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KC”SI S“ SCREW, CAP, HEXAGON HEAD-MIIITARY STANDARD

82NICKEL-COPPER ALLDY, PLAIN FINISH, UNC-2A MS35311

,mimc”ew UCCUKATIMwPr*smcs:

FY. S.85 $.,,, 1 w 2

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Andrew Colgin

Oval

Andrew Colgin

Oval

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Oval

Andrew Colgin

Polygon

Andrew Colgin

Polygon

Andrew Colgin

Polygon

Andrew Colgin

Typewriter

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C V(MH 4CROSS C0iWFJi5 HAl 1.299 1.516 1.732 1.949 2.165MIN 1 .Z54 1.465 1.675 1.059 2.066.

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Andrew Colgin

Typewriter

Monel 400 K500 Waspaloy

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY“..00 ”..,,!?S

“. S. A17MY WEAPONS COMMAND

,0.. I, LANn. !Luwo,s .,,0,

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pOSTAGE AND == PAID

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

CmmmderRock Island ArsenalWeapons Laboratory -ATDi: SWERR-E-SCRock Island, Illinois 61zo~

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Andrew Colgin

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SPECIFICATION ANALYSIS SliEET I Form Appwv.d t

Uud#e, B“,... N.. 22. K255 ;

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MON

EL®

allo

y 40

0

wwwwww..ssppeecciiaallmmeettaallss..ccoomm

MONEL® nickel-copper alloy 400 (UNS N04400/W.Nr. 2.4360 and 2.4361) is a solid-solution alloy thatcan be hardened only by cold working. It has highstrength and toughness over a wide temperature rangeand excellent resistance to many corrosiveenvironments. Composition is shown in Table 1.

Alloy 400 is widely used in many fields, especiallymarine and chemical processing. Typical applicationsare valves and pumps; pump and propeller shafts;marine fixtures and fasteners; electrical and electroniccomponents; springs; chemical processing equipment;gasoline and fresh water tanks; crude petroleum stills,process vessels and piping; boiler feedwater heaters andother heat exchangers; and deaerating heaters.

TTaabbllee 11 - Limiting Chemical Composition, %,of MONEL Alloy 400

Nickel (plus Cobalt) .....................................................63.0 min.

Carbon..........................................................................0.3 max.

Manganese ...................................................................2.0 max.

Iron................................................................................2.5 max.

Sulfur ........................................................................0.024 max.

Silicon ...........................................................................0.5 max.

Copper ......................................................................28.0 - 34.0

TTaabbllee 22 -- Physical Constants of MONEL Alloy 400a

Density, g/cm3 .....................................................................8.80

lb/in.3 ...................................................................0.318

Melting Range, °F .....................................................2370-2460

°C .....................................................1300-1350

Modulus of Elasticity, 103 ksi

Tension .............................................................................26.0

Compression ....................................................................26.0

Torsion ................................................................................9.5

Poisson’s Ratio ....................................................................0.32

Curie Temperature, °F .....................................................70-120

°C ......................................................21-49

The physical constants and thermal properties ofMONEL alloy 400 are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Theeffect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in tensionis in Figure 1.

It will be noted in Table 2 that the Curietemperature lies within the ambient range. It is affectedby variations in chemical composition. The valuesshown represent the range which can be expected fromnormal production; therefore, some heats will bemagnetic at room temperature and others not. If there isa strong requirement for nonmagnetic characteristics,other MONEL alloys should be considered.

PPHHYYSSIICCAALL CCOONNSSTTAANNTTSS AANNDDTTHHEERRMMAALL PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS

aThese values also apply to MONEL alloy R-405, the free-machiningversion of MONEL alloy 400.

Publication Number SMC-053Copyright © Special Metals Corporation, 2005 (Feb 05)

MONEL, INCONEL, and INCOFLUX are trademarks of the Special Metals Corporation group of companies.

The data contained in this publication is for informational purposes only and may be revised at any time without prior notice. The data is believed to be accurateand reliable, but Special Metals makes no representation or warranty of any kind (express or implied) and assumes no liability with respect to the accuracy orcompleteness of the information contained herein. Although the data is believed to be representative of the product, the actual characteristics or performance of theproduct may vary from what is shown in this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be construed as guaranteeing the product for a particular useor application.

MMOONNEELL®® aallllooyy 440000

2

TTaabbllee 33 - Thermal Properties of MONEL Alloy 400

The nominal room-temperature tensile properties ofMONEL alloy 400 are shown in Table 4. Additional data onhardness of various tempers of sheet and strip are in Table 5.

Figures 2 and 3 are based on typical data that showrelationships between properties of rods and forgings andsheet and strip.

Short-time high-temperature properties of hot-rolledannealed material are shown in Figure 4.

MONEL alloy 400 has excellent mechanical propertiesat subzero temperatures. Strength and hardness increasewith only slight impairment of ductility or impact resistance.The alloy does not undergo a ductile-to-brittle transitioneven when cooled to the temperature of liquid hydrogen.This is in marked contrast to many ferrous materials whichare brittle at low temperatures despite their increasedstrength. Table 6 shows mechanical properties of the alloy atlow temperatures.

FFiigguurree 11.. Effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in tensionof MONEL alloy 400 (determined by dynamic method).

