mr. weiss genocide and the eight stages of the holocaust eight stages of genocide by gregory h....

Mr. Weiss

Genocide and The Eight Stages of The Genocide and The Eight Stages of The HolocaustHolocaustEight Stages of Genocide By Gregory H. Stanton Eight Stages of Genocide By Gregory H. Stanton

(Originally written in 1996 at the Department of (Originally written in 1996 at the Department of State; presented at the Yale University Center for State; presented at the Yale University Center for

International and Area Studies in 1998)International and Area Studies in 1998)

The James Farmer Professor in Human Rights Gregory H. Stanton is the James Farmer Professor

in Human Rights.

Dr. Stanton is the founder (1999) and president of Dr. Stanton is the founder (1999) and president of Genocide Watch (Genocide Watch (www.genocidewatch.org), the ), the

founder (1981) and director of the Cambodian founder (1981) and director of the Cambodian Genocide Project, and is the founder (1999) and Genocide Project, and is the founder (1999) and

Chair of the International Campaign to End Chair of the International Campaign to End Genocide. He is the Vice President (2005-2007) of Genocide. He is the Vice President (2005-2007) of

the International Association of Genocide Scholars.the International Association of Genocide Scholars.

Genocide WatchGenocide Watch

http://www.genocidewatch.org/

Mr. Weiss

Genocide and The Eight Stages of The Genocide and The Eight Stages of The HolocaustHolocaustGenocide is a process that develops in eight stages that are Genocide is a process that develops in eight stages that are

predictable but not inexorable. At each stage, preventive predictable but not inexorable. At each stage, preventive measures can stop it. The later stages must be preceded by measures can stop it. The later stages must be preceded by the earlier stages, though earlier stages continue to operate the earlier stages, though earlier stages continue to operate throughout the process.throughout the process.

The Eight Stages of Genocide The Eight Stages of Genocide are:are:

1. Classification; 2. 1. Classification; 2. Symbolization; 3. Symbolization; 3.

Dehumanization; 4. Dehumanization; 4. Organization; 5. Organization; 5.

Polarization; 6. Preparation; Polarization; 6. Preparation; 7. Extermination; 8. 7. Extermination; 8.

DenialDenial

Mr. Weiss

Genocide1. CLASSIFICATION:

All cultures have categories to distinguish people into "us and All cultures have categories to distinguish people into "us and them" by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality: German and Jew, them" by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality: German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. Bipolar societies that lack mixed categories, such Hutu and Tutsi. Bipolar societies that lack mixed categories, such as Rwanda and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide. as Rwanda and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide.

The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend ethnic or racial divisions, universalistic institutions that transcend ethnic or racial divisions, that actively promote tolerance and understanding, and that that actively promote tolerance and understanding, and that promote classifications that transcend the divisions. The Catholic promote classifications that transcend the divisions. The Catholic church could have played this role in Rwanda, had it not been church could have played this role in Rwanda, had it not been driven by the same ethnic cleavages as Rwandan society. driven by the same ethnic cleavages as Rwandan society. Promotion of a common language in countries like Tanzania or Promotion of a common language in countries like Tanzania or Cote d'Ivoire has also promoted transcendent national identity. Cote d'Ivoire has also promoted transcendent national identity. This search for common ground is vital to early prevention of This search for common ground is vital to early prevention of genocide.genocide.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide

2. SYMBOLIZATION:

We give names or other symbols to the classifications. We name people "Jews" or We give names or other symbols to the classifications. We name people "Jews" or "Gypsies", or distinguish them by colors or dress; and apply them to members of "Gypsies", or distinguish them by colors or dress; and apply them to members of groups. Classification and symbolization are universally human and do not groups. Classification and symbolization are universally human and do not necessarily result in genocide unless they lead to the next stage, dehumanization. necessarily result in genocide unless they lead to the next stage, dehumanization. When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups: the yellow star for Jews under Nazi rule, the blue scarf for people pariah groups: the yellow star for Jews under Nazi rule, the blue scarf for people from the Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia. from the Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia.

To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden (swastikas) as To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden (swastikas) as can hate speech. Group marking like gang clothing or tribal scarring can be can hate speech. Group marking like gang clothing or tribal scarring can be outlawed, as well. The problem is that legal limitations will fail if unsupported by outlawed, as well. The problem is that legal limitations will fail if unsupported by popular cultural enforcement. Though Hutu and Tutsi were forbidden words in popular cultural enforcement. Though Hutu and Tutsi were forbidden words in Burundi until the 1980's, code-words replaced them. If widely supported, however, Burundi until the 1980's, code-words replaced them. If widely supported, however, denial of symbolization can be powerful, as it was in Bulgaria, when many non-denial of symbolization can be powerful, as it was in Bulgaria, when many non-Jews chose to wear the yellow star, depriving it of its significance as a Nazi Jews chose to wear the yellow star, depriving it of its significance as a Nazi symbol for Jews. According to legend in Denmark, the Nazis did not introduce the symbol for Jews. According to legend in Denmark, the Nazis did not introduce the yellow star because they knew even the King would wear it.yellow star because they knew even the King would wear it.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide3. DEHUMANIZATION:

One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases. of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases. Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder. against murder.

