Warm-upRead each statement about learning English grammar.Circle the number that describs your best

l:never 2: rurely 3 : sometimes 4 : often1. I study grammar books and memorize the rules.

2. I read newspapers, watch TV and movies, and listen to songs.3. I use English as much as possible to practice the grammar I

know4. I observe native speakers in different sih-rations and notice

what they say and do.5. When I don't know how to say something perfectly, I don't

say anything at all.6. I don't worry about making mistakes because I learn from

them.7. I leam better when I work in groups with my classmates.

8. When a teacher uses words I don't understand, I ask for help.9. When I don't know how to say something, I try to say it

another way.10. I think of grammar rules when I speak.

5 : always

12341,23412341234't234123412341234t2341234

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Now compare your answers with another student. Do you like to leam English grammar in the same way? In whatare you similar, and in what ways are you different?Use the chart below to write down your similarities and differences.

Use the chart to tell the rest ofthe class how you and your partner learn English grammar.

98 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

sv(a) Birds Jly(noun) (verb)

sv(b) Thebaby oied.(noun) (verb)

svo(c) The student needs a pen.(noun) (verb) (noun)

svo(d) My friend enjoyed the Party.(noun) (verb) (noun)

Atmost all English sentences contain a subject (s) and a verb (v)The verb may or may not be followed by an object (o).

Verbs: verbs that are not followed by an object, as in (a) and (b),are called intrdnsitive verbs. Common inhansitive verbs:agree, arrive, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain,rise, sleep, staY, walk.

Verbs that are followed by an object, as in @ and (d), are calledtransitive verbs. Common trdnsitive verbsr build, cut, find, 1ike,male, need, send, use, wan.

Some verbs can be either intransitive or fiansitiYe.intransitive'. a student studies.lransitive. a student studies books.

(or pronouns). Examples of nouns: person, place, thing, John, Asia,pen, information, appeqrance, amusement, failure

REVIEWING BASIC GRAMMAR

Subjects, verbs, and obiects

', Find the subject (S), verbs (V) and objec* (O) in the following sentences'

1. Scientists use logics in their works.2. Scientific use of logics works well here.3. She managed to surprise me by her sharp remark.4. To my surprise, she managed to remark sharply.5. Chinese products have swarmed Indonesian mobile phone market'6. A Chinese products the best antlvirus program recently.

The verb 'be'

9!

A sentence with 6e as the main verb has three basic pattems:

In (a)...be + a nounIn (b)...be + an adiectiveIn (c)...b2 + a prepositional phnse

i 0e) {noun)I

I @e) (adjective)I

was at the library.

b, i. "t* "*d as ", auxiliary verb in progressive verb

tenses and

In (d) is = auxiliarv: writing : main verbis wdting a letter.

were listening to some music.letter was written bv Alice.

Tense forms of De

Ihave beenYouhave beenHe, she, it has been

I wqsYortwereHe, she, it was

lamYoro qreHe, she, it

ACADEMIC PURPOSES

III. Adjectives

IV. Adverbs

Exercise 2: Choose the correct word (adjective or adverb) in parentheses.

1. George is a (careless, carelessl) witer. He writes (careless, carelessl).2. Frank asked me an (easy, easfly) question. I atswercd it (easy, easil).3. Sally speaks (soft, softl). She has a (sol, softly) ,toice.4. I entered the classroom (quiet, quietly) because I was late.5 . Ali speaks English very (good, well) . He has very (good, wel[) prontnciation.

(a)o)

Mary is an intelligent shrdentThe hungry children ate fruit.

Adjectives describe nouns. I4 grammar, we say that adjectivesmodi$ nouns. The word modiff means "charge a little."Adjectives give a llitle different meaning to a non: intelligen,student, lazy sndent, good student. Examples of adjectives: young,old, ich, poor, beautiful, red, French, modern).

(c) I was some beautiful pictures.INC O RECT : beautifu ls pictures

An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A final -s is never

added to an adjective.

(a) He walks guiclr/y.(ADVERB)

(b) She opened the door quietly.(ADVERB)

Adverbs modi$r verbs. Often they answer the question "How?"ln (a): How does he walk? Answer Quickly.Adverbs are often formed by adding

-Iy to an adjective.adjective: qafukadverb: quickly

(c) I arn extremely happy(ADVERB) (ADJECTTVE)

Adverbs are also used to modiry adjectives, i.e., to giveinfonnation about adjectives, as in (c).

