mpls
TRANSCRIPT
• MPLS
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 An MPLS based Metro Ethernet network uses MPLS in the service provider's
network. The subscriber will get an Ethernet interface on copper (for example, 100BASE-
TX) or fiber (such as 100BASE-FX). The customer's Ethernet packet is transported
over MPLS and the service provider network uses Ethernet again as the underlying technology to transport MPLS. So, it is
Ethernet over MPLS over Ethernet.
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 One restoration mechanism used in an MPLS based Metro Ethernet Networks is Fast ReRoute
(FRR) to achieve sub-50ms convergence of MPLS local protection. For each deployment
situation the benefit versus cost of MPLS must be weighed carefully, so if not implemented on a carrier's distribution network there might be
more benefit for MPLS the core network. In some situations the cost may not warrant the benefits, particularly if sub 50ms convergence
time is already being achieved with pure Ethernet.
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 A comparison of MPLS-based Metro Ethernet against a pure
Ethernet MAN:
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 When using MPLS, Ethernet VLANs have local meaning only (like Frame Relay PVC)
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 Resiliency: pure Ethernet network resiliency relies on Spanning Tree
Protocols STP, IEEE 802.1w RSTP or IEEE 802.1s MSTP (30 to sub 50 ms convergence depending on network design) while MPLS-based MANs use
mechanisms such as MPLS Fast Reroute to achieve SDH-like (50 ms)
convergence times
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 Multiprotocol convergence: with the maturity on pseudowires standards (ATM Virtual Leased Line VLL, FR VLL, etc.) an
MPLS-based Metro Ethernet can backhaul IP/Ethernet traffic together with virtually any type of traffic coming from customer
or other access networks (i.e. ATM aggregation for UMTS or TDM aggregation
for GSM), while this could be more challenging in a pure Ethernet scenario.
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Metro Ethernet - MPLS-based Ethernet MANs
1 End to End OAM: MPLS-based MAN offers a wide set of troubleshooting and OAM MPLS-based tools which enrich Service Providers ability to
effectively troubleshoot and diagnose network problems
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 MPLS works by prefixing packets with an MPLS header, containing one or more labels. This is called a label
stack. Each label stack entry contains four fields:
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 These MPLS-labeled packets are switched after a label lookup/switch instead of a lookup into the IP table.
As mentioned above, when MPLS was conceived, label lookup and label
switching were faster than a routing table or RIB (Routing Information Base) lookup because they could
take place directly within the switched fabric and not the CPU.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 Routers that perform routing based only on the label are called label switch routers
(LSRs). The entry and exit points of an MPLS network are called label edge routers
(LERs), which, respectively, push an MPLS label onto an incoming packet[note 1] and
pop it off the outgoing packet. Alternatively, under penultimate hop popping this
function may instead be performed by the LSR directly connected to the LER.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 LSRs in an MPLS network regularly exchange label and reachability
information with each other using standardized procedures in order to
build a complete picture of the network they can then use to forward
packets
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 In the specific context of an MPLS-based virtual private network (VPN), LERs that function as ingress and/or egress routers to the VPN are often called PE (Provider
Edge) routers. Devices that function only as transit routers are similarly called P
(Provider) routers. The job of a P router is significantly easier than that of a PE
router, so they can be less complex and may be more dependable because of this.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 When an unlabeled packet enters the ingress router and needs to be
passed on to an MPLS tunnel, the router first determines the
forwarding equivalence class (FEC) the packet should be in, and then inserts one or more labels in the
packet's newly created MPLS header. The packet is then passed on to the
next hop router for this tunnel.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 When a labeled packet is received by an MPLS router, the topmost label is examined. Based on the contents of the label a swap, push (impose) or
pop (dispose) operation can be performed on the packet's label stack. Routers can have prebuilt
lookup tables that tell them which kind of operation to do based on the topmost label of the incoming packet so they can process the packet very
quickly.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 In a push operation a new label is pushed on top of the existing label,
effectively "encapsulating" the packet in another layer of MPLS. This allows hierarchical routing of MPLS packets. Notably, this is used by
MPLS VPNs.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 In a pop operation the label is removed from the packet, which may
