mrunalee joshi-air 36, cse 2020 art and culture notes …
TRANSCRIPT
MRUNALEE JOSHI-AIR 36, CSE 2020
ART AND CULTURE NOTES-PART 3
Famous Personalities
Narsinh Mehta-(1414-1481)
pada-Akkyan and Prabhatiya
Bhakti and Sufi-check Book
Hinduism
Vaishnavism- Varkari- Ramanandi- Ramanand,Vairagi, Tyagi and Naga Brahma –Madhavacharya
Gaudiya Sampradaya-Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Pushti Marga-Vallabhacharya-pure love for Krishna Nimbarka-Hamsa/Kumara-Radha Krishna
Shaivism Siddhas-siddhars,naths,ascetics,sadhus,yogis NAthpanthi-Goraknath,Matsyendranath,hath yoga Lingayatism-Veerashaivism monotheism Dashanami Sanyasis-Adi Shankaracharya Aghoris-Bhairava Siddhas/Siddhars TN-rasayanas Varmam
Shaktism Feminine/Devi/tantra
Smartism Puranas-Shakti,Shiva,Ganesh,Vishnu,Surya Saguna Brhama and Nirguna Brahma
Shrautism Kerala-Purva Mimansa
Virashaiva Basavanna,Allamprabhu and others-Kalachuri dynasty12 AD
Heterodox Schools
1.Ajivikas
Makkhali Ghosha 5th Century BC
Niyati-absolute determinism
preordained
Reject Karma
Theory of Atoms –material soul(unlike Jainism-Formless soul)
Bindusara
Sravasthi
7th pillar Ashoka
Barabar caves
Cause of Rise Of Buddhism and Jainism
New Agricultural economy
Need For killings in Later vedic period to be halted
Growing us coins- trade and commerce-Vaishya community
Need for non-violent society
2.Buddhism-Buddha contemporary to Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.(563BC to 483BC)
FACTS
Gautama Buddha also known as Tathgatha and Sakyamuni
Kassapa(previous Buddha) and Maitrya (next Buddha)
Father-Suddhodhana-kapilvastu
Mother-Mahamaya-Kollia
4 sights-old man,diseased person,ascetic,dead body
At age of 29-Mahabhinishkramana-on kanthaka,channa-charioteer
First Teacher-Alara Kalama-Sankhya Philosopher-meditation
Udraka Ramputra
35-Nirvana at Bodh Gaya-Tathagata
First Sermon-Sarnath-Deer Park-5 disciples. Dhammachakrapravartana
Died at Kushinagara-Mahaparinirvana(Malla Mahajanpada)
EARLY BUDDHIST SCHOOLS
After passing away of Buddha-
a.Sthavira Nikaya-sub sects included=
Mahisasaka,Sarvastivada,Sankrantika,Dharmaguptaka,Sautrantika,Vatsiputriya,Dharmottariy
a,Bhadrayaniya,Sannagarika,Sammitiya
b.Mahasamghika-Gokulika,Prajnapati,Bahusrutiya,Ekavyaharikas,Caitika
TEACHINGS
Tri Ratna-Budhha,Dhamma,Sangha. Sangha was initiated by Buddha when he initiated first
sermon at Deer Park Sarnath.