(d) Am will com tomorrow.(ADVERB)

Adverbs are also used to express time or frequency. Examples:tomorrow, today, yesterday, soon, neyer, usually, always, yet.

MIDSENTENCE ADYERBS(e\ Ann always comes on time.(f) Ann rs a/ruays on time.(g) Arn has always come on time.

(h) Does she always corne on time?

Some adverbs may occur in the middle of a sentence. Midsentenceadverbs bave usual positions; they(1) come in front of simple present and simple past verbs

(except ,z), as in (e)'(2) follow De (simple present and simple past), as in (f);(3) come between a helping verb and a main verb, as in (g).In a question, a midsentence adverb comes directly after thesubject, as in (h).

COMMON MIDSENTENCE ADYERBSEver, always, usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes, occasiondlly, seldom, rarely,Hardly ever, neyer, not ever, already, finally, just, probably

100 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PU

TENSE ETAJTTPI.BS ,II{EANINGSIMPLE PRESENT (a) It srca, h Alaska.(b) I sE cl tetevision evcry day.

In grnenl, &e simple presentexprcsscs cvents or siruedonsth6t drin d&r,aj6, rnully, ln-'biwdl; fiey sxi* nox, havccxistcd in the pasr, and prob-ibly wi[ exi$ h rhe fudrc.

(c) It rndr,rd yestcrdey.(d) I tooocld tclevision last night.,4t one ganbultr titne ifi thc,arr, dds hBppcned. It bcganand cnded in drc prsr.

SIMTLE FUTURE (c) lt rriu mre bmorrow.(f) t oi,, pr&t rchvision toriSht. A, oru,qrtifu titne itt t, fu-

a.rr, thh will hrppen.

AN WERWEW OF ENGLISH VERB TAiTSES

THESIMPI.ETENSES

'Tbc progrcsivc tcnscs rrc dio crllcd thc coBtiDuous tqrrcli Jrtlt rl co*inuotlJ, Fn cntiaww,zrtdlaarzcqqtir$ort.

TIIE PROGBESSIVE TENSESTForm: h + *g @tty;rrtMb)Mcaning: Thc progrcssivc renxa givc the ider lh$ rr .cthtr ii rt rr1r87r$ during a panicul0r timc.

fhe icnsis sry thrt en sction begist beforc, t h pttga$ fuiirrg, and, coatiwts o{ur atothertime or 8c'tion-

PRESEI,IT PROGRESSIVE

o5

(a) He fu rla?ig right now. He went to slcep ar 10:00tonighr. lt is now ll:00and he iB ftill rsleep. Hisslecp bcgan in the prrt, irin grogrxs at rte pfisantrirz?, and probably willcontinuc,

PAST PROGRESSIVE (b) He rrdr-rrr?irrr nhcn'I arrived. He $lnt lo shep rt 10:00lar night. I arrived atI 1 :(D. He was still aslcep.His slecp began bcforcaad sus i, ptogrust a, dWtkulg tirne h th. Pdn,llprobably continued.

FUTI,'RE PROGRESSIVE (c) $c w[lh *qhs wben l,c arivc, Hc will go to sleep ar10:00 tomorrow night. 'l[blvill rrrive at ll:fr). Theaction of sleepinS lflill be-gin before we arrivc and iruill be in Fqres at d Par-titulu dma ia thc fuure.Probably his slcep willcominue.

FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES 101

IilN

TTIEPENFECTTENSES

IHE PENTECT PNOGrcSSWE IENSES

Form: tu'c + putpndigtt

-

Meaning: The perfect rcnses a, grvc the ider rhat one thiog rtalpenr lrc.yhc anothcr dme or event.PRESENIPERFECT (z) I hm akeady utat. I filnfud cling somc-

tintc bcluc noo. Thc ex.act dmc is not impor.ttnt-

PASTPERFECT (b) I lad alrcady aer when rhcy rrrived. First I finishcd eadnc.Latcr they arrived. M-yeatlng was comolctelvfuished bclorc inothirtinu ia fu pulrt.

(c) I orill alrcady lcrr aoar whcn rhey rrive. Firsr I will linish cedng.L.rcr ticy will rtrive.My cating rvill bc com-plcrcly farrr;lud kht ott-lrtrr- dn h h. t;onc.