reveal an inner label below. This process is called "decapsulation". If the popped label was the last on the label stack, the packet "leaves" the MPLS tunnel. This is usually done by
the egress router, but see Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP)
below.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 During these operations, the contents of the packet below the MPLS Label stack are not examined. Indeed transit routers typically need only to examine the topmost label on the stack. The forwarding of the packet is done based on the contents of the labels,
which allows "protocol-independent packet forwarding" that does not need to look at a
protocol-dependent routing table and avoids the expensive IP longest prefix match at
each hop.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 At the egress router, when the last label has been popped, only the
payload remains. This can be an IP packet, or any of a number of other kinds of payload packet. The egress router must therefore have routing
information for the packet's payload, since it must forward it without the help of label lookup tables. An MPLS
transit router has no such requirement.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 In some special cases, the last label can also be popped off at the penultimate hop (the
hop before the egress router). This is called penultimate hop popping (PHP). This may be interesting in cases where the egress router
has lots of packets leaving MPLS tunnels, and thus spends inordinate amounts of CPU time on this. By using PHP, transit routers connected directly to this egress router effectively offload it, by popping the last
label themselves.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS operation
1 MPLS can make use of existing ATM network or Frame Relay
infrastructure, as its labeled flows can be mapped to ATM or Frame
Relay virtual-circuit identifiers, and vice versa.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS and IP
1 MPLS-capable devices are referred
to as LSRs
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS and IP
1 MPLS Traffic Engineering relies upon the use of TE extensions to Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Intermediate System To Intermediate
System (IS-IS) and RSVP
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS and IP
1 For end-users the use of MPLS is not visible directly, but can be assumed when doing a traceroute: only nodes that do full ip routing are shown as hops in the path, thus not the MPLS nodes used in between, therefore when you see that a packet hops
between two very distant nodes and hardly any other 'hop' is seen in that providers network (or AS) it is very
likely that network uses MPLS.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Multiprotocol Label Switching - MPLS local protection (fast reroute)
1 In the event of a network element failure when recovery mechanisms
are employed at the IP layer, restoration may take several seconds which may be unacceptable for real-
time applications such as VoIP. In contrast, MPLS local protection meets
the requirements of real-time applications with recovery times
comparable to those of SONET rings of less than 50 ms.
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T-MPLS
1 It was intended specifically as a connection-oriented packet-switched (co-ps) application offering a simpler implementation by removing MPLS features that are not relevant to co-
ps applications and adding mechanisms that provide support of
critical transport functionality
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T-MPLS
1 ITU-T ceased work on 'T-MPLS' in December 2008, in favour of MPLS-TP
standardization.[ http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/Clarifications+On+MPLS+For+Transport+Network.aspx Clarifications on MPLS
for transport network] - ITU-T newslog, 10 March 2009
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T-MPLS
1 T-MPLS uses the same architectural principles of layered networking that are used in other technologies like Synchronous Digital Hierarchy|SDH and Optical Transport Network|OTN.
Service providers have already developed management processes
and work procedures based on these principles for use in networks that
use those other technologies.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
T-MPLS
1 In this way 'T-MPLS' was intended to provide a reliable packet-based
technology that is familiar and also aligned with circuit-based transport
networking; it supports current organizational processes and large-
scale work procedures.
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T-MPLS
1 'T-MPLS' is a low cost Layer 2 technology that provides Quality of service|QoS, end-to-end OAM and
protection switching.
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T-MPLS
1 The following ITU-T Recommendations exist for 'T-MPLS'.
These Recommendations will be superseded (i.e., replaced) by new revisions that apply to MPLS-TP and
reference the joint work being understaken by the ITU-T and IETF.
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T-MPLS
1 A further set of ITU-T Recommendations were at a draft stage when work on 'T-MPLS' was
halted. These may be resumed at a later stage to reference the material
developed as part of the MPLS-TP effort.