Four Noble Truths-Dukkha/Samudya/ /Nirodha/Magga
Ashtanga marga-SALEMMTU
SPEECH,ACTION,LIVELIHOOD,EFFORT,MINDFULNESS,MEDITATION,THOUGHTS,UNDERSTAND
ING
Rejection of Authority of Vedas+Rejection of Existence of Soul
Middle Path
4 BUDDHIST COUNCILS
Council Year Venue Chairman Patron Result
1 483BC-death of Buddha
Saptaparni Cave Rajgriha
Mahakassapa
Ajatshatru Haryanka
Sutta-Ananda Digha,Majhim,Khudaka,Anguttara Vinaya-Upapall Suttavibhanga,Khandak,Parivar
2 383 BC Chullavanga Vaishali
Sabbakami Kalashoka Shishunaga
Sthavarivadina and MAhasanghika
3 250 BC Pataliputra Mogaliputta Tissa
Ashoka Abhidhamma –Dhammasangari,Dhatukutha,Ymaka Missionaries send
4 98 AD Kashmir Vasumitra Ashvaghosha
Kaniska-kushana
Mahavibha(commentary on Tripitaka in Sanskrit) Hinayana/MAhayana
5 1871 Mandalay Jagarabhivamsa Narindabhidhaj Sumangalaswami
King Mindon Joint Dhamma recitation 29 slabs
6 1954 Yangon Nyanatilioka Mahathera Nyanaponika Thera
Preserve genuine Dhamma and Vinaya
TRIPITAKA
Pali Text
Vinaya-monastic code
Sutta-Budhha sayings Digha/majhim/Sanyukta/Anguttar/Khuddak nikaya
Sutta Pitaka is the second of the three divisions of the Tripitaka. It contains more than 10,000 suttas (teachings) attributed to the Buddha or his close companions. There are five nikayas (collections) of suttas:
-length discourses)
Some of the famous suttas from the Digha Nikaya include the
-parinibbana Sutta, which described the final days and death of the Buddha
lay followers
other ascetics in India about the universe and time (past, present, and future) Majjhima Nikaya contains 152 suttas, some of them attributed to disciples, covering nearly all aspects of Buddhism. Included are texts dealing with monastic life, the excesses of asceticism, the evils of caste, Buddha’s debates with the Jains, and meditation, together with basic doctrinal and ethical teachings and many legends and stories. One of them, Satipatthana Sutta, is the foundation for contemporary vipassana meditational practice. It means presence of mindfulne Khuddaka Pitaka was the repository for materials that were left out of the four Agamas/Nikayas (the Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Samyutta Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya) and thus included both early and late texts. It contains books like Dhammapad and Jataka Kathas which are the stories of the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.
Maha-parinibbana Sutta: It concerns the end of Gautama Buddha's life and is the
longest sutta of the Pali Canon. Because of its attention to detail, it has been
resorted to as the principal source of reference in most standard accounts of the
Buddha's death
Abhidhamma-Religious Discourses-
SANSKRIT TEXTS
Aswaghosha-Buddha charita/Saundaranda/Sutralankar/Vajr asuchi
Vasumitra-Mahavibhasha Shastra
Buddhaghosha-Visudhamagga/Atthakathayen/Sumangalvasini
Nagarjuna-Madhyamika/Prajnaparimita
Mudras associated with Buddhism
Bhoomisparsha-Attaining Enlightenment-Akshobya- Blue Buddha
Abhaya –Post Enlightenment
Dharmachakra -Sermon at Sarnath-
Viitarka-Teaching and Discussion-constant flow of Energy-only perfection
Anjali –Namaste-Boddhisatvas
Uttarbodhi-supreme enlightenment—perfection Shakyamuni Buddha
Varada-signifies 5 perfections-Generosity,Morality,patience,effort and meditative
concentration
Karana mudra-warding of evil
Vajra Mudra-knowledge/supreme wisdom
Dhyana-Samadhi spiritual perfection
SCHOOLS
Avalokiteshwara/Padmapani,Lokeswara(Theravada-Cambodia),Dalai lama
Vajrapani-powers of 5 tathagata-
Vairochana,Akshobya,Amitabha,Ratnasambhava,Amoghasiddhi
Manjusri-Wisdom Buddha,sword
Samantabhadra- along with Buddha and Manjusri-Shakyamuni Trinity in Buddhism
Ksitigarbha-Buddhist monk –vow-not to achieve Buddhahood
Maitreya-Future Buddha/Laughing Buddha
Akasagarbha-space
Tara-Vajrayana
Vasudhara-wealth,prosperity abundance
Skanda-guirdian
Sitatapatra-protected against supernatural danger
1.Hinayana-
Lesser Vehicle
Orthodox
Individual salvation,self discipline and meditation,NIRVANA ultimate aim
Sub sects-Theravada/Sthaviravada-sthaviranikaya
Pali
Asoka
Almost non-existent
2.Mahayana
Greater Vehicle
Liberal-believes in heavenliness of Boddhisattvas
SPIRITUAL UPLIFTMENT-ultimate aim
Samyaksmabuddha-A bodhisattva who has attained complete enlightenment for benefit
of all beings.