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600Temperature, °F

27

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Mod

ulus

of

Ela

stic

ity,

103

ksi

TTeemmppeerraattuurree EElleeccttrriiccaall RReessiissttiivviittyyaa,,ccSSppeecciiffiicc HHeeaattaaTThheerrmmaall CCoonndduuccttiivviittyyaaMMeeaann LLiinneeaarr EExxppaannssiioonnbb

°°FF µµΩΩ••mmoohhmm--cciirrcc mmiill//ffttJJ//kkgg••°°CCBBttuu//llbb//°°FFWW//mm••°°CCBBttuu--iinn//hh//fftt22//°°FFµµmm//mm••°°CCiinn//iinn//°°FF xx 1100--66°°CC

-320 -200 - - - - - - 205 .360

-300 -180 6.1 11.1 113 16.5 0.050 223 - -

-200 -130 6.4 11.4 130 18.2 0.078 320 - -

-100 -70 6.7 12.1 139 19.8 0.088 378 - -

70 21 - - 151 22.0 0.102 427 307 0.511

200 100 7.7 14.2 167 24.0 0.105 445 322 0.537

400 200 8.6 15.2 193 26.9 0.110 459 337 0.559

600 300 8.8 15.7 215 30.1 0.114 470 346 0.574

800 400 8.9 16.1 238 33.4 - - 355 0.587

1000 500 9.1 16.3 264 36.5 - - 367 0.603

1200 600 9.3 16.6 287 39.4 - - 379 0.620

1400 700 9.6 17.0 311 42.4 - - 391 0.639

1600 800 9.8 17.4 335d 45.5d - - 403 0.658

1800 900 10.0d 17.7 360d 48.8d - - 415 0.675

2000 1000 10.3d 18.1d - - - - 427 0.692

aThese values also apply to MONEL alloy R-405, the free-machining version of MONEL alloy 400.bAnnealed material. Between 70°F (21°C) and temperature shown.cAnnealed material.dExtrapolated.

MMEECCHHAANNIICCAALL PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS

TTeennssiillee PPrrooppeerrttiieess aanndd HHaarrddnneessss

Rod and Bar

Annealed 75-90 517-620 25-50 172-345 60-35 110-149 60-80

Hot-Finished (except Hexagons over

2 1/8 inches and Angles)80-110 552-758 40-100 276-690 60-30 140-241 75-100

Hot-Finished Hexagons over 2 1/8

inches and Angles75-100 517-690 30-55 207-379 50-30 130-184 72-90

Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved 84-120 579-827 55-100 379-690 40-22 160-225 85-20C

Plate

Hot-Rolled, As-Rolled 75-95 517-655 40-75 276-517 45-30 125-215 70-96

Hot-Rolled, Annealed 70-85 482-586 28-50 193-345 50-35 110-140 60-76

Sheet

Annealed 70-85 482-586 30-45 207-310 45-35 - 65-80

Cold-Rolled, Hard 100-120 690-827 90-110 621-758 15-2 - 93 min.a

Strip, Cold-Rolled

Annealed 70-85 482-586 25-45 172-310 55-35 - 68 max.a

Spring Temper 100-140 690-965 90-130 621-896 15-2 - 98 min.a

Tube and Pipe, Seamless

Cold-Drawn, Annealed 70-85 482-586 25-45 172-310 50-35 - 75 max.a

Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved 85-120 586-827 55-100 379-690 35-15 - 85-100a

Heat-Exchanger, Annealed 70-85 482-586 28-45 193-310 50-35 - 75 max.a

Heat-Exchanger, Stress-Relieved 85-105 586-724 55-90 379-621 35-15 - 85-97a

Hot-Extruded -b -b -b -b -b - -b

No. 1 Temper (Annealed) 85 max. 586 max. 30-45 207-310 45-30 - 73 max.a

No. 2 Temper (Half-Hard) 85-105 586-724 55-80 379-552 30-10 - 75-97a

No. 3 Temper (Full-Hard) 110-130 758-896 90-110 621-758 10-3 - 95-27C

Wire, Cold Drawnc

Annealed 70-95 482-655 30-55 207-379 45-25 - -

No. 1 Temper 85-100 586-690 50-75 345-517 30-20 - -

Quarter-Hard 95-120 655-827 65-95 448-655 25-15 - -

Half-Hard 110-135 758-931 85-120 586-827 15-8 - -

Three-Quarter-Hard 125-150 862-1034 100-135 690-931 8-5 - -

Full-Hard--Spring Temper 145-180 1000-1241 125-170 862-1172 5-2 - -


TTaabbllee 44 - Nominal Room-Temperature Tensile Properties of MONEL Alloy 400a

Some torsional properties of alloy 400 are shown in Table 7.

TTaabbllee 55 - Hardness of Cold-Rolled MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet and Strip

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aThe ranges shown are composites for various product sizes and therefore are not suitable for specification purposes. Hardness values are suitable forspecification purposes providing tensile properties are not also specified.bProperties on request.cProperties shown are for sizes from 0.032 to 0.250-in. diameter. Properties for other sizes may vary from these.

TToorrssiioonnaall SSttrreennggtthh

CCoommpprreessssiivvee SSttrreennggtthh

Compressive properties, determined in triplicate on singletypical melts, are shown in Table 8 along with thecorresponding tensile properties and hardness. The modulusof elasticity in compression is the same as that in tension.More detailed information may be found elsewhere.

SSttrriippRRoocckkwweellll BB HHaarrddnneessss

TTeemmppeerrSShheeeett

Deep-Drawing and Spinning Quality 76 max. 76 max.