At this stage, hate propaganda in print and on hate radios is At this stage, hate propaganda in print and on hate radios is used to vilify the victim group. In combating this used to vilify the victim group. In combating this dehumanization, incitement to genocide should not be dehumanization, incitement to genocide should not be confused with protected speech. Genocidal societies lack confused with protected speech. Genocidal societies lack constitutional protection for countervailing speech, and constitutional protection for countervailing speech, and should be treated differently than in democracies. Hate radio should be treated differently than in democracies. Hate radio stations should be shut down, and hate propaganda banned. stations should be shut down, and hate propaganda banned. Hate crimes and atrocities should be promptly punished.Hate crimes and atrocities should be promptly punished.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide4. ORGANIZATION:4. ORGANIZATION:

Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, though sometimes informally (Hindu mobs led by local though sometimes informally (Hindu mobs led by local RSS militants) or by terrorist groups. Special army units RSS militants) or by terrorist groups. Special army units or militias are often trained and armed. Plans are made or militias are often trained and armed. Plans are made for genocidal killings. for genocidal killings.

To combat this stage, membership in these militias To combat this stage, membership in these militias should be outlawed. Their leaders should be denied should be outlawed. Their leaders should be denied visas for foreign travel. The U.N. should impose arms visas for foreign travel. The U.N. should impose arms embargoes on governments and citizens of countries embargoes on governments and citizens of countries involved in genocidal massacres, and create involved in genocidal massacres, and create commissions to investigate violations, as was done in commissions to investigate violations, as was done in post-genocide Rwanda.post-genocide Rwanda.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide5. POLARIZATION:5. POLARIZATION:

EExtremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups xtremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda. Laws may forbid broadcast polarizing propaganda. Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction. Extremist intermarriage or social interaction. Extremist terrorism targets moderates, intimidating and terrorism targets moderates, intimidating and silencing the center. silencing the center.

Prevention may mean security protection for Prevention may mean security protection for moderate leaders or assistance to human rights moderate leaders or assistance to human rights groups. Assets of extremists may be seized, and groups. Assets of extremists may be seized, and visas for international travel denied to them. Coups visas for international travel denied to them. Coups d'¢etat by extremists should be opposed by d'¢etat by extremists should be opposed by international sanctions.international sanctions.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide6. PREPARATION:

Victims are identified & separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity. Death lists are drawn up. Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. They are often segregated into ghettoes, forced into concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck region and starved.

At this stage, a Genocide Alert must be called. If the political will of the U.S., NATO, and the U.N. Security Council can be mobilized, armed international intervention should be prepared, or heavy assistance to the victim group in preparing for its self-defense. Otherwise, at least humanitarian assistance should be organized by the U.N. and private relief groups for the inevitable tide of refugees.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide7. EXTERMINATION:

Extermination begins, & quickly becomes the mass killing legally called Extermination begins, & quickly becomes the mass killing legally called "genocide." It is "extermination" to the killers because they do not believe "genocide." It is "extermination" to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human. When it is sponsored by the state, the their victims to be fully human. When it is sponsored by the state, the armed forces often work with militias to do the killing. Sometimes the armed forces often work with militias to do the killing. Sometimes the genocide results in revenge killings by groups against each other, genocide results in revenge killings by groups against each other, creating the downward whirlpool-like cycle of bilateral genocide. At this creating the downward whirlpool-like cycle of bilateral genocide. At this stage, only rapid & overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. stage, only rapid & overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with Real safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection. The U.N. needs a Standing High heavily armed international protection. The U.N. needs a Standing High Readiness Brigade or a permanent rapid reaction force, to intervene Readiness Brigade or a permanent rapid reaction force, to intervene quickly when the U.N. Security Council calls it. For larger interventions, a quickly when the U.N. Security Council calls it. For larger interventions, a multilateral force authorized by the U.N., led by NATO or a regional multilateral force authorized by the U.N., led by NATO or a regional military power, should intervene. If the U.N. will not intervene directly, military power, should intervene. If the U.N. will not intervene directly, militarily powerful nations should provide the airlift, equipment, and militarily powerful nations should provide the airlift, equipment, and financial means necessary for regional states to intervene with U.N. financial means necessary for regional states to intervene with U.N. authorization. It is time to recognize that the law of humanitarian authorization. It is time to recognize that the law of humanitarian intervention transcends the interests of nation-states.intervention transcends the interests of nation-states.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide8. DENIAL:8. DENIAL:

Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide. It is among the Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn bodies, try to cover up evidence & genocide dig up the mass graves, burn bodies, try to cover up evidence & intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, & intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, & often blame what happened on the victims. They block investigations of often blame what happened on the victims. They block investigations of the crimes, & continue to govern until driven from power by force, when the crimes, & continue to govern until driven from power by force, when they flee into exile. There they remain with impunity, like Pol Pot or Idi they flee into exile. There they remain with impunity, like Pol Pot or Idi Amin, unless they are captured & a tribunal is established to try them.Amin, unless they are captured & a tribunal is established to try them.

The best response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or The best response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts. There the evidence can be heard, and the perpetrators national courts. There the evidence can be heard, and the perpetrators punished. Tribunals like the Yugoslav, Rwanda, or Sierra Leone punished. Tribunals like the Yugoslav, Rwanda, or Sierra Leone Tribunals, an international tribunal to try the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, Tribunals, an international tribunal to try the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, and ultimately the International Criminal Court must be created. They may and ultimately the International Criminal Court must be created. They may not deter the worst genocidal killers. But with the political will to arrest not deter the worst genocidal killers. But with the political will to arrest and prosecute them, some mass murderers may be brought to justice. and prosecute them, some mass murderers may be brought to justice.