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T-MPLS
1 After IETF raised concerns over 'T-MPLS' technology, mainly about incompatibility with the already
established IP/MPLS, the ITU-T and the IETF started a joint activity to
solve potential issues. The decision was to transfer control to IETF to
develop a new 'MPLS' profile specialized for transport (MPLS-TP)
with input from ITU recommendations
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T-MPLS
1 A new activity was added to the charter of the MPLS working group of IETF.
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MPLS-TP
1 It will offer a dedicated MPLS implementation by removing
features that are not relevant to CO-PS applications and adding
mechanisms that provide support of critical transport functionality.
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MPLS-TP
1 'MPLS-TP' is to be based on the same architectural principles of layered
networking that are used in longstanding transport network
technologies like Synchronous Digital Hierarchy|SDH, Synchronous Optical
NETwork|SONET and Optical Transport Network|OTN. Service
providers have already developed management processes and work
procedures based on these principles.
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MPLS-TP
1 'MPLS-TP' will provide service providers with a reliable packet-
based technology that is based upon circuit-based transport networking, and thus is expected to align with
current organizational processes and large-scale work procedures similar
to other packet transport technologies.
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MPLS-TP
1 'MPLS-TP' is expected to be a low cost L2 technology (if the limited
profile to be specified is implemented in isolation) that will provide Quality of service|QoS, end-to-end OAM and
protection switching.
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MPLS-TP
1 on the design of 'MPLS-TP'. Based on this agreement IETF and ITU-T
experts will jointly work out the requirements and solutions. ITU-T in turn will update the existing T-MPLS
standards http://www.itu.int/oth/T0906000001/e
n based on the 'MPLS-TP' related 'RFC's listed below.
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 The solutions for the above requirements and framework are as
mentioned below and is under development:
http://wiki.tools.ietf.org/misc/mpls-tp/
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * RFC 5718 An In-Band Data Communication Network For the MPLS Transport Profile
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * [ http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-boutros-mpls-tp-loopback Loopback] (Individual Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * [ http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-fhbs-mpls-tp-cv-proactive Proactive
continuity and connectivity verification] (Individual Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * [ http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bhh-mpls-tp-oam-y1731 MPLS-TP OAM based on Y.1731] (Individual Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * MPLS-TP Performance monitoring (Individual
Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * [ http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zulr-mpls-tp-linear-protection-switching
Linear Protection Switching in MPLS-TP] (Individual Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * MPLS-TP P2MP traffic protection (Individual Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * MPLS-TP OAM Alarm suppression (Individual Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * MPLS-TP IP/MPLS Interworking (Individual
Draft)
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MPLS-TP - Solutions
1 * [ http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-umansky-mpls-tp-ring-protection-
switching MPLS-TP Ring Protection] (Individual Draft)
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Carrier Ethernet - Ethernet over MPLS
1 Ethernet links are transported as “pseudowires” using MPLS label
switched paths (LSPs) inside an outer MPLS “tunnel”
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GMPLS
1 The 'Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)'E. Mannie,
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) architecture, RFC 3945, Oct. 2004, IETF. is a protocol suite extending MPLS to manage further classes of interfaces and
switching technologies
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GMPLS - Differences between MPLS and GMPLS
1 http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/npa/article/view/819/704 The support for the additional types
of switching has driven GMPLS to extend certain base functions of
traditional MPLS and, in some cases, to add functionality.
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GMPLS - How GMPLS works
1 GMPLS is based on Generalized Labels. The Generalized Label is a
label that can represent either (a) a single fiber in a bundle, (b) a single waveband within fiber, (c) a single wavelength within a waveband (or
fiber), or (d) a set of time-slots within a wavelength (or fiber). The
Generalized Label can also carry a label that represents a generic MPLS label, a Frame Relay label, or an ATM
label.
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GMPLS - How GMPLS works
1 * Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering extensions (RSVP-TE) signaling protocol.D. Awduche, L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan,
and G. Swallow, RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP tunnels, RFC 3209,
Dic. 2001, IETF.L. Berger, Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic
Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions, RFC 3473, Jan. 2003, IETF.