Annealeda 73 max. 68 max.

Skin-Hard - 68-73

Quarter-Hard 73-83 73-83

Half-Hard 82-90 82-90

Three-Quarter-Hard - 89-94

Hard 93 min. 93-98

Spring - 98 min.

aHardness for information only where tensile requirements apply.

3


4

FFiigguurree 22. Approximate relationships between tensile properties andhardness of hot-rolled and cold-drawn MONEL alloy 400 rods andforgings.

FFiigguurree 33. Approximate relationships between tensile properties andhardness of MONEL alloy 400 sheet and strip.

TTaabbllee 66 - Tensile Properties of MONEL Alloy 400 at Low Temperatures

60 70 80 90 100Rockwell B

Hardness

120

40

60

80

100

20

0

Yie

ld S

tren

gth

(0.2

% O

ffset

) • T

ensi

le S

tren

gth,

ksi

80

20

40

60

0

Elo

ngat

ion

• R

educ

tion

of A

rea,

%

10 15 20 25

60 70 80 90 100

120

40

60

80

100

20

0

Yie

ld S

tren

gth

(0.2

% O

ffset

) • T

ensi

le S

tren

gth,

ksi

20

40

60

0

Elo

ngat

ion,

%

Tensile Strength

Yield Strength

Elongation

Tensile Strength

Yield Strength

Elongation

Reduction of Area

Rockwell C

Rockwell B

Hardness

10 15 20 25Rockwell C

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Cold-Drawn Room 103.80 93.70 19.0 71.0

-110 117.45 100.85 21.8 70.2

Rooma 103.40 93.30 17.3 72.5

Forged 70 92.00 67.00 31.0 72.7

-297 128.25 91.50 44.5 71.8

-423 142.00 96.40 38.5 61.0

Annealed 70 78.65 31.30 51.5 75.0

-297 115.25 49.50 49.5 73.9

aHeld at -110°F for several hours prior to testing at room temperature.


5

FFiigguurree 44.. High-temperature properties of annealed MONEL alloy 400.

TTaabbllee 77 - Torsional Properties of MONEL Alloy 400

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Temperature, °F

90

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

10

20

Str

ess,

ksi

• E

long

atio

n, %

Tensile Strength

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)

Elongation

SShheeaarr SSttrreennggtthh

Room-temperature shear strength of MONEL alloy 400sheet is shown in Table 9. The values are the averages ofseveral tests. The shear strength of rivet wire at varioustemperatures is given in Table 10. Shear properties weredetermined on 1/8-in. diameter wire in double shear.

In U.S. Navy tear tests at temperatures down to -320°F,the material showed excellent ductility and tough fracturecharacteristics over this temperature range with themaximum load increasing considerably with decrease intemperature. The data appear in Table 11.

BBeeaarriinngg SSttrreennggtthh

It is possible, in riveted joints, for failure to occur by tearingout a segment of sheet instead of by shearing the rivet. Theresistance of sheet metal to this deformation is known asbearing strength. It can be evaluated by using a hard pin orrivet to enlarge or tear a hole in a sample of sheet metal.

The data shown in Table 12 were determined withsamples 0.062 X 1.25 X 2.5 in. in size having a 3/16-in. holelocated so that its center was 3/8-in. from the edge. A snuglyfitted pin was placed in the hole. The maximum load fortearing out the hole and the load required for a permanentenlargement of the hole diameter by 2% were determinedand calculated as ultimate and yield strengths, respectively,in bearing.

FFoorrmm aanndd CCoonnddiittiioonn

TToorrssiioonnaallPPrrooppoorrttiioonnaall

LLiimmiitt//TToorrssiioonnaallBBrreeaakkiinnggSSttrreennggtthh

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SSttrreennggtthh

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RRaattiiooTToorrssiioonnaall PPrrooppeerrttiieessTTeennssiillee PPrrooppeerrttiieess

Wire

Cold-Drawn, 75% 0.148 157 - 110 68 0.700 0.433 0.618

Cold-Drawn, 75%

Stress-Relieved 0.148 160 - 105 65 0.656 0.404 0.619

Rod

Hot-Rolled 1 86 38 66 23 0.768 0.267 0.349

Cold-Drawn, 20% 1 115 107 72 47 0.626 0.408 0.653

1.5 113 102 71 45 0.628 0.398 0.634

Shear Strength, ksi

Room 48.5 54.5

600b 45.0 52.0

800b 37.0 47.5

1000b 29.0 38.0

800c 38.5 49.5

1000c 30.5 38.5

Tensile Strength, ksi 78.5 88.0

Yield Strength

(0.2% Offset), ksi46.0 75.5

Elongation, % 41 18

TTeemmppeerr

RRaattiiooSShheeaarr

SSttrreennggtthh//TTeennssiillee

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6

TTaabbllee 88 - Compressive Properties of MONEL Alloy 400

TTaabbllee 99 - Shear Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Sheeta TTaabbllee 1100 - Shear Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Rivet Wire

TTaabbllee 1111 -- U. S. Navy Tear Tests on MONEL Alloy 400 Hot-Rolled Platea

TTaabbllee 1122 - Bearing Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet

Hot-Rolled 33 38 84 37 41 39.5

Cold-Drawna 58 81 97 75 87 27.0

Annealedb 19 28 78 28 33 44.0

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aStress-equalized at 525°F after cold drawing.bCold-drawn +1450°F/3 hr, F.C.

