mrs. jackie 2.7 cell respiration. define cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the...
DESCRIPTION
State that in cell respiration glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down into pyruvate with a small yield of ATP Cell respiration can be divided in several stages First stage is glycolysis Glycolysis= breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with a small yield of ATP Takes places in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygenTRANSCRIPT
MRs. Jackie
2.7 Cell respiration
Define cell respirationIs the controlled release of energy in the
form of ATP from organic compounds in cells
State that in cell respiration glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down into pyruvate with a small yield of ATPCell respiration can be divided in several
stagesFirst stage is glycolysisGlycolysis= breakdown of one molecule of
glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with a small yield of ATPTakes places in the cytoplasm and does not
require oxygen
Explain that in anaerobic respiration pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol and CO2 in the cytoplasm with no further yield of ATPIf there is no oxygen present the cell will
used ANAEROBIC respirationIt will carry out glycolisys and used pyruvate
to convert it into something elseYeast cells will convert pyruvate into ethanol Human cells will change pyruvate into lactate
The body can only supply a limited amount of oxygen to the muscles
Muscles can not produce energy at the rate required
Production of lactic acid occurs and most time produced cramps
Explain that in aerobic respiration pyruvate is broken down into CO2 with a large yield of ATPIF oxygen is present, the pyruvate
produced in the cytoplasm during glycolisis will move into the mitochondria
Inside the mitochondria,pyruvate will be broken down to carbon dioxide and water.
This process yield much more ATP than glycolysis.
Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographsBe sure to identify
ATP synthetaseCristaInner membraneMatrixCircular DNAInter membrane spaceRibosomeOuter membranes
Define oxidation and reductionOxidation
Involves loss of electrons from an elementFrequently involve gaining oxygen or losing
hydrogen Reduction
Involves gain of electronsFrequently involves loss of oxygen and
gaining hydrogen
OIL RIGOxidation is loss reduction is gain
Outline the process of glycolysis including phophorilation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formationGlycolysis
Take place in the cytoplasm and produces 2 pyruvate molecules from every glucose
One glucose molecule is converted into two 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate with a net gain of 2ATP + 2NADH +H
To achieve this it is necessary to convert glucose into fructose 1,6 diphosphate whicg is then split (lysis) into two 3 carbon compound (pyruvate)
Phosphorilation- is the process of making ATP in vivo
Explain aerobic respiration including oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate, krebs cycle, NADH+H,the ETC and the role of Oxygen
If oxygen is present puryvate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix and the reaction continues as (link reaction)Pyruvate + CoA + NAD Acetyl CoA+ CO2 +
NADH+HLink reaction- form the link between
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. This process is known as oxidative
decarboxilation of pyruvate
Krebs cycleOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
and produces CO2, NADH+H, FADH2 and ATP
Oxaloacetate1 x 4C
Acetyl CoACoA
Citrate1x6C
CO2 NAD
NADHKetoglutarate5C
ATPADP +P
2NADH +2H +FADH2
2NAD + FAD
CO2
Krebs CycleYield
2CO23 NADH+H1 FADH21 ATP
Remember the roles of NAD and FAD is to collect and remove H
Electron transport chainLast step of aerobic respirationThe electron transport chain passes two hydrogen
from NADH or FADH2 from one electron carrier to the other
Electron carriers are found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Electron are passed by a series of redox reactionsThe final acceptor is oxygenThe process produces 3 ATP for every 2 hydrogen
from NADH +H and 2ATP for every hydrogen from FADH2
See diagram given by the teacher
Explain oxidative phosphorilation in terms of chemiosmosis Occur in the inner membrane of the
mitochondriaAs the electron passed down the electron
transport chain, protons are being pumped across the membrane
The resulting proton gradient drives the production of ATP by ATP syntethase
THIS is the CHEMIOSMOTIC theoryAs the H ions go through the ATP syntethase
molecule, the energy they possess will be used to drive ATP synthesis.
Explain the relation between the structure of the mitochondria and its functions
Outer membrane- separates the mitochondria from the cytoplasm of the cell. Permeable to Hydrogen ions
Intermembranal space- has a high concentration of H+ because of the electron transport chain. Its pH is lower
Inner membrane- folded into cristae to provide space for the electron transport chain. Impermeable to H ions. Contain the ATP synthethase
Matrix- contain enzymes for Kreb cycle to proceed
Acetyl CoA and its role in carbohydrate and fat metabolismLinks Krebs cycle to glycolysisAlso involved in the metabolism of fatsFats contain more energy than proteins
and can be used in cell respirationThe long chains of fatty acids are oxidized
breaking sections of the molecules containing 2 C atoms
These are change into Acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs Cycle