Boddhisattva,boddhicitta
Lotus Sutra-Dana,Sila,Ksanti,Virya,Dhyana,Prajana(Six perfections=PARAMITAS)
Other Sutras-Heart and Diamond Sutra
Emperor Kanishka
Sanskrit literature
53.2%
3.Theravada
Elder monks
Nirvaana
Cessation of klesha
Samatha and Vipassana
Samatha, calm abiding, which steadies, composes, unifies and concentrates the mind;
Vipassanā, insight, which enables one to see, explore and discern "formations" (conditioned phenomena based on the five aggregates).
Vibhajjavada
Visuddhimagga-Buddhaghosha(Sri Lanka)-7 stages of purification
35.8
Successor Of Hinayana
The Arhat is the pinnacle of spiritual achievement as mentioned in the Theravada
scriptures while the Bodhisattva is an ideal which spiritual seekers aim for in order to
achieve Buddhahood. Arhat is a term used by the Theravada sect while Bodhisattva is
used by the Mahayana.
4.Vajrayana
Influenced by Hinduism
Generation stage and completion stage.
Tantra.mantra.yantra
Tara-magic
Brahmanical/VedicSuccessor of Mahayana
5.7
5.Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism is the form of Buddhist doctrine and institutions named after the lands of Tibet, but also found in the regions surrounding the Himalayas and much of Central Asia. It derives from the latest stages of Indian Buddhism and preserves "the Tantric status quo of eighth-century India."[1] It has been spread outside of Tibet, especially due to the Mongol power of the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368), founded by Kublai Khan, that also ruled China.
Tibetan Buddhism applies Tantric practices, especially deity yoga, and aspires to Buddhahood or the rainbow body.[2] Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet has four major schools, namely Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug (developed out of Sakya). The Jonang is a smaller school, and the Rimé movement is an eclectic movement involving the Sakya, Kagyu and Nyingma schools. Among the prominent proponents of Tibetan Buddhism are the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, the leaders of Gelug school in Tibet.
The Sakya, the Grey Earth school, was founded by Khön Könchok Gyelpo (Wylie: 'khon
dkon mchog rgyal po, 1034–1102), a disciple of the great Lotsawa, Drogmi Shākya
(Wylie: brog mi lo tsā wa ye shes). It is headed by the Sakya Trizin, traces its lineage to
the mahasiddha Virūpa,[9] and represents the scholarly tradition. A renowned exponent,
Sakya Pandita (1182–1251AD), was the great-grandson of Khön Könchok Gyelpo.
Other seminal Indian teachers were Tilopa (988–1069) and his student Naropa (probably
died ca. 1040 AD).The Kagyu, the Lineage of the (Buddha's) Word, is an oral tradition
which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most
famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic. It contains one major and one
minor subsect. The first, the Dagpo Kagyu, encompasses those Kagyu schools that trace
back to the Indian master Naropa via Marpa Lotsawa, Milarepa and Gampopa
SACRED SHRINES
4 principal+other
4-Sravasti,=twin miracle
Rajgriha=subduing nalagiri elephant
Vaishali=honey from monkey-lion
Sankasya=descending to earth-elephant
Rampurva-Bull
Lauriya Nandangarh-Lion
UNIVERSITIES
Odantipura-Gopala
Nalanda-Kumaragupta
Vikramshila-Dharmapala
Valabhi-Guj
PATRONS
Bimbisara and Ajatshatru
Prasenjit
Udayan
Pradyota
Ashoka and Dashrathga
Milinda
Kanishaka
Harshavardhan
Dharmapala/Rampala
OTHER PERSONALITIES-
NAgarjuna-MAdhyamaka school of Mahayana 150AD
VAsubandhu-Sauntrika and Sarvastivadin(Hinayana)
Buddhaghosa-Visuddhimagga(Theravada-7 step path of purification)
Padmasambhava-8th century –Tibet
Atisa-Tibet to Sumatra Mahayana+Vajrayana
Madhyamika-important school in the Mahāyāna (“Great Vehicle”) Buddhist tradition. Its
name derives from its having sought a middle position between the realism of the
Sarvāstivāda (“Doctrine That All Is Real”) school and the idealism of the Yogācāra (“Mind
Only”) school. The most renowned Mādhyamika thinker was Nāgārjuna (2nd century AD),
who developed the doctrine that all is void (śūnyavāda). The three authoritative texts of the
school are the Mādhyamika-śāstra (Sanskrit: “Treatise of the Middle Way”) and the Dvādasá-
dvāra-śāstra (“Twelve Gates Treatise”) by Nāgārjuna and the Śataka-śāstra (“One Hundred
Verses Treatise”), attributed to his pupil Āryadeva.