Mr. Weiss

Genocide and The Eight Stages of The Genocide and The Eight Stages of The HolocaustHolocaust

•Looking at the Holocaust and the Eight Looking at the Holocaust and the Eight StagesStages

•Many of the events that we look at can fit into more Many of the events that we look at can fit into more than one stagethan one stage

•I have taken some of the major events of The Holocaust I have taken some of the major events of The Holocaust and “fit” them into a stageand “fit” them into a stage

• I really want my students to know that something like I really want my students to know that something like The Holocaust does not just “happen”, it is a processThe Holocaust does not just “happen”, it is a process

•Also, in my teaching of genocide, I use these eight Also, in my teaching of genocide, I use these eight stages to show that all genocides go thru a similar stages to show that all genocides go thru a similar “process“process”

Mr. Weiss


The Nuremberg Race LawsThe Nuremberg Race LawsThe Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 deprived The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich. The them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich. The laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry or laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry or have sexual relations with Aryans or to employ have sexual relations with Aryans or to employ young Aryan women as household help. (An Aryan young Aryan women as household help. (An Aryan being a person with blond hair and blue eyes of being a person with blond hair and blue eyes of Germanic heritage.)Germanic heritage.)The first two laws comprising the Nuremberg Race The first two laws comprising the Nuremberg Race Laws were: "The Law for the Protection of German Laws were: "The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor" (regarding Jewish Blood and German Honor" (regarding Jewish marriage) and "The Reich Citizenship Law" marriage) and "The Reich Citizenship Law" (designating Jews as subjects).(designating Jews as subjects).

1. Classification1. Classification

Mr. Weiss



Instructional charts such as Instructional charts such as the one to the right were the one to the right were issued by the Nazis to help issued by the Nazis to help bureaucrats and bureaucrats and administrators distinguish administrators distinguish Jews from Jews from MischlingeMischlinge (Germans of mixed race) and (Germans of mixed race) and Aryans. The white figures Aryans. The white figures represent Aryans; the black represent Aryans; the black figures represent Jews; and figures represent Jews; and the shaded figures represent the shaded figures represent Mischlinge.Mischlinge.http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-chart-nurem-laws.htm

http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-chart-nurem-laws.htm

http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-chart-nurem-laws.htm

Mr. Weiss


Those laws were soon followed by "The Law for the Those laws were soon followed by "The Law for the Protection of the Genetic Health of the German Protection of the Genetic Health of the German People," which required all persons wanting to People," which required all persons wanting to marry to submit to a medical exam, after which a marry to submit to a medical exam, after which a "Certificate of Fitness to Marry" would be issued if "Certificate of Fitness to Marry" would be issued if they were disease free. This was required to get a they were disease free. This was required to get a marriage license.marriage license.The Nuremberg Laws had the unexpected result of The Nuremberg Laws had the unexpected result of causing confusion & heated debate over who was a causing confusion & heated debate over who was a "full Jew." The Nazis issued instructional charts "full Jew." The Nazis issued instructional charts such as the one shown on the previous page to such as the one shown on the previous page to help distinguish Jews from Mischlinge (Germans of help distinguish Jews from Mischlinge (Germans of mixed race) & Aryans. The white figures represent mixed race) & Aryans. The white figures represent Aryans; black figures represent Jews; & the shaded Aryans; black figures represent Jews; & the shaded figures represent Mischlinge.figures represent Mischlinge.


Mr. Weiss


The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" as a person with three Jewish as a person with three Jewish grandparents. Those with less were grandparents. Those with less were designated as Mischlinge of two designated as Mischlinge of two degrees: first degree - two Jewish degrees: first degree - two Jewish grandparents; second degree - one grandparents; second degree - one Jewish grandparent.Jewish grandparent.After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, a After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, a dozen supplemental Nazi decrees were dozen supplemental Nazi decrees were issued that eventually outlawed the Jews issued that eventually outlawed the Jews completely, depriving them of rights as completely, depriving them of rights as human beingshuman beings..


Mr. Weiss


1. Classification1. ClassificationApril 1, 1933 – German state declares boycott of all Jewish April 1, 1933 – German state declares boycott of all Jewish business.business.

April 11, 1933 – German government sets a clear definition of April 11, 1933 – German government sets a clear definition of what is not an Aryanwhat is not an Aryan

September 29, 1933 – Jews are excluded from owning landSeptember 29, 1933 – Jews are excluded from owning land

January 1, 1934 – Jewish holidays are removed from German January 1, 1934 – Jewish holidays are removed from German calendarscalendars

January 7, 1934 – Non-Aryans banned from adopting Aryan January 7, 1934 – Non-Aryans banned from adopting Aryan childrenchildren

May 17, 1934 – Jews are excluded from national health May 17, 1934 – Jews are excluded from national health insuranceinsurance

May 31, 1934 – Jews are dismissed from the German armyMay 31, 1934 – Jews are dismissed from the German army

Mr. Weiss


2. Symbolization2. Symbolization In September 1941, In September 1941, Jews in the German Jews in the German Reich were ordered Reich were ordered to wear badges with to wear badges with the yellow star and the yellow star and the word "Jude." the word "Jude." Jews in the German-Jews in the German-occupied lands of occupied lands of eastern Europe had eastern Europe had been ordered to do been ordered to do the same two years the same two years earlierearlier. . Pass around the Star of David

Mr. Weiss


2. Symbolization2. Symbolization

Mr. Weiss



This was issued after regulations were This was issued after regulations were introduced requiring all Jews still in introduced requiring all Jews still in Germany to wear a visible yellow star. Germany to wear a visible yellow star. The caption says: The caption says: "He who wears this "He who wears this symbol is an enemy of our people."symbol is an enemy of our people."