Hot-Rolled,

Annealed0.042 48.75 73.0 65 0.67

Cold-Rolled,

Annealed0.029 49.50 76.8 60 0.65

aDouble-shear tests at room temperature.

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aCorresponds to the approximate strength of the shank of a headed rivet.b30 min at temperature before testing.c24 hr at temperature before testing.

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Room 32,340 715 2008 2723 57.0

-184 39,000 649 2402 3051 50.0

-238 42,000 795 2408 3203 51.0

-320 47,800 899 2802 3701 46.0

-320b 41,300 676 2138 2814 45.0

aIn all cases, appearance of fracture was double-cup shear.bTested with jeweler’s-saw notch

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Annealed 70.0 27.2 42.5 58.0 145.0 2.13 2.07

Half-Hard 75.8 56.2 32.0 98.1 166.0 1.75 2.19

Full-Hard 117.8 110.0 5.0 162.0 211.5 1.47 1.79

a2% enlargement of hole diameter in sheet.bTearing out of sheet.


7

MONEL alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which ismaintained over a considerable range of temperatures. Table13 shows room-temperature Charpy and Izod impactstrength values as determined on typical material fromproduction melts. Tension and torsion impact data appear inTables 14 and 15. Complete fractures occurred in thetension impact test specimens whereas the torsion specimensremained intact. Attempts to produce fractures in the torsionspecimens by reducing the minimum area by 75% were notsuccessful because of the toughness of the material.

TTaabbllee 1133 - Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400a

TTaabbllee 1155 - Charpy Torsion Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Rod

TTaabbllee 1166 - Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 (Charpy V-Notch)The effect of decrease of temperature on impact strengthappears in Table 16. Impact tests conducted on hot-finishedplate at liquid-hydrogen and liquid-helium temperatures aresummarized in Table 17. Tests were conducted on samplesrepresenting both longitudinal and transverse orientation inthe plate, and on welded samples. No evidence of brittlefractures was shown. The welded specimens all fractured inthe weld. No significant amount of anisotropy wasevidenced.

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Hot-Rolled 100-120+ 220

Forged 75-115 -

Cold-Drawn 75-115 150

Annealed 90-120+ 215

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aTested at room temperature. None of the specimens was completelyfractured.

TTaabbllee 1144 - Tension Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Rod

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Cold Drawn 24%

Stress Relieved96

a15.0 63.7 97.25 86.65 27.0 66.4 199

Annealed 1450°F/

3 hr129

a29.5 68.0 78.35 33.35 44.0 65.9 123

aSpecimen completely broken.

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Hot-Rolled 34 694 101.5 145

Cold-Drawn 24%, Stress-Relieved 39 788 98.0 199

Annealed 1450°F/3 hr 30 599 102.0 123

aGage length about 3/16 in.

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Hot-Rolled 219 - 213 196

Cold-Drawn, Annealed 216 212 219 212

Weld, As-Welded 78 - - 73

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Annealed 21.0 74.7 0.28

Quarter-Hard 24.5 76.5 0.32

Half-Hard 28.5 84.2 0.34

Full-Hard 39.0 126.0 0.31

Full-Hard, Stress-Equalized

(525°F/21 hr)41.0 133.0 0.31

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8

TTaabbllee 1177 - Charpy Impact Strength of Hot-Finished MONEL Alloy 400 Plate

TTaabbllee 1188 - Fatigue Strengtha of MONEL Alloy 400 Rod

TTaabbllee 1199 - Fatigue Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet and Stripa

FFiigguurree 55. Fatigue strength of commercially produced MONEL alloy400 wire (0.0375-in. diameter, cold-drawn 75% after final anneal).Tested in processed condition. Data determined with a rotating-wire (5000 rpm) arc-fatigue machine.

105 106 107 108

Cycles to Failure

80

40

50

60

70S

tres

s, k

si


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-423a V Long. 141-219

-423a V Trans. 121-216

-423a Keyhole Long. 81-87

-423a Keyhole Trans. 72-75

-440b V Long. Unbroken

-440b V Trans. 171-193

-440b Keyhole Long. 123-146

-440b Keyhole Trans. 91-116

aRange for 5 tests liquid-hydrogen temperature.bRange for 4 tests at liquid-helium temperature.

FFaattiigguuee SSttrreennggtthhFatigue strength of various tempers of alloy 400 is given inTable 18. Values for sheet and strip are in Table 19, colddrawn wire in Figure 5, and annealed rod in Figure 6.

TTeemmppeerr

aAs-rolled surface. Tested in air at room temperature. Specimen lengthparallel to direction of rolling. Completely reversed stress.

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Annealed 33.5 82.0 0.41

Hot-Rolled 42.0 88.0 0.48

Cold-Drawn, As-Drawn 40.5 105.0 0.39

Cold-Drawn, Stress-Equalizedb 44.0 104.0 0.42

Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relievedc 37.0 96.5 0.38

aRotating-beam tests of polished specimens in air at room temperature and10,000 rpm.b525°F/3 hr.c1000°F/3 hr.

FFiigguurree 66. Fatigue strength of commercially produced MONEL alloy400 rod (0.500-in. diameter, cold-drawn, annealed 1500°F/3 hrs).Tested in the processed condition. Data determined by the R.R.Moore rotating beam technique.

