Mr. HarringtonMr. Harrington

World HistoryWorld History

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

WarWarWarWar

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The September Massacres, The September Massacres, 17921792

Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] Over 1,000 Parisians killed!Over 1,000 Parisians killed!

The First French The First French Republic:Republic:1792-17951792-1795

The JacobinsThe Jacobins

Jacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

A Jacobin Club MeetingA Jacobin Club Meeting

The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian The Parisian

Working Working ClassClass

The The Sans-CulottesSans-Culottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.Cartoonist.

The Political Spectrum:The Political Spectrum:(as they sat in the National Assembly)(as they sat in the National Assembly)

JacobinsJacobins

Sans-Sans-CullotesCullotes(“without (“without

breaches”)breaches”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(uncommitt(uncommitted)ed)

TODAY:TODAY:

The Politics of the The Politics of the National Convention National Convention

(1792-1795)(1792-1795)JacobinsJacobinsJacobinsJacobins GirondistGirondist

ssGirondistGirondist

ss Power base in Paris.Power base in Paris.

Main support from the Main support from the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Would adopt extreme Would adopt extreme measures to achieve measures to achieve their goals, (their goals, (RadicalRadical).).

Saw Paris as the center Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.of the Revolution.

More centralized [in More centralized [in Paris] approach to Paris] approach to government.government.

Power base in the Power base in the provinces.provinces.

Feared the Feared the influence of the influence of the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Feared the Feared the dominance of dominance of Paris in national Paris in national politics.politics.

Supported more Supported more national national government government centralization centralization [federalism].[federalism].

Attempts to ControlAttempts to Controlthe Growing Crisisthe Growing Crisis

1. The printing of more 1. The printing of more assignatsassignats to to pay for the war, (pay for the war, (causes inflation).).

2. Committee of Public Safety [CPS]2. Committee of Public Safety [CPS] ** to oversee and speed up the to oversee and speed up the work of the govt. during this work of the govt. during this crisis. crisis. Responsible for the Responsible for the pursuit ofpursuit of counter-revolutionaries, the counter-revolutionaries, the treatment of suspects, & other treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters. internal security matters.

Committee for Public SafetyCommittee for Public Safety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Maximillian RobespierreMaximillian Robespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)

Georges Jacques DantonGeorges Jacques Danton(1759 – 1794)(1759 – 1794)

Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat(1744 – 1793)(1744 – 1793)

““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David, 1793by Jacques Louis David, 1793

The Assassination of MaratThe Assassination of Maratby Charlotte Corday, 1793by Charlotte Corday, 1793

The Assassination of MaratThe Assassination of Maratby Charlotte by Charlotte

CordayCorday

(Paul Jacques (Paul Jacques Aimee Aimee Baudry,Baudry, 19c)19c)

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not birth!An army based on merit, not birth!

Legislation Passed by the Legislation Passed by the National ConventionNational Convention

1.1. Law of General Maximum Law of General Maximum ** September 5, 1793. September 5, 1793. ** Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 figures. figures. ** Prices would be strictly enforced and controlled. Prices would be strictly enforced and controlled. ** Hoarders rooted out and punished, (executed). Hoarders rooted out and punished, (executed). ** Food supplies would be secured by the army! Food supplies would be secured by the army!

2.2. Law of Suspects Law of Suspects ** September 17, 1793. September 17, 1793. ** This law was so widely drawn that almost anyoneThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyone not expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest…for any reason! republic could be placed under arrest…for any reason!

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror Let terror be the be the

order of order of the day!the day!

The The Guillotine:Guillotine:An Enlightenment An Enlightenment

Tool?Tool?

The “Monster” GuillotineThe “Monster” Guillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in 1977.The last guillotine execution in France was in 1977.

Louis XVI as a PigLouis XVI as a Pig

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)(January 21, 1793)

The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetThe Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet

Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection

for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.

So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!

Marie Antoinette as a SerpentMarie Antoinette as a Serpent

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October 16, Died in October 16,

17931793

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization (1793-1794)(1793-1794)

The Catholic Church was linked withThe Catholic Church was linked withreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-culottessans-culottes..

NOT NOT popular with rural peasantspopular with rural peasants

Therefore, religion had no place in aTherefore, religion had no place in arational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization ProgramThe De-Christianization Program1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican

CalendarCalendar:: ** abolished Sundays & religious abolished Sundays & religious holidays. holidays. ** months named after seasonal months named after seasonal features. features. ** 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. decades. ** the yearly calendar was dated from the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] [Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the divorced the state from the

Church!!Church!!

A Republican CalendarA Republican Calendar

The De-Christianization ProgramThe De-Christianization Program

2.2. The public exercise of religion The public exercise of religion waswasbanned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported The Paris Commune supported the:the: ** destruction of religious & royal destruction of religious & royal statues.statues. ** ban on clerical dress. ban on clerical dress. ** encouragement of the clergy to encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. give up their vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of “Temple of Reason.”Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced The deportation of priests denounced bybysix citizens.six citizens.

The “Temple of Reason”The “Temple of Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.Become the goddess of the French people.

The Festival of Supreme BeingThe Festival of Supreme Being

A new secular A new secular holiday.holiday.

Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization ProgramDe-Christianization Program

It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).

Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. ** he persuaded the Convention to he persuaded the Convention to reaffirm the principle of religious reaffirm the principle of religious toleration. toleration.

Decree on the Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”“Liberty of Cults”was passedwas passed ** December 6, 1793. December 6, 1793. ** BUT, it had little practical effect! BUT, it had little practical effect!

The Terror Intensified:The Terror Intensified:March to July, 1794March to July, 1794

Law of 22 PrairialLaw of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794]. [June 10, 1794]. * Trials were now limited to deciding only * Trials were now limited to deciding only onon liberty OR death, with defendants having liberty OR death, with defendants having nono rights. rights. * Were you an * Were you an “enemy of the people?”“enemy of the people?” (the (the law was so broadly written that almost law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!) anyone could fall within its definition!)

1,500 executed between June & July.1,500 executed between June & July.

Danton & Danton & thethe

“Indulgents”“Indulgents”

Danton & Danton & thethe

“Indulgents”“Indulgents”

Jacques Jacques Hébert & theHébert & the

HérbetistsHérbetists

Jacques Jacques Hébert & theHébert & the

HérbetistsHérbetists

Executed in April, 1794Executed in April, 1794..Executed in March, 1794Executed in March, 1794..

French Victory at French Victory at FleurusFleurus

June 26, 1794.June 26, 1794. France defeated Austria.France defeated Austria. This opened the way to theThis opened the way to the

reoccupation of Belgium!reoccupation of Belgium!

The The “Thermidorean Reaction“Thermidorean Reaction,”,” 17941794

P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies. ** he alienated members of the he alienated members of the CPS CPS & CGS. & CGS. ** many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications. implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre. Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, Execution,

17931793

Robespierre Lies Robespierre Lies WoundedWoundedBefore the Before the Revolutionary Tribunal Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.be guillotined, 1794.

Read More About the RevolutionRead More About the Revolution