Mr. Weiss



Badge for Homosexu

al Men

Non-conformist Non-conformist Religious Groups; Religious Groups;

ie; Jehovahs ie; Jehovahs WitnessesWitnesses

Mentally Mentally RetardedRetarded

Roma Roma (Gypsies)(Gypsies)

Foreign Foreign Forced Forced

LaborersLaborers

Habitual Habitual CriminalsCriminals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pink_triangle.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Purple_triangle.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_triangle.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:70px-Brown_triangle_svg.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Blue_triangle.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Green_triangle.svg

Mr. Weiss


2. Symbolization2. SymbolizationSymbolization (Nazi Germany) - Jewish Passport: Symbolization (Nazi Germany) - Jewish Passport:

“Reisepäss”“Reisepäss”Required to be carried by all Jews by 1938. Required to be carried by all Jews by 1938.

Preceded the yellow star.Preceded the yellow star.

Mr. Weiss



A Polish prisoner A Polish prisoner (marked with an (marked with an identifying patch identifying patch bearing a "P" for bearing a "P" for

Pole), Julian Noga, at Pole), Julian Noga, at the Flossenbürg the Flossenbürg

concentration camp. concentration camp. Germany, between Germany, between

August 1942 and April August 1942 and April 1945.1945.

Mr. Weiss



Go to Schindler’s List Clip on Go to Schindler’s List Clip on The Star of DavidThe Star of David

Mr. Weiss


3. Dehumanization3. Dehumanization

Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper:Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper:““The Blood Flows; The Jew GrinsThe Blood Flows; The Jew Grins””

Mr. Weiss



Illustration from Illustration from a children's a children's book. The book. The

headlines say headlines say "Jews are our "Jews are our

misfortune" and misfortune" and "How the Jew "How the Jew

cheats." cheats." Germany, 1936.Germany, 1936.

Mr. Weiss



Caption: "Then Caption: "Then and Now." The and Now." The

cartoon shows a cartoon shows a Jew stealing a Jew stealing a

farm before the farm before the Nazi takeover, but Nazi takeover, but afterwards he is afterwards he is stopped by the stopped by the law. (16 January law. (16 January

1934)1934)

Mr. Weiss



The caption: "One The caption: "One eats the other and eats the other and

the Jew devours the Jew devours them all..." The them all..." The

cartoon promotes cartoon promotes the Nazi claim that the Nazi claim that

the Jews were the Jews were behind World War II, behind World War II, having orchestrated having orchestrated

it to destroy Nazi it to destroy Nazi GermanyGermany..

Mr. Weiss



German German soldiers soldiers cutting cutting

the beard the beard of an of an

elderly elderly Jew in Jew in

Poland. Poland.

http://gilkarm.free.fr/schmitz/ori.poljew2.jpg

Mr. Weiss



German German soldiers soldiers

brutalizinbrutalizing a Jew g a Jew

in in Poland.Poland.

http://gilkarm.free.fr/schmitz/ori.poljew1.jpg

Mr. Weiss



””

Circa 1935: two Circa 1935: two Jewish pupils are Jewish pupils are humiliated before humiliated before their classmates. their classmates. The inscription on The inscription on

the blackboard the blackboard reads "The Jew is reads "The Jew is

our greatest our greatest enemy! Beware of enemy! Beware of

the Jew!". the Jew!".

http://gilkarm.free.fr/schmitz/ori.classrm.jpg

Mr. Weiss



From a Nazi SS Propaganda Pamphlet:

Caption: Does the same Caption: Does the same soul dwell in these bodies?soul dwell in these bodies?

Mr. Weiss


4. Organization4. Organization

Hitler Hitler organizeorganize

s the s the Third Third ReichReich

Mr. Weiss


4. Organization4. OrganizationThe controlled party organizations (Gliederungen The controlled party organizations (Gliederungen der NSDAP) actually constituted the party itself, der NSDAP) actually constituted the party itself, and substantially the entire party membership and substantially the entire party membership was contained within these organizations, viz.:was contained within these organizations, viz.:

•SA -- NS Storm Troops (Sturmabteilungen).SA -- NS Storm Troops (Sturmabteilungen).• SS -- NS Elite Corps (Schutzstaffeln). SS -- NS Elite Corps (Schutzstaffeln).

•NSKK -- NS Motor Corps (Kraftfahrkorps). NSKK -- NS Motor Corps (Kraftfahrkorps). •HJ -- Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend).HJ -- Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend).(Cabaret– “Tomorrow (Cabaret– “Tomorrow

Belongs to Me)Belongs to Me)•NS Women's Organization (Frauenschaft). NS Women's Organization (Frauenschaft).

•NS German Students' Bund (Deutscher NS German Students' Bund (Deutscher Studentenbund). Studentenbund).

•NS University Teachers' Bund (Deutscher NS University Teachers' Bund (Deutscher Dozentenbund). Dozentenbund).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_Schutzstaffel.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hitler_jugend.jpg

Mr. Weiss


4. Organization4. OrganizationThere were additional affiliated organizations There were additional affiliated organizations (Angeschlossene Verbaende der NSDAP). Among (Angeschlossene Verbaende der NSDAP). Among these were included the following:these were included the following:

•DAF -- German Labor Front (Deutsche DAF -- German Labor Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront). Arbeitsfront).