Cycles to Failure

Str

ess,

ksi

104 105 106 107 108

30

40

50

60

20

10

0


9

0.01 0.1Creep Rate, %/1000 hr

100

10

20

30

40

60

80

1

2

3

4

6

8

700°F

1000°F

900°F

800°F

Str

ess,

ksi

100

10

20

30

40

60

80

2

3

4

6

8

Str

ess,

ksi

10.01 0.1

Creep Rate, %/1000 hr

1000°F

750°F

800°F

900°F

FFiigguurree 77. Creep properties of hot-rolled MONEL alloy 400.

FFiigguurree 88. Creep properties of cold-drawn annealed (1500°F/3 hr)MONEL alloy 400.

100

10

20

30

40

60

80

2

3

4

6

8Str

ess,

ksi

10.01 0.1

Creep Rate, %/1000 hr

FFiigguurree 99. Creep properties of 20% cold-drawn stress-relieved(1000°F/8 hr) MONEL alloy 400.

750°F

900°F

950°F

850°F

800°F

1000°F

CCrreeeepp aanndd RRuuppttuurree PPrrooppeerrttiieessMONEL nickel-copper alloy 400 is useful at temperaturesup to and including 1000°F in oxidizing atmospheres.Higher temperatures may be employed if the alloy is in areducing environment.

Creep and rupture properties are shown in Figures 7-11.


10

FFiigguurree 1100. Rupture properties of cold-drawn annealed (1500°F/30min) MONEL alloy 400.

FFiigguurree 1111. Rupture properties of cold-drawn, stress-relieved(1100°F/8 hr) MONEL alloy 400.

MONEL alloy 400 is a solid-solution binary alloy. As nickeland copper are mutually soluble in all proportions, it is asingle-phase alloy. It has a face-centered cubic latticestructure with a lattice parameter of 3.534 A. Figure 12shows the typical microstructure of the material.

In the unetched condition, a polished specimen ofMONEL alloy 400 will exhibit only randomly dispersednonmetallic inclusions. These consist of metal sulfides orsilicates. Under some conditions, graphite particles mayalso be present.

FFiigguurree 1122. Longitudinal section of cold-drawn MONEL alloy 400rod. Etchant: Sodium cyanide--ammonium persulfate. 100X.

100 1000 10,000Rupture Life, hr

Str

ess,

ksi

10

60

40

30

20

100

80

1100°F

900°F

700°F

100 1000 10,000

Rupture Life, hr

Str

ess,

ksi

20

30

40

60

80

100

700°F

950°F

1000°F

900°F

850°F

800°F

MMIICCRROOSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE

10


11

CCOORRRROOSSIIOONN RREESSIISSTTAANNCCEEMONEL alloy 400 exhibits resistance to corrosion by manyreducing media. It is also generally more resistant to attackby oxidizing media than higher copper alloys. Thisversatility makes alloy 400 suitable for service in a variety ofenvironments.

Alloy 400 is widely used in marine applications. Whilealloy 400 products exhibit very low corrosion rates inflowing seawater, stagnant conditions have been shown toinduce crevice and pitting corrosion. Alloy 400 is alsoresistant to stress corrosion cracking and pitting in mostfresh and industrial waters.

MONEL alloy 400 can be readily joined and fabricated. Byproper control of the amount of hot or cold work and by theselection of appropriate thermal treatments, finishedfabrications can be produced to a rather wide range ofmechanical properties.

satisfactory at 1400° to 1500°F for 1-3 hr at temperature.The effects of heating on properties of cold-drawn and

hot-rolled material are compared in Figures 13 and 14. Inthese tests, the cold-drawn rod developed an annealedtemper after 3 hr at temperature at 1300°F, and the hot-rolledplate, after 3 hr at about 1470°F. More data on time-temperature-hardnesss relationships are shown in Figure 15.They may be used as guides for establishing procedures forspecific applications.

Grain growth occurs when material is heated in theupper portion of the annealing temperature range. Figure 16indicates grain sizes which may be expected from openannealing of cold-rolled strip.

PICKLING. Pickling can produce bright, clean surfaces onMONEL alloy 400. Procedures and precautions aredescribed in the Special Metals publication, “Fabricating,”on the website www.specialmetals.com.

WWOORRKKIINNGG IINNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONNSS

HHeeaattiinngg aanndd PPiicckklliinngg

THERMAL TREATMENTS. General procedures andprecautions for heating alloy 400 either in preparation forhot working or for achievement of desired mechanicalproperties may be found in the Special Metals publication“Fabricating,” on the website www.specialmetals.com. Thematerial will remain bright and free from discoloration whenheated and cooled in a reducing atmosphere or quenched inan alcohol-water solution. Rate of cooling will have nosignificant effect. Alloy 400 will form an adherent oxidefilm if allowed to cool in air after heating.

Both cold-worked and hot-worked MONEL alloy 400requires thermal treatment to develop the optimumcombination of strength and ductility and to minimizedistortion during subsequent machining. How thermaltreatment affects properties is shown in Figure 13.

Stress equalizing of cold-worked material causes anincrease in the yield strength at 0.00% offset without markedeffects on other properties (see Figure 13). Stress equalizingis done by holding for about 3 hr at a temperature of 575°F.

Stress relieving will reduce stresses without producing arecrystallized grain structure. This treatment isrecommended to obtain minimum “walking” or distortionafter metal removal. Heating for 1 to 2 hr at 1000° to 1050°Fwill relieve strains in either hot or cold-worked products.Stress relief (1000°-1200°F/1 hr, followed by slow cooling)is strongly recommended as a precaution against stress-corrosion cracking in certain environments. As shown inFigure 13, stress relieving slightly decreases tensile strength,yield strength, and hardness and slightly increaseselongation.