Great Events Of Buddhas Life
Janma-Lotus and Bull
Mahabhinishkrama-Horse
Nirvana-Bodhi Tree-
Dhrama chakrapravartana wheel
Places Associated with Buddha
Kaushambi,Shravasti,Vaishali,Varanasi,Rajgriha
Spread Of Buddhism
Pali( a form of prakrit)
Decline of Buddhism
Pushyamitra Sunga-Persecuted
Buddhism-Engulfed in rituals
LITERATURE ASSOCIATED with BUDDHA
Jataka tales-Pre Buddha tales,part of Sutta ,Sanskrit+pali(khuddak)
Dipavamsa-3rd and 4th BCE-Visit of Buddha to SL
Mahavastu-jataka+avadana tales,pali,prakrit,Sanskrit
Mahavamsa-poem in Pali language.King Vijaya.Account of various kingdoms in South Asia.
Lalitavistara Sutra-Mahayana Text.Various stories associated with Buddha till Sarnath
Sermon.
Udana-Theravda text
Bodhi Vamsa -written in SL
Udanavarga-utterances of Buddha and disciples
Mahavibhasa Shastra-Mahayan Text+Buddhist+other philosophies
Abhidharmamoksha-Vasubandhu,Sasnkrit
Avadāna, (Sanskrit: “Noble Deeds”,) legendary material centring on
the Buddha’s explanations of events by a person’s worthy deeds in a previous life. The Pāli
cognate of the term is Apadāna. Avadāna designates both the class of such stories scattered
within the Vinaya Piṭaka (“Basket of Discipline”) and separate collections based upon them.
Among the latter is an important anthology of the Sarvāstivāda (“Doctrine That All Is Real”)
school given the modern title Divyāvadāna (“Divine Avadāna”), consisting of 38 legends,
including some about the great Buddhist emperor Aśoka. The most famous and largest work
classified as Avadāna is the Mahāvastu (“Great Story”), a compilation from the
Mahāsaṅghika (“Great Community”) school of ancient Buddhism of miraculous events in the
life and former lives of the Buddha himself.
Festivals
New year/Saga Dawa/Visakha pournima
Ulambana
Losar
JAINISM
Mahavira-Jitendriya,Nirgrantha
Rishabhanath 1st
Vishnu Purana and Bhagavat Purana describe rishabha as incarnation of of
narayana
Rig Veda—Rishabha and Arishtanemi 22
Historical proof of only two Parshwanath-earliest imp teachings of Jainism
and MAhavira-more austerity
KAivaly at JAmbhikagram
Fisrt sermon At Pava
-11 Gandharvas
Jain Sangha at Pava
Died at Pava purnea Bihar
TRIRATNA
Samyak Charita
Samyakn Jnana
Samyak Darshan
SYMBOLS UNDER JAINISM
1.Swastika
2.Nadyavarta
3.Bhadrasana
4.Shrivasta
5.Minayugala
6.Vardhamaka
7.Kalasha
PANCHAMAHVRATAS
Ahimsa
Satya
Asteya
Aparigraha
Brahmacharya
Places associated with mahavira
Koshala
Magadha
Mithila
Champa
Pavapuri
Spread of Jainism in India
Chandragupta Maurya-spread of Jainism in south india-basadis in Karnataka
Kharavela-Kalinga
Later centuries-Malwa,Guj,Raj
Contribution
First serious attempt-mitigate evils of Varna system
Discarded Sanskrit,instead-Prakrit-religious literature in Ardhamagadhi
Shauraseni developed
Earliest works in apabrahmsha
Growth of Kannada
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Mati Jnana-sense organs
Shruta jnana-scriptures
Avadhi Jnana-Clairvoyance
Keval Jnana-temporal/Omnicience
Syadvada/Saptabhngi vada
Anekantvada
MAHAVIRA PRINCIPLES
Rejected Vedas authority
Did not believe in Existenec of God
Believed in Karma
Equality
Formless Soul
Substance=Dharma.Substance is eternal and Attributes are changing
7 fundamental elements-Jiva,Asrava,Ajiva,Bandha,Samvara,Nirjara,Moksha
JAIN COUNCILS
1st-Pataliputra-Sthulabhadra-Chandragupta Maurya-12 Angas
