ability to select and properly use the optimal instrument for measurement in biological research. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES :- To enable students to: 1. Knowledge about different instruments in the analysis of biomolecules 2. Know the instrumental methods and analysis 3. Know different instruments in the Biomedical field Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, dark field microscopy, electron microscopy (SEM & TEM) Laser confocal microscopy and digital image analysis Traditional Spectrophotometer , Diode Array Spectrophotometer Absorption Spectrophotometer, Fluorescence Spectrometer, IR, Raman, UV, visible spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and Spectrofluorimetry. Adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, gas chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, HPLC, FPLC, Gel Electrophoresis, (Agarose & SDS- PAGE), Isoelectric focusing, 2D Gel electrophoresis, Pulse-field Gel electrophoresis, Southern, Northern, and Western Blotting. Radioistope techniques : Autoradiography, Radioimmuno assay (RIA), ELISA RIA, Radioreceptor assay (RRA), Liquid Scintillation counter, nature of radioactivity, detection, measurements, counters, safety aspects

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Protein isolation - Cells centrifugation, osmotic lysis and protein extraction), Protein Concentration: Spectrophotometry (BioRad assay. Determination of protein concentration. Protein separation and Detection (Protein electrophoresis, Gel electrophoresis, Coomassie blue staining, gel drying, ELISA and western blotting Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence (Antibodies: generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.) Biomedical Instrumentation: Electrocardiography (EKG),Electromyography (EMG) ,Electro-occulography (EOG) Electroencephalography (EEG) ,Other physiological measurements ,Phonocardiogram Respiratory Measurements, Sphygmomanometry, Temperature ,Photoplethysmography Data Acquisition & Telemetry . REFERENCES 1. Principles of Bioinstrumentation" (ISBN 0-471-60514-x) by Richard A. Normann, Wiley Publications (May 10, 1988) 2.“At the Bench- A Laboratory Navigator”, by K. Barker, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2005. J. G. Webster (ed.), Bioinstrumentation, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2004. 3.Carr, Joseph J. and John M. Brown., Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, 4.Fourth Edition, ©2001, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, ISBN 0-13-010492-2. 5.Webster, John G., Medical Instrumentation, Third Edition, ©1998, John Wiley and Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-15368-0. BT 0685 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – Lab 1. Extraction of Caffeine and Quercitin 2. Infection of Plant cells with Agrobacterium tumefaciens i) Leaf disc method ii) Floral dip method 3. Hairy root culture 4. Secondary metabolites – isolation, purification and characterization 5. Purification of amylase and Lipase from bacterial crude extract by using FPLC 6. Quantify the Hepatitis-B surface (HBS) antigen in serum sample by using ELISA 7. Protein purification studies of bacterial lysate by using SDS and 2D gel electrophoresis 8. Chem view – draw the structure of enzyme ligand 9. Pymole – view the structure of the protein 10. Autodock – protein – protein docking, protein molecule, protein small molecule 11. Ramachandran Plot – to study the amino acid in the allowed and disallowed region Reference Lab Manual