Muscle Anatomy and Physiology Lab

Student Learning Goal:

1. Identify various muscles in the human body using images and human muscle models.2. Identify the action, origin and, insertion of each muscle identified.3. Identify prime movers (agonists), antagonistic muscles, synergistic muscles, and fixators/stabilizers of

each muscle action.

As we begin our discussions of muscle anatomy and physiology it is important to recall knowledge of planes of the body (Chapter 1) and movement patterns among joints in the body (Chapter 8), and various new terminology regarding muscles. To properly identify a muscle, you must identify the muscle’s origin and insertion. The origin of a muscle is the point at which the muscle attaches to a bone (via a tendon) and is static. The insertion of the muscle is the point at which the muscle attaches to a bone (via a tendon) and moves that bone upon contraction.

The three planes of the body are the frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse (horizontal) planes. The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. An example of moving a body part within the frontal plane is to raise your arm from your side. The proper terminology for a movement along the frontal plane includes abduction and adduction. As the arm moves away from the body this movement represents abduction. As the arm moves towards the body, this movement represents adduction. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves. An example of moving a body part within the sagittal plane is bending the head forward and back (shaking your head yes). The proper terminology for a movement along the sagittal plane includes flexion, extension, and hyperextension. As the head leans forward this movement represents flexion. As the head moves back to the normal position, this movement represents extension. As the head extends even further back towards the posterior portion of the body, this movement represents hyperextension. The transvers plane divides the body into superior and inferior halves. An example of this of moving a body part within the transvers plane is to flip the palms upward and downward while holding the arms in front of the body. The proper terminology for a movement along the transverse plane includes supination and pronation. As the palms rotate upward this movement represents supination. As the palms rotate down, this movement represents pronation.

In addition to these movements, some joints have the ability to move in special ways. Elevation and depression are inferior and superior movements of joints such as the mandible. Inversion and eversion are medial and lateral movements of joints such as the ankle. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are anterior and posterior movements of joints such as the ankle

To complete the lab assignment we must also review the definition of agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator/stabilizer. An agonist the primary muscle acting as the prime mover to complete the action. The antagonist must relax to allow the agonist to work. The antagonist would become the agonist if the opposite movement was attempted. A synergist is a muscle or group of muscles that hold the body in correct position to complete the action. A fixator/stabilizer is a special synergist that stabilizes the bone of the prime movers origin.

Part 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck

Label the following muscles on the figure provided and the model provided.

After you have identified the muscles on yourself and labeled the figure above, locate the muscles on the human muscle models using the chart below. Use figures and the accompanying tables in your lab manual for help.

Head and Neck*5,9 Occipitofrontalis aka epicranius10 Orbicularis oculi6,7 Temporalis13 Orbicularis oris14 Zygomaticus major17 Risorius20 Mentalis11 Zygomaticus minor28 Sternocleidomastoid25 Omohyoid27 Sternohyoid

*Numbers represent numbers located on the mini-man model*

Part 2: Muscles of the Torso

Complete the following muscle actions and list the muscles involved in the action. After you have identified the muscles on yourself and labeled the figure below, locate the muscles on the human muscle models using the chart below. Use figures and the accompanying tables in your lab manual for help.

1. Abduct the entire arma. Name the major muscle _Deltoid______________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _clavicle and scapula______c. Name the insertion of the muscle _humerus_____________d. Name the antagonist _Lattisimus dorsi__________________

2. Adduct the entire arm (butterfly curl)a. Name the major muscle _Pectoralis major_______________b. Name the origin of the muscle _clavicle and ribs__________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _humerus_____________d. Name the antagonist _Supraspinatus___________________

3. Compress the abdomena. Name the major muscle _Transverse abdominis__________b. Name the origin of the muscle _ribs and iliac crest________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _pubic crest___________d. Name the antagonist _NA______________________________

4. Flex waista. Name the major muscle _Rectus abdominis_____________b. Name the origin of the muscle _pubic crest and symphysis_c. Name the insertion of the muscle _xiphoid process and ribs_d. Name the antagonist _ Erector spinae __________________

5. Extend (Hyperextend) waista. Name the major muscle _Erector spinae________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _iliac crest and ribs________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _ribs and vertebrate_____d. Name the antagonist _Rectus abdominis________________

Torso100-102 Pectoralis major114 Rectus abdominus98 Serratus anterior111 External oblique118 Transverse abdominus110 Internal oblique95-97 Trapezius90 Infraspinatus91 Teres minor92 Teres major93 Latissimus dorsi104 Diaphragm

*Numbers represent numbers located on the mini-man model*

Part 3: Muscles of the Arm

Complete the following muscle actions and list the muscles involved in the action. After you have identified the muscles on yourself and labeled the figure above, locate the muscles on the human muscle models using the chart below. Use figures and the accompanying tables in your lab manual for help.