•NS Public Welfare Organization (Volkswohlfahrt).NS Public Welfare Organization (Volkswohlfahrt).• NS War Victims' Organization NS War Victims' Organization

(Kregsopferversorgung). (Kregsopferversorgung). •NS Bund for German Technology (Bund Deutscher NS Bund for German Technology (Bund Deutscher

Technik). German Civil Service (Reichsbund der Technik). German Civil Service (Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten). Deutschen Beamten).

•NS Physicians' Bund (Deutscher Aerztebund). NS Physicians' Bund (Deutscher Aerztebund). •NS Teachers' Bund (Lehrerbund). NS Teachers' Bund (Lehrerbund).

•NS League of Legal Officials (Rechtswahrerbund).NS League of Legal Officials (Rechtswahrerbund).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DAF_%28Fabrikfahne%29.png

Mr. Weiss



February 22, 1933 – As part of the February 22, 1933 – As part of the Nazi restructuring of the police, Nazi restructuring of the police, some 40,000 SS and SA members are some 40,000 SS and SA members are sworn in as auxiliary police.sworn in as auxiliary police.

Recruitment Recruitment poster of the poster of the Waffen-SSWaffen-SS.

1925 1925 Adolf Hitler formed his own formed his own personal bodyguard called the personal bodyguard called the Schutzstaffel (SS). Four years later Schutzstaffel (SS). Four years later Hitler appointed Hitler appointed Heinrich Himmler as the as the leader of the SS. By the time of leader of the SS. By the time of Himmler's appointment the SS had only Himmler's appointment the SS had only 280 members. They wore the same 280 members. They wore the same uniform as the SA except for a black uniform as the SA except for a black cap with a silver death's head badge cap with a silver death's head badge and a black tie.and a black tie.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhimmler.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Icon-waffen-ss-pic.jpeg

Mr. Weiss



March 20, 1933 – Himmler March 20, 1933 – Himmler announces the announces the establishment of the first establishment of the first official concentration camp official concentration camp for political prisoners for political prisoners (“protective detainees”) (“protective detainees”) This camp was Dachau.This camp was Dachau.

.

View of the Dachau View of the Dachau concentration camp, concentration camp,

after liberation. after liberation. Germany, April 29, Germany, April 29,

1945. 1945.

Heinrich Heinrich HimmlerHimmler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HLHimmler.jpg

Mr. Weiss



A synagogue A synagogue burns in burns in Siegen, Siegen,

Germany, on Germany, on November November 10, 1938 10, 1938

((KristallnachtKristallnacht). ). The Night of the Broken Glass

http://gilkarm.free.fr/schmitz/ori.kristl1.jpg

Mr. Weiss


5. Polarization5. Polarization

On Kristallnacht in On Kristallnacht in 1938, hundreds of 1938, hundreds of synagogues were synagogues were

burnedburned..The New York Times, November 11, 1938

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c1/19381011_NYT_frontpage_Kristallnacht.png

Mr. Weiss


5. Polarization5. Polarization •Public demonstrations were organized against Jewish merchants.

•Moderate German dissenters were the first to be arrested and sent to concentration camps.

Mr. Weiss



In Germany, In Germany, the the

Reichstag Reichstag fire was fire was

blamed on blamed on Jewish Jewish

Communists Communists in 1933.in 1933.

Göring and Goebbels, with Hitler's Göring and Goebbels, with Hitler's approval, hatched a plan to cause approval, hatched a plan to cause panic by burning the Reichstag panic by burning the Reichstag building and blaming the Communistsbuilding and blaming the Communists.

Mr. Weiss



June 24, 1935 – 10,000 Hitler Youth membersJune 24, 1935 – 10,000 Hitler Youth membersswear formally to “eternally hate the Jews”.swear formally to “eternally hate the Jews”.

Speech by Adolf Hitler, January 31, 1939.Speech by Adolf Hitler, January 31, 1939.Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals - Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Military Tribunals - Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949-1953, Vol XIII, p. 131: Off., 1949-1953, Vol XIII, p. 131: Today I will once Today I will once more be a prophet: If the international Jewish more be a prophet: If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the bolshevization of the then the result will not be the bolshevization of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!

Mr. Weiss


6. Preparation6. Preparation

All propaganda must be popular and itsAll propaganda must be popular and itsintellectual level must be adjusted to the most intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is limited intelligence among those it is addressed to. Consequently, the greater the addressed to. Consequently, the greater the mass it is intended to reach, the lower its mass it is intended to reach, the lower its purely intellectual level will have to be. But if, purely intellectual level will have to be. But if, as in propaganda for sticking out a war, the as in propaganda for sticking out a war, the aim is to influence a whole people, we must aim is to influence a whole people, we must avoid excessive intellectual demands on our avoid excessive intellectual demands on our public, and too much caution cannot be public, and too much caution cannot be extended in this directionextended in this direction. .

Source: Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, translated by Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ac.meinkampf.jpg

Mr. Weiss



*Members of victim *Members of victim groups are forced togroups are forced toWear identifying Wear identifying symbols. symbols.

*Death lists are *Death lists are made. made.

*Victims are *Victims are separated because separated because of their ethnic or of their ethnic or religious identity.religious identity.

Mr. Weiss


6. Preparation6. PreparationSegregation into Segregation into

ghettoes is ghettoes is imposed,imposed,

victims are forced victims are forced into concentration into concentration camps. Victims camps. Victims

are also deportedare also deportedto famine-struck to famine-struck

regions for regions for starvationstarvation..