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GMPLS - How GMPLS works
1 * Open Shortest Path First with Traffic Engineering extensions (OSPF-TE)
routing protocol.D. Katz, K. Kompella, and D. Yeung, Traffic Engineering (TE)
Extensions to OSPF Version 2 Architecture, RFC 3630, Sep. 2003,
IETF.K. Kompella and Y. Rekhter, OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS), RFC 4203, Oct. 2005, IETF.
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MPLS
1 MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including Digital Signal
1|T1/E-carrier|E1, Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM, Frame Relay, and
Digital subscriber line|DSL.
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MPLS - Label switch router
1 A MPLS router that performs routing based only on the label is called a
'label switch router' ('LSR') or 'transit router'. This is a type of router located in the middle of a MPLS
network. It is responsible for switching the labels used to route
packets.
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MPLS - Label edge router
1 LERs respectively, push an MPLS label onto an incoming packetIn some applications, the packet
presented to the LER already may have a label, so that the new LER pushes a second label onto the
packet
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MPLS - Label edge router
1 When forwarding Internet Protocol|IP datagrams into the MPLS domain, an LER
uses routing information to determine appropriate labels to be affixed, labels the packet accordingly, and then forwards the
labelled packets into the MPLS domain. Likewise, upon receiving a labelled packet which is destined to exit the MPLS domain, the LER strips off the label and forwards the
resulting IP packet using normal IP forwarding rules.
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MPLS - Routing
1 When a labeled packet is received by an MPLS router, the topmost label is examined. Based on the contents of the label a swap, push (impose) or
pop (dispose) operation is performed on the packet's label stack. Routers can have prebuilt lookup tables that tell them which kind of operation to
do based on the topmost label of the incoming packet so they can process
the packet very quickly.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
MPLS - Routing
1 *In a push operation a new label is pushed on top of the existing label, effectively encapsulating the packet in another layer of MPLS. This allows hierarchical routing of MPLS packets. Notably, this is used by MPLS VPNs.
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MPLS - Routing
1 *In a pop operation the label is removed from the packet, which may
reveal an inner label below. This process is called decapsulation. If the
popped label was the last on the label stack, the packet leaves the
MPLS tunnel. This is usually done by the egress router, but see
Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) below.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
MPLS - Evolution
1 MPLS has been originally proposed to allow high performance traffic forwarding and
Traffic engineering (telecommunications)|traffic engineering in IP networks. However
it evolved in Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching|Generalized MPLS (GMPLS)
to allow the creation of label-switched paths (LSPs) also in not native IP networks, such as SONET|SONET/SDH networks and
wavelength switched optical networks.
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MPLS local protection
1 In MPLS local protection each label switched path (LSP) passing through a facilityThe term facility is usually
referred to a link or node
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MPLS local protection
1 In contrast, MPLS local protection meets the requirements of real-time
applications with recovery times comparable to those of Synchronous optical networking|SONET rings ( 50
ms).
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MPLS VPN
1 'MPLS VPN' is a family of methods for harnessing the power of
multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) to create virtual private networks (VPNs). MPLS VPN gives network
engineers the flexibility to transport and route several types of network traffic using the technologies of a
MPLS backbone.
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MPLS VPN - Point-to-point (pseudowire)
1 Point-to-point MPLS VPNs employ VLLs (virtual leased lines) for
providing Layer2 point-to-point connectivity between two sites.
Ethernet, Time-division multiplexing|TDM, and Asynchronous Transfer
Mode|ATM frames can be encapsulated within these VLLs.
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MPLS VPN - Layer 2 VPN (VPLS)
1 Layer 2 MPLS VPNs, or VPLS (virtual private LAN service), offers a “switch
in the cloud” style VPLS service. VPLS provides the ability to span
VLANs between sites. L2 VPNs are typically used to route voice, video, and AMI traffic between substation
and data center locations.
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Measuring network throughput - MPLS
1 This generates more overhead that has to be taken into account that a
single MPLS label attached to a packet which is then sent 'natively',
with no underlying protocol to a receiving system.
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