1. Flex forearma. Name the major muscle _Biceps brachii_________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _scapula and humerus_____c. Name the insertion of the muscle _radius_______________d. Name the antagonist _Triceps brachii__________________

2. Extend forearma. Name the major muscle _ Triceps brachii________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _scapula and humerus_____c. Name the insertion of the muscle _ulna_________________d. Name the antagonist _Biceps brachii___________________

3. Flex handa. Name the major muscle _Flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris______b. Name the origin of the muscle _humerus_______________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _carpals______________d. Name the antagonist _Extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris_______

4. Extend handa. Name the major muscle _ Extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris____b. Name the origin of the muscle _ humerus_______________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _carpals______________d. Name the antagonist _Flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris_________

5. Pronate forearma. Name the major muscle _Pronator teres________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _humerus and ulna________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _radius_______________d. Name the antagonist _Supinator______________________

6. Supinate forearma. Name the major muscle _Supinator____________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _humerus and ulna________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _radius_______________d. Name the antagonist _Pronator teres___________________

Upper arm

10 Deltoid7 Infraspinatus8 Teres minor9 Teres major6 Supraspinatus11,12,13 Biceps brachii14 Brachialis16,17,18 Triceps brachiiLower arm19 Brachioradialis20 Extensor carpi radialis longus21 Extensor carpi radialis brevis22 Pronator teres23 Flexor carpi radialis24 Palmaris longus25 Flexor carpi ulnaris32 Extensor carpi ulnaris31 Extensor digiti minimi30 Extensor digitorum34 Supinator29 Pronator quadratus

*Numbers represent numbers located on the human arm model*

Part 4: Muscles of the Leg

Complete the following muscle actions and list the muscles involved in the action. After you have identified the muscles on yourself and labeled the figure above, locate the muscles on the human muscle models using the chart below. Use figures and the accompanying tables in your lab manual for help.

1. Flex entire lega. Name the major muscle _Iliopsoas and Rectus femoris___b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis/femur and pelvis/tibiac. Name the insertion of the muscle _femur and tibia________d. Name the antagonist _Gluteus maximus________________

2. Extend entire lega. Name the major muscle _Gluteus maximus and hamstrings_b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis__________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _femur and tibia/fibula____d. Name the antagonist _Iliopsoas_______________________

3. Abduct entire lega. Name the major muscle _Tensor fasciae latae___________b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis__________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _tibia________________d. Name the antagonist _Adductors______________________

4. Adduct entire lega. Name the major muscle _Adductors (magnus/brevis/longus)_b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis__________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _femur_______________d. Name the antagonist _Tensor fasciae latae______________

5. Cross the leg in seated positiona. Name the major muscle _Sartorius_____________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis___________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _tibia_________________d. Name the antagonist _NA______________________________

6. Flex lower lega. Name the major muscle _Hamstrings___________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis__________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _tibia/fibula____________d. Name the antagonist _Quadriceps_____________________

7. Extend lower lega. Name the major muscle _Quadriceps___________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _pelvis___________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _patella/tibia____________d. Name the antagonist _Hamstrings_____________________

8. Dorsiflex foota. Name the major muscle _Tibialis anterior________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _tibia____________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _metatarsal____________d. Name the antagonist _Gastrocnemius__________________

9. Plantar flex foota. Name the major muscle _Gastrocnemius________________b. Name the origin of the muscle _femur__________________c. Name the insertion of the muscle _calcaneus____________d. Name the antagonist _Tibialis anterior__________________

*Numbers represent numbers located on the human leg model*

Upper leg20 Rectus Femoris21 Vastus Lateralis23 Vastus Medialis24 Sartorius26 Adductor Longus27 Gracilis28 Adductor magnus29 Semimembranosus30 Semitendinosus31 Biceps femoris11 Gluteus maximus12 Gluteus medius25 iliopsoasLower leg33 Tibialis anterior34 Extensor digitorum longus35 Fibularis (Peroneus) longus37,38 Gastrocnemius39 Soleus43 Flexor hallucis longus42 Flexor digitorum longus41 Popliteus