Forced Resettlement Forced Resettlement intointo

Ghettos – Poland 1939 - Ghettos – Poland 1939 - 19421942

Mr. Weiss



Deportation Deportation from the from the Krakow Krakow

ghetto at the ghetto at the time of the time of the

ghetto's ghetto's liquidation. liquidation.

Krakow, Krakow, Poland, March Poland, March

1943.1943.

Mr. Weiss



Liquidation of Liquidation of the ghetto in the ghetto in

Krakow, Krakow, Poland, with Poland, with belongings of belongings of deported Jews deported Jews strewn about strewn about the streets, the streets, March 1943.March 1943.

Mr. Weiss


6. Preparation6. PreparationThe Warsaw Ghetto

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069&MediaId=3375 – Interactive map of Warsaw GhettoInteractive map of Warsaw Ghetto

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069&MediaId=455 – 1940 Map of Warsaw including ghetto1940 Map of Warsaw including ghetto

Warsaw – 1.3 million peopleWarsaw – 1.3 million people 350,000 Jews (30% of population)350,000 Jews (30% of population)

The population of the ghetto, increased by Jews compelled to The population of the ghetto, increased by Jews compelled to move in from nearby towns, was estimated to be over move in from nearby towns, was estimated to be over 400,000 Jews. German authorities forced ghetto residents to 400,000 Jews. German authorities forced ghetto residents to live in an area of 1.3 square miles, with an average of 7.2 live in an area of 1.3 square miles, with an average of 7.2 persons per room. persons per room.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069&MediaId=3375




http://www.ushmm.org/

Mr. Weiss



Original boxcar Original boxcar used for used for

transport to the transport to the concentration concentration

campscamps

On display at Fort van On display at Fort van Breendonk, Belgium , Belgium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breendonk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Breendonk071.jpg

Mr. Weiss



Show scenes from Show scenes from Schindler’s List dealing Schindler’s List dealing with Preparation:with Preparation:

1.1. Forcing Jews into the Forcing Jews into the GhettoGhetto

2. Forcing Jews from the 2. Forcing Jews from the Ghetto to the campsGhetto to the camps

Mr. Weiss


7. Extermination7. Extermination

Gas ovens at Gas ovens at AuschwitzAuschwitz

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_ph.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005151&MediaId=519

Mr. Weiss



A mass A mass execution execution of Jews in of Jews in

Nazi Nazi occupied occupied

Soviet Soviet Union. Union.

http://gilkarm.free.fr/schmitz/ori.eg1.jpg

Mr. Weiss


7. Extermination7. Extermination A German A German police officer police officer shoots Jewish shoots Jewish women still women still alive after a alive after a mass execution mass execution of Jews from of Jews from the Mizocz the Mizocz ghetto, Poland, ghetto, Poland, October 14, October 14, 19421942..

Mr. Weiss



Mr. Weiss


7. Extermination7. Extermination Zyklon Zyklon B Gas B Gas PelletsPellets

Mr. Weiss

Holocaust Denial

The Holocaust The Holocaust MythMythby Bruce Hagen by Bruce Hagen Thursday Thursday December 15, December 15, 2005 at 03:03 AM2005 at 03:03 AM http://utah.indyme

dia.org/news/2005/12/12654_comment.php

There are people There are people who deny the who deny the

Holocaust ever Holocaust ever happened, as happened, as

there are people there are people who deny all who deny all

genocides. This genocides. This is why it is is why it is

crucial you learn crucial you learn the facts!the facts!

http://utah.indymedia.org/news/2005/12/12654_comment.php




Mr. Weiss

Holocaust Denial

Iran Hosts Large Meeting of Holocaust Deniers / / Germany Counters Iran's Anti-Holocaust Sessions

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6610013&ft=1&f=2






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Iran.svg

Mr. Weiss

Holocaust Denial


http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/intro.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KKK.svg

Mr. Weiss

Holocaust Denial

Approximately 11 Approximately 11 million Jews will be million Jews will be involved in the final involved in the final

solution of the solution of the European Jewish European Jewish

question, distributed question, distributed as follows among the as follows among the individual countries: individual countries:

Wannsee Protocol, January 20, 1942

Wannsee is a suburb of Wannsee is a suburb of BerlinBerlin

Villa in Wannsee where "Final Solution" conference was heldVilla in Wannsee where "Final Solution" conference was held

Wannsee Villa Wannsee Villa where the “Final where the “Final

Solution” Solution” Conference was Conference was

heldheld.

Mr. Weiss

Holocaust Denial

Wannsee Protocol, January 20, 1942 Country Country NumberNumber

A. Germany proper 131,800A. Germany proper 131,800 Austria 43,700Austria 43,700 Eastern territories 420,000Eastern territories 420,000 General Government 2,284,000General Government 2,284,000 Bialystok 400,000Bialystok 400,000 Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia 74,200Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia 74,200 Estonia - free of Jews -Estonia - free of Jews - Latvia 3,500Latvia 3,500 Lithuania 34,000Lithuania 34,000 Belgium 43,000Belgium 43,000 Denmark 5,600Denmark 5,600 France / occupied territory 165,000France / occupied territory 165,000 unoccupied territory 700,000unoccupied territory 700,000 Greece 69,600Greece 69,600 Netherlands 160,800Netherlands 160,800 Norway 1,300Norway 1,300

