(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Observed Changes in Observed Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen GroundSnow, Ice and Frozen Ground

Primary Source: Primary Source:

IPCC WG-I Chapter 4 - Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen GroundIPCC WG-I Chapter 4 - Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Components of the CryosphereComponents of the Cryosphere• On land - 75% of world’s freshwater

• 10% of land surface

• 7% of ocean surface (annual ave.)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Change in Change in Spring Spring

SnowcoverSnowcover

March-April Isotherms [˚C]

(change during the satellite era)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Ice Ice Freeze & Freeze & Breakup Breakup

DatesDates

Northern Northern Lakes and Lakes and RiversRivers

Later freezing: Later freezing:

~ 6 days/100-yr~ 6 days/100-yr

Earlier breakup:Earlier breakup:

~ 6 days/100-yr~ 6 days/100-yr

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Change Change in Sea Ice in Sea Ice

ExtentExtent

(National Snow and Ice Data Center)(National Snow and Ice Data Center)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Arctic Sea Ice ExtentArctic Sea Ice Extent

2007: 2007: LowestLowest

2008: 2008: Second Second

lowestlowest

2009: 2009: Third Third

lowestlowest

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Arctic Sea Ice ExtentArctic Sea Ice Extent

(National Snow and Ice Data Center)(National Snow and Ice Data Center)

2007: 2007: LowestLowest

2008: 2008: Second Second

lowestlowest

2009: 2009: Third Third

lowestlowest

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Arctic Sea Ice ThicknessArctic Sea Ice Thickness

(National Snow and Ice Data Center)(National Snow and Ice Data Center)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Changes in Glacier LengthChanges in Glacier Length

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Changes in Glacier Mass BalanceChanges in Glacier Mass Balance

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Change in Change in Greenland’s Greenland’s

ElevationElevation

(2005 - 1998/1999)(2005 - 1998/1999)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Change in Antarctica’s ElevationChange in Antarctica’s Elevation

(2003 - 1992)(2003 - 1992)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Changes in Changes in Active-Layer Active-Layer

Thickness and Thickness and Depth of Depth of Seasonal Seasonal

FreezeFreeze

5%-95% confidence interval 5%-95% confidence interval

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Area of Seasonally Area of Seasonally Frozen GroundFrozen Ground

(Northern Hemisphere)

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

Summary of ChangesSummary of Changes

(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change)(Mt/Ag/EnSc/EnSt 404/504 - Global Change) Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)Observed Snow & Ice (from IPCC WG-I, Chapter 4)

ENDEND

Observed Changes in Observed Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen GroundSnow, Ice and Frozen Ground