Annealing can completely soften work-hardenedmaterial. Time and temperature required depend on theamount of previous cold work. In general, alloy 400 isannealed by the open heating method by holding at 1600° to1800°F for 2-10 min, whereas box annealing is done most

MONEL alloy 400 is readily fabricated by standardprocesses. Special recommendations may be found in theSpecial Metals publication “Fabricating,” atwww.specialmetals.com.Hot Forming. With respect to its resistance to hotdeformation, MONEL alloy 400 is softer than many steels.It can, therefore, be hot-formed into almost any shape.

The use of proper temperature during hot forming isimportant. The range of hot-forming temperatures is 1200°Fto 2150°F. For heavy reductions, recommended metaltemperature is 1700° to 2150°F. Light reductions may betaken down to 1200°F. Working at the lower temperaturesproduces higher mechanical properties and smaller grainsize.

Prolonged soaking at hot-working temperatures isdetrimental. If a delay occurs during processing, the furnaceshould be cut back to 1900°F and not brought to temperatureuntil operations are resumed. In no case should the alloy beheated above 2150°F; permanent damage may result.

Heavy forging should not be carried out so rapidly thatthe metal becomes overheated from working. The use of anoptical pyrometer is recommended.

FFaabbrriiccaattiinngg

MONEL alloy 400 offers exceptional resistance tohydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boilingpoint. It is perhaps the most resistant of all commonly usedengineering alloys. Alloy 400 is also resistant to manyforms of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids under reducingconditions.

For information on the resistance of alloy 400 and otheralloys to attack by various corrosive media, the reader isdirected to the Special Metals publication “HighPerformance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion”on the website www.specialmetals.com.


12

FFiigguurree 1133. Effect of annealing (3 hr) on room-temperatureproperties of MONEL alloy 400 cold-drawn rod.

FFiigguurree 1155.. Approximate time required at various temperatures toproduce different hardness levels in MONEL alloy 400 cold-rolledstrip by open annealing.

FFiigguurree 1144.. Effect of annealing (3 hr) on room-temperatureproperties of hot-rolled MONEL alloy 400 plate. At 1470°F,material is fully annealed. (Hardness converted from BHN.).

FFiigguurree 1166.. Approximate time required at various temperatures toproduce different grain sizes in MONEL alloy 400 cold-rolled stripby open annealing.

In hot-bending operations the metal should be workedas soon as possible after removal from the furnace.

Preheating tools and dies to about 500°F is helpful toprevent chilling the material while working.

A controlled forging procedure is necessary to meet therequirements of some specifications for forged, hot-finishedparts. Both the amount of reduction and the finishingtemperature must be controlled in order to develop thedesired properties.

One procedure for producing forgings to suchspecifications consists of taking 30-35% reduction followingthe final reheat.

This is accomplished as follows:1. Reheat.2. Forge to a section having about 5% larger area

than the final shape (take at least 25% reduction).3. Cool to 1300°F.4. Finish to size (5% reduction).High-tensile forgings, as described in certain military

specifications, also require a minimum of 30-35% reductionfollowing the last reheat. This is taken in the followingmanner:

1. Reheat.2. Forge to a section having an area about 25% larger

than the final shape (take about 5% reduction).3. Cool to 1300°F.4. Finish to size (25% reduction).Grain refinement is achieved by using a temperature of

2000°F for the final reheat and by increasing the amount ofreduction taken after the last reheat.Cold Forming. MONEL alloy 400 is adaptable to virtually

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Temperature, °F

Str

ess,

ksi

Elo

ngat

ion,

%

H

ard

ness

, R

b

Elongation

Yield Strength(0.0% Offset)

Yield Strength(0.2% Offset)

Hardness

TensileStrength

120

30

45

60

75

90

105

0

15

Yield Strength(0.0% Offset) Elongation

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)

Reduction of Area

TensileStrength

Hardness

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Temperature, °F

120

708090

100

110

2030405060

010

Red

uctio

n of

Are

a, %

Str

ess,

ksi

Elo

ngat

ion,

%

Har

dne

ss,

Rb

1800°F 1700°F1500°F1600°F

1400°F

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Time-at-Temperature, min

100

80

60

40

Har

dne

ss,

Rb

GR

AIN

SIZ

EFi

ne

M

ediu

m

C

oars

e (0

.001

5-in

. m

ax.

(0

.002

5-in

. m

ax.

(L

arge

r th

an 0

.002

5-in

.av

. d

ia.)

av

. d

ia.)

av.

dia

.)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Open Annealing Time to ProduceSoft Temper, min

1800°F1700°F

1600°F

1500°F

1400°FMaterialNot Soft


13

FFiigguurree 1177.. Effect of cold work on hardness.

all methods of cold fabrication. The forces required and therate of work hardening are intermediate between those ofmild steel and Type 304 stainless steel (see Figure 17). MONEL alloy 400 is readily joined by conventional

processes and procedures. Information on welding, brazing,and soldering are found in the Special Metals publication“Joining”, on the website www.specialmetals.com.

Most of the conventional welding processes may beused to join MONEL alloy 400 to itself or dissimilar alloys.The choice of welding product is dependent upon thematerials being joined and the environment to which theywill be exposed.

For shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), MONELWelding Electrode 190 is used to deposit near-matchingcomposition weldments. For some applications, NickelWelding Electrode 141, INCO-WELD A Welding Electrode,or INCONEL Welding Electrode 112 may be preferred.Properties of weldments deposited with MONEL WeldingElectrode 190 between two sections of MONEL alloy 400plate and between sections of alloy 400 and carbon steelplate are shown in Tables 20 and 21.

For gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arcwelding (GMAW), MONEL Filler Metal 60 is used todeposit near-matching composition weldments. For someapplications, Nickel Filler Metal 61 or INCONEL FillerMetal 625 may be preferred. These same filler metals maybe used for submerged arc welding (SAW). INCOFLUX 5is used with MONEL Filler Metal 60. INCOFLUX 6 is usedwith Nickel Filler Metal 61. INCONEL Filler Metal 625 isused with INCOFLUX 7.

Additional information on joining is available in theSpecial Metals publication “Joining” on the website,www.specialmetals.com.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70Cold Work, %

Vic

kers

Har

dne

ss N

o.

500

300

250

200

150

100

50

400

450

350

INCONEL alloy 625

INCONEL alloy 718

AluminumCopper

Mild Steel (1020)

Nickel 200

MONEL alloy K-500

MONEL alloy 400

Type 304 Stainless Steel

INCONEL alloy 600

INCONEL alloy X-750

MMaacchhiinniinngg

Alloy 400 can be machined at satisfactory rates withmachine tools generally employed by industry. The best toolmaterials and design, speeds, coolants, and other factors arediscussed in the Special Metals publication “Machining.” Ingeneral, cold-drawn or cold-drawn, stress-relieved materialis recommended for best machinability and smoothest finish.MONEL alloy R-405 is the free-machining version ofMONEL alloy 400. Additional information on machining isavailable in the Special Metals publication “Machining” onthe website, www.specialmetals.com.

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14

TTaabbllee 2200 - High-Temperature Tensile Properties of MONEL Alloy 400 Welds Made with MONEL Welding Electrode 190a

TTaabbllee 2211 - Room-Temperature Properties of Butt Joint Weld of 1 1/4-in. MONEL Alloy 400 and Steel Using MONEL Welding Electrode 190

AAVVAAIILLAABBLLEE PPRROODDUUCCTTSS AANNDD SSPPEECCIIFFIICCAATTIIOONNSSMONEL alloy 400 is designated as UNS N04400 andWerkstoff Nr. 2.4360 and 2.4361. It is listed in NACE MR-01-75 for oil and gas service. Alloy 400 is furnished in awide range of standard mill forms including pipe, tube,sheet, strip, plate, round bar, flat bar, forging stock, hexagonand wire. Popular forms and sizes are available from stock;many specialty products may be obtained from converters.

MONEL alloy 400 is approved as a material ofconstruction by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.Allowable stresses for Section III construction up to 800°F,Section VIII Division 1 construction up to 900°F andSection VIII Division 2 construction up to 800°F arecontained in Tables 1B and 2B of ASME Section II, Part D.

Plate, Sheet, and Strip - BS3072NA13 (Sheet and Plate),BS3073NA13 (Strip), ASTM B 127, ASME SB 127 (Plate,Sheet, and Strip), SAE AMS 4544 (Sheet, Strip, and Plate),DIN 17750 (Plate, Strip and Sheet), QQ-N-281 (Plate,Sheet, Strip, Bar, Rod, Wire, and Forgings)

Bar, Rod, Wire, and Forgings - BS3075NA13 (Wire),BS3076NA13 (Bar), ASTM B 164 (Rod, Bar, and Wire),ASTM B 564 (Forgings), ASME SB 164 (Rod, Bar, andWire), ASME SB 564 (Forgings), AECMA PrEN 2305(Wire for Rivets), SAE AMS 4675 (Bars and Forgings),

SAE AMS 4730 (Wire), SAE AMS 4731 (Wire andRibbon), DIN 17752 (Rod and Bar), DIN 17753 (Wire),DIN 17754 (Forgings), VdTÜV 263 (Sheet, Plate, Bar, andTubing), QQ-N-281 (Plate, Sheet, Strip, Bar, Rod, Wire,and Forgings)

Pipe and Tube - BS3074NA13 (Tube), ASTM B 163(Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tube), ASTM B 165(Seamless Pipe and Tube), ASTM B 725 (Welded Pipe),ASTM B 730 (Welded Tube), ASTM B 751 (WeldedTube), ASTM B 775 (Welded Pipe), ASTM B 829(Seamless Pipe and Tube), ASME SB 163 (Condenser andHeat Exchanger Tubes), ASME SB 165 (Seamless Pipe andTube), ASME SB 725 (Welded Pipe), ASME SB 730(Welded Tube), ASME SB 751 (Seamless and WeldedTube), ASME SB 775 (Seamless and Welded Pipe), ASMESB 829 (Seamless Pipe and Tube), SAE AMS 4574(Seamless Tubing), DIN 17751 (Pipe and Tube), VdTÜV263 (Sheet, Plate, Bar, and Tubing),

Welding Products - MONEL Filler Metal 60-AWSA5.14/ERNiCu-7; MONEL Welding Electrode 190-AWSA5.11/ENiCu-7.