2nd-512 AD-Valabhi-Kshmasramana-12 Upangas
TEXTS
Swetambara-Ardhamagdhi Prakrit
Classified as Angas/Upangas/Parikarnas/Chhed sutras/Mulasutras/Sutragranthas
Kalpasutra-Bhadrabahu,Swetambara
Parishishta Paravn-Hemchandra
SECTS
Digambara-
Naked
Aryika-female monks
Bhadrabahu
Prakrit Suddapahuda of Kundakunda
Women cant be Tirthankaras and Malli man
Rigid
SUBSECTS
Mula Sangha
Bispnathi,-tirthankaras+Yaksha/Yakshini,Bhattarakas are Dharma Gurus
Terapanthi-,only Tirtankaras
Taranpanthi
Digambara added-Kala
Swetamabara
Women can be tithankara
Parshvanatha
23rd and 24th did marry
5 eternal substances to existence-Jiva,pudgala,akasha,dharma,adharma(Kala-Digambara)
SUBSECTS
Sthanakwasi-Saints rather thanidol, muhapatti
Murtikapujaka-No muhapatti,idols at temples
Terapanthi-pray to Saints rather than idol like Sthanakwasi,muhapatti
PATRIONS
Haryanka-nandas,Bimbisara,Ajatshatru,Udayin
Mauryan-Chandragupta,Bindusara,Samprati
Pradyota-Avanti
Udayan
Ganga
Kaddamb
Amoghawarsha/rashtrakuta
Siddharaj Jai Singh and Kumarapala
JAIN LITERATURE
Written in Prakrit/Ardhmagadhi/Tamil(Sangam),Sanskrit,Shauraseni,Gujarati,Marathi
Agamas-earlier Gandhars(immediate disciples of mahavira)(Digambars)
Agamas-Swetambars Believe
.46 Agama containing 12 Angas.
1. Acharanga Sutra
2. 2.Vyakyanprjnapati(Bhagavati Sutra)
3. 3.JnantradharmaKatha
4. 4.Upaskadaasah
5. 5.Prasnakavyanani(Sins)
6. 6.Vipakasrurta(stories)
7. 7.Dristivad(contained in 14 Purvas)
Digambaras-Karmapribhrata/Shatkhandagama and Kashyapribhrata
Other Works-
Bhadrabahu-Uvasgarahm and Kalpsutra(Biography of Jain Tirthankaras)
Acharya kundkund-Samyasara and Niyamsara-Philosophy
Samant Bhadra-Ratna Karanda Sravakachara-Life of a Jain Householderand Aptamimansa 2nd
Century AD
Nalatiyar-Tamil
Tirutkevvar-Cintamiani
2 Suris-wrote in Sanskrit
FESTIVALS
1.Paryushana-D-10/S-8 Forgiveness,Upashrays,Kalpasutras,Pratikraman
2.Navapad Oli
3.Gyana Panchami
Varshi Tapa
Schools of philosophy
Sankhya
Original vs New
Dvaitavada
Yoga=Purusha+Prakriti
Yama,niyama,pratyahara,dharna,dhyaan,samdhi
Nyaya
Logical thinking
Gautama-Nyaya Sutra
Inference,hearing,analogy
Systematic and logical thinking
Vaisheshika
Physicality of universe
5 main elements
Atomic Theory
Law of karma
Believe in God
Maharshi kanad
Mimansa
Reasoning,interpretation,application
Achieve salvation through rituals-Vedas
Jaimini rishi
One cannot be free from cycle of birth/death
Vedanta
Brahma=atma
Shankaracharya-knowledge vs ramanujam-faith
Punarjanma
Lokayata/Charvaka-not among the orthodox schools of philosophy
Brihaspati
Materialistic view to attain salvation
This system was originally called Lokayat or Brahaspatya. This school may be called one of
the oldest school of Indian materialism. • It rejects Vedas, rejects ritualism of Vedas and
does not believe in god or any other super natural power. • AjitaKesakambali is thought to
be the first Caravaka while Brihaspati is called its founder. • Being materialistic, the Cârvâkas
do not believe in the existence of an invisible, unchangeable and immortal soul. • According
to them soul is a product of matter. It is the quality of the body and does not exist separately
outside the body. The soul is simply the conscious living body. We donot perceive any soul;
we perceive only the body in a conscious state.