Wannsee Wannsee is a is a

suburb of suburb of BerlinBerlin

Mr. WeissHolocaust Denial

The Wannsee ProtocolThe Wannsee Protocol

B. Bulgaria 48,000B. Bulgaria 48,000 England 330,000England 330,000 Finland 2,300Finland 2,300 Ireland 4,000Ireland 4,000 Italy including Sardinia 58,000Italy including Sardinia 58,000 Albania 200Albania 200 Croatia 40,000Croatia 40,000 Portugal 3,000Portugal 3,000 Rumania including Bessarabia 342,000Rumania including Bessarabia 342,000 Sweden 8,000Sweden 8,000 Switzerland 18,000Switzerland 18,000 Serbia 10,000Serbia 10,000 Slovakia 88,000Slovakia 88,000 Spain 6,000Spain 6,000 Turkey (European portion) 55,500Turkey (European portion) 55,500 Hungary 742,800Hungary 742,800

Wannsee is a Wannsee is a suburb of Berlinsuburb of Berlin

Mr. Weiss

Holocaust Denial

The Wannsee ProtocolThe Wannsee Protocol

USSR 5,000,000USSR 5,000,000 Ukraine 2,994,684Ukraine 2,994,684 White RussiaWhite Russia excluding Bialystok 446,484excluding Bialystok 446,484

Total over Total over 11,000,00011,000,000

Wannsee is a Wannsee is a suburb of Berlinsuburb of Berlin

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Paul RassinierPaul Rassinier, a former French communist , a former French communist turned turned anti-communist and Nazi apologist, in anti-communist and Nazi apologist, in 19481948 published, published, Le Passage de la Ligne (Crossing the Le Passage de la Ligne (Crossing the Line). Line).

His position per the Holocaust was:His position per the Holocaust was:a. most of what the Nazis are accused of a. most of what the Nazis are accused of

accrues accrues from from “the natural tendency of its “the natural tendency of its victims to victims to exaggerate”exaggerate”

b. the atrocities that happened in the Nazi b. the atrocities that happened in the Nazi death death camps were more the responsibility of camps were more the responsibility of the the victims themselves.victims themselves.

http://www.spock.com/i/3e1lNNP2/Paul-Rassinier.jpg

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Austin J. App – Professor of English Literature at the University of Scranton and later at LaSalle College – Late 1950’s – He said:

a. estimates of six million Jewish victims of Nazi exterminators might be challenged as “grossly inflated”.

b. Germany, rather than Judaica was presented as the “real victim” of the “Myth of the Final Solution.”

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.catholicauthors.com/images/app.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.catholicauthors.com/app.html&h=1185&w=769&sz=260&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=J_qbs8-REWxjtM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAustin%2BJ.%2BApp%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GZHY_enUS230US230%26sa%3DN

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

1969 – 1969 – The Myth of the Six Million The Myth of the Six Million – – written by Harvard trained history written by Harvard trained history professor – David Leslie Hoggan – professor – David Leslie Hoggan – published by Willis Carto, founder of published by Willis Carto, founder of the neo-Nazi Liberty Lobby.the neo-Nazi Liberty Lobby.

1974 – 1974 – Did Six Million Really Die? Did Six Million Really Die? – – written by Richard Verrall (a.k.a. written by Richard Verrall (a.k.a. Richard Harwood) – he was a publisher Richard Harwood) – he was a publisher of a neo-Nazi tabloid, Spearhead.of a neo-Nazi tabloid, Spearhead.

Dr. David L.HogganDr. David L.Hoggan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:David_Hoggan.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Did_six_million_really_die.jpg

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Arthur R. Butz Arthur R. Butz – MIT/University of Minnesota graduate – – MIT/University of Minnesota graduate – Professor of Electrical Engineering at Northwestern Professor of Electrical Engineering at Northwestern University - University - The Hoax of the Twentieth Century (1976) - His (1976) - His web site: web site: http://www.ibiblio.org/team/history/controversy/abutz/

He said:He said:a. the mass gassings and cremations of Jews and a. the mass gassings and cremations of Jews and

others documented during the Nuremburg Trial as others documented during the Nuremburg Trial as having taken place at locations like Auschwitz and having taken place at locations like Auschwitz and Treblinka “simply could not have occurred, “ given “the Treblinka “simply could not have occurred, “ given “the rather obvious technological limitations” of the rather obvious technological limitations” of the equipment used.equipment used.

http://www.ibiblio.org/team/history/controversy/abutz/ihrbook.html

http://www.ibiblio.org/team/history/controversy/abutz/

Mr. Weiss


Arthur Butz Arthur Butz Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor

Room: CG51Room: CG51Telephone: (847) 491-Telephone: (847) 491-32693269E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]

Personal Website:Personal Website:www.ece.northwestern.edu/~butz

8. Denial8. Denial

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~butz

http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~butz

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial 1978 – Institute for Historical Review1978 – Institute for Historical Review (IHR) funded (IHR) funded by Willis Cartoby Willis Carto

They issued an “open challenge to peddlers of the They issued an “open challenge to peddlers of the Holocaust Hoax.” A $50,000 reward was offered to Holocaust Hoax.” A $50,000 reward was offered to “anyone able to prove, through the offering of “anyone able to prove, through the offering of tangible evidence, that a single Jew was ever tangible evidence, that a single Jew was ever gassed by the government of the Third Reich.”gassed by the government of the Third Reich.”

Although it was later established the challenge Although it was later established the challenge constituted fraud, it having been demonstrated to a constituted fraud, it having been demonstrated to a court’s satisfaction that the IHR never seriously court’s satisfaction that the IHR never seriously intended to pay the proffered award, it had intended to pay the proffered award, it had accomplished its objective: seemingly serious accomplished its objective: seemingly serious questions concerning the historical fact of Nazi questions concerning the historical fact of Nazi genocide had been raised in the public genocide had been raised in the public consciousness.consciousness.