Other Products - ASTM B 366, ASME SB 366 (WeldedFittings), SAE AMS 7233 (Rivets), DIN 17743 (ChemicalComposition)

All-Weld Metal

Room 74.35 46.65 41.0 66.4

200 42.25 46.05 39.0 56.5

400 68.60 43.10 33.5 64.2

600 69.25 43.15 34.0 59.9

800 66.10 43.00 32.5 47.4

1000 55.95 38.70 22.0 24.5

Transverse Across Weldb

Room 76.2 48.50 24.0 48.0

400 69.6 45.00 24.0 58.3

600 68.5 45.80 21.0 56.5

800 69.0 41.00 28.0 44.2

aButt joints--1/2-in. MONEL alloy 400.bAll breaks occurred in weld.

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Tensile Strength, ksi 71.0 78.0 70.5 76.4

Yield Strength, ksi 48.3 51.5 45.3 36.7

Elongation, % 38 21 38 31

Reduction of Area, % 63.3 60.5 63.3 59.3

aBreak occurred in weld.

15

TThhee SSppeecciiaall MMeettaallss CCoorrppoorraattiioonnttrraaddeemmaarrkkss iinncclluuddee::

BRIGHTRAY®

CORRONEL®

DEPOLARIZED®

DURANICKEL®

FERRY®

INCOBAR®

INCOCLAD®

INCO-CORED®

INCOFLUX®

INCOLOY®

INCONEL®

INCOTEST®

INCOTHERM®

INCO-WELD®

KOTHERM®

MONEL®

NILO®

NILOMAG®

NIMONIC®

NIOTHERM®

NI-ROD®

NI-SPAN-C®

RESISTOHM®

UDIMAR®

UDIMET®

601GC®

625LCF®

718SPF™

725NDUR®

800HT®

956HT™

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France

Special Metals Services SA17 Rue des Frères Lumière69680 Chassieu (Lyon)Phone +33 (0) 4 72 47 46 46Fax +33 (0) 4 72 47 46 59

Germany

Special Metals Deutschland Ltd.Postfach 20 04 0940102 DüsseldorfPhone +49 (0) 211 38 63 40Fax +49 (0) 211 37 98 64

Hong Kong

Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.Unit A, 17th Floor, On Hing Bldg1 On Hing TerraceCentral, Hong KongPhone +852 2439 9336Fax +852 2530 4511

India

Special Metals Services Ltd.No. 60, First Main Road, FirstBlockVasantha Vallabha NagarSubramanyapura PostBangalore 560 061Phone +91 (0) 80 2666 9159Fax +91 (0) 80 2666 8918

Italy

Special Metals Services SpAVia Assunta 5920054 Nova Milanese (MI)Phone +390 362 4941Fax +390 362 494224

The Netherlands

Special Metals Service BVPostbus 86813009 AR RotterdamPhone +31 (0) 10 451 44 55Fax +31 (0) 10 450 05 39

Singapore

Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.24 Raffles Place #27-04 Clifford CentreSingapore 048621Phone +65 6532 3823Fax +65 6532 3621

Affiliated Companies

Special Metals WeldingProducts1401 Burris RoadNewton, NC 28658, U.S.A.Phone +1 (828) 465-0352

+1 (800) 624-3411Fax +1 (828) 464-8993

Canada HouseBidavon Industrial EstateWaterloo RoadBidford-On-AvonWarwickshire B50 4JN, U.K.Phone +44 (0) 1789 491780Fax +44 (0) 1789 491781

Controlled Products Group590 Seaman Street, Stoney CreekOntario L8E 4H1, CanadaPhone +1 (905) 643-6555Fax +1 (905) 643-6614

A-1 Wire Tech, Inc.A Special Metals Company4550 Kishwaukee StreetRockford, IL 61109, U.S.A.Phone +1 (815) 226-0477

+1 (800) 426-6380Fax +1 (815) 226-0537

Rescal SAA Special Metals Company200 Rue de la Couronne des Prés78681 Epône Cédex, FrancePhone +33 (0) 1 30 90 04 00Fax +33 (0) 1 30 90 02 11

DAIDO-SPECIAL METALSLtd.A Joint Venture CompanyDaido Shinagawa Building6-35, Kohnan 1-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 108-0057, JapanPhone +81 (0) 3 5495 7237Fax +81 (0) 3 5495 1853

U.S.A.Special Metals Corporation

Billet, rod & bar, flat & tubular products3200 Riverside DriveHuntington, WV 25705-1771Phone +1 (304) 526-5100

+1 (800) 334-4626Fax +1 (304) 526-5643

Billet & bar products4317 Middle Settlement RoadNew Hartford, NY 13413-5392Phone +1 (315) 798-2900

+1 (800) 334-8351Fax +1 (315)798-2016

Atomized powder products100 Industry LanePrinceton, KY 42445Phone +1 (270) 365-9551Fax +1 (270) 365-5910

Shape Memory Alloys4317 Middle Settlement RoadNew Hartford, NY 13413-5392Phone +1 (315) 798-2939Fax +1 (315) 798-6860

United Kingdom

Special Metals Wiggin Ltd.Holmer RoadHereford HR4 9SLPhone +44 (0) 1432 382200Fax +44 (0) 1432 264030

Special Metals Wire ProductsHolmer RoadHereford HR4 9SLPhone +44 (0) 1432 382556Fax +44 (0) 1432 352984

China

Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.Room 1802, Plaza 661266 West Nanjing RoadShanghai 200040Phone +86 21 3229 0011Fax +86 21 6288 1811

Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.Room 910, Ke Lun Mansion12A Guanghua RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100020Phone +86 10 6581 8396Fax +86 10 6581 8381

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