Willis Willis CartoCarto

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Spring 1993 Newsweek Poll Spring 1993 Newsweek Poll – nearly 40% of adult Americans – nearly 40% of adult Americans expressed “doubts” as to whether a European Holocaust of expressed “doubts” as to whether a European Holocaust of the magnitude depicted in standard histories occurred during the magnitude depicted in standard histories occurred during World War TwoWorld War Two

A similar poll in Italy in 1992 A similar poll in Italy in 1992 revealed that close to ten revealed that close to ten percent of the adult population had become “convinced” that percent of the adult population had become “convinced” that the Holocaust is a myth. Another 25% said the matter was the Holocaust is a myth. Another 25% said the matter was “overstated”.“overstated”.

1991 – Gallup Poll in Austria 1991 – Gallup Poll in Austria – more than ½ of all adults – more than ½ of all adults expressed one degree or another of “reservations” about the expressed one degree or another of “reservations” about the conventional historiography on Nazi genocide.conventional historiography on Nazi genocide.

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

David Irving – British Author David Irving – British Author

"I don't see any reason to be tasteful about "I don't see any reason to be tasteful about Auschwitz.Auschwitz. It's baloney, it's a legend. Once we admit the fact It's baloney, it's a legend. Once we admit the fact thatthat it was a brutal slave labour camp and large it was a brutal slave labour camp and large numbers of people did die, as large numbers of numbers of people did die, as large numbers of innocent people died elsewhere in the war, why innocent people died elsewhere in the war, why believe the rest of the baloney?" Irving said. He believe the rest of the baloney?" Irving said. He added, "I say quite tastelessly, in fact, that added, "I say quite tastelessly, in fact, that more more women died on the back seat of Edward Kennedy's women died on the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car at Chappaquiddick than ever died in a gas car at Chappaquiddick than ever died in a gas chamber in Auschwitz.“ chamber in Auschwitz.“

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

David Irving – British Author David Irving – British Author

He went on, "Oh, you think that's tasteless, He went on, "Oh, you think that's tasteless, how about this? There are so many how about this? There are so many Auschwitz survivors going around, in fact Auschwitz survivors going around, in fact the number increases as the years go past, the number increases as the years go past, which is biologically very odd to say the which is biologically very odd to say the least. Because I'm going to form an least. Because I'm going to form an Association of Auschwitz survivors, Association of Auschwitz survivors, survivors of the Holocaust andsurvivors of the Holocaust andother liars, or the ASSHOLS." other liars, or the ASSHOLS."

Mr. Weiss


The Penguin-Lipstadt TrialThe Penguin-Lipstadt Trial

His financial needs may have been part of the His financial needs may have been part of the motivation for filing suit in a British court against motivation for filing suit in a British court against American Professor Deborah Lipstadt of Emory American Professor Deborah Lipstadt of Emory University and her British publisher, Penguin University and her British publisher, Penguin Books, Ltd. in 1996. Books, Ltd. in 1996. Irving charged that Irving charged that Lipstadt committed libel when she Lipstadt committed libel when she characterized him as a Holocaust denier characterized him as a Holocaust denier who tended to “misstate, misquote, falsify who tended to “misstate, misquote, falsify statistics and falsely attribute conclusions statistics and falsely attribute conclusions to reliable sources" in her book, to reliable sources" in her book, Denying Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and MemoryTruth and Memory. .

8. Denial8. Denial

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Ruling for Lipstadt and her Ruling for Lipstadt and her publishers, the justice argued that publishers, the justice argued that it was “incontrovertible that Irving it was “incontrovertible that Irving qualifies as a Holocaust denier.”qualifies as a Holocaust denier.”

Consistent with British libel law, Irving was Consistent with British libel law, Irving was ordered to pay the legal fees incurred by the ordered to pay the legal fees incurred by the defense, which amounted to nearly 2 million defense, which amounted to nearly 2 million pounds. An initial payment equivalent of pounds. An initial payment equivalent of $250,000 was ordered following Irving’s protests $250,000 was ordered following Irving’s protests that he faced bankruptcy and that he planned to that he faced bankruptcy and that he planned to appeal. On July 20, 2001, an appeals court denied appeal. On July 20, 2001, an appeals court denied his request for a new trial.his request for a new trial.

http://lipstadt.blogspot.com/http://lipstadt.blogspot.com/

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Holocaust denier Irving is jailed

David Irving arrived at court carrying a copy of

one of his booksBritish historian David Irving has been found

guilty in Vienna of denying the Holocaust of

European Jewry and sentenced to three years

in prison. Monday, 20 February 2006Monday, 20 February 2006

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

http://www.hdot.org/ - A great web site http://www.hdot.org/ - A great web site dealing with Holocaust Denialdealing with Holocaust Denial

"History has had its day in court and scored a "History has had its day in court and scored a crushing victory." - The Times (London)crushing victory." - The Times (London)

Mr. Weiss


8. Denial8. Denial

Show Scenes:Show Scenes:

1.1.One Survivor Remembers One Survivor Remembers – – Death March – Gerda Death March – Gerda Weissmann KleinWeissmann Klein

2.2.Schindler’s List Schindler’s List – Extras – A – Extras – A survivor’s storysurvivor’s story

mr. weiss genocide and the eight stages of the holocaust eight stages of genocide by gregory h....

Documents