Form: bn + ba +.hg@rceilrcrtisa!)[rlszning: I]c perfc.ct progresivc rcnscs givc tic id* that one event is hrrogrr$ innediutU befon,q u, uril adw titu or cocru. fu crrxs.r. used to.rpr.siii'#rrIn ;iii; l# ffi;;:PRESEMPERFECTPROGRESSryB

(r) I hw fur ffihqfor two houre. Evcnt in progrcss: studying.Vbct? Belon ,.0u, ui to,tow,How long? For nro hours.

PASTPERTEC-TPROGRESSN'E

O) I lcdb+a $$ert for rwo hoursbeforc my fricnd crmc.

Evenr in progress: srudying.Yhen? Belw anotler wntinh.NtaHon' long! For mo hours.

FUTUREPERTECTPROGRESSIVE

(c) lwill raucbeatrefirqf for rwohours by rhc rime you rnive.

Event in progress: srudying.Vltrea? Beloe anotha ma nrtrfuam.How long? For tno hours.

102 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

-

Exercise

Fill in the blanlrs with the appropiate form ofthe verbs given in the brackets.

I . A student who (suffer)':

from test anxiety (tend)success in school, especially doing well on tests.

. 2. Eleckonic engineers (currently, investigate)

The issue of a second raise in the price of oil (fiercely, be opposed)(officially, be executed)

5. Inflation (cause) commodity prices to rise which (have)

be attacked)usual in their

dimensional television.The Nobel Prize (award) to over 500 scientists.

to worry about

the feasibility. of' three-

before it

intuma

by terrorists,(be trapped)

bad effect on the life ofpeople many of whose income (be) not likely to cope withthese rising prices.

Center (suddenly,When the U.S World Tradehundreds of people (work) offices so that they

inside the building.7. The role of blood clots in heart attack (not, yet, determine)

. But since a clotftlock) ......'..............-......-- blood flow to a part of the heart muscle, thereby killing it, researchershope that removing a clot within the first hour will (resupply) the area withblood.

i' Paleontologists (discover) what they (believe) ....-=._- to be oldest form

, oflife on earth. Life, in the form of bacterial cells, (exist) ..............--......--_ 3.5 billion years ago,

only one billion years after the earth (form) The fossilized bacteria(discover) by examining old sedimentary rocks in Australia. About five1'different forms of bacteria (identifr) tlat are aknost identical to their modern" day cousins. The discovery Oush)

--.=..- back the origiri of life 1.2 billion years earlier', than (previously think)

_

ACADEMIC PURPOSES103

REVIEW OF TENSES

In the following passage, a journalist describes virtual reality (VR) and her experience with it at Cyberthon, atwenty-four-hour marathon computer demonstration.Underline the progressive verbs. Then discuss why the writer uses'thbm in the first paragraph and why sheshifts from simple pas tense verbs to past progressive verbs in the second and third paragraph.

(1) Some architects are using VR (also called "cyberspace", a term coined by writer William Gibson,who dreamed up VR in his novel Neuromance) to show clients what structure will look like before it's built.(2) Doctors are using it to practice surgery without making a single cut. (3) And of course, NASA and theDefense Department (which hope to replace jet pilots with \rR screens) have been following-and funding-VR since its inception.

(a) I waited in line impatient\ for my tum at the Cyberhood, which focuses your eyes on a corryuter-generated 3-D image; you manipulate yourself, or "fly", by gripping a ball to the left ofthe machine. '') Theball, SenseS* President Eric Gullichsen kept repeating to the users, is like your head; think of it as your head.(6) The trouble with this notion is that most people don't yank, twist, twirl, and push their heads, so mostpeople were having trouble with the image: They were flipping it upside down, pulling their head back so farthat the image became tiny and distant, hitting the floor with their wide-open eyeballs.(1 The man in front of me, a shortish, plump guy in a blue shirt and jeans, was muttering to himselfas he yanked his "head". Finally he gave in ind siraightened up. (8) He turned out to be Robin Williams,t*but no one paid much attention in this crowd-the machine were the celebrities.

*SenseS is a virtual rcality company.**A well-known American comedian add actor.

Exercise IDecide whether a simple tense or progressive tense is appropriate for each blank and give the correct.form of the verb in parentheses. The f.rst one has been done for you.

1. Andre (a) (come) comes formBrazil and (b) (be) a native speaker of Portuguese.Cunently he (c) (study) English at the University of Colorado. He (d) (take)

tow courses: composition and American culture.

2. One of my most impofiant in-groups (a) (be) my church group. Right now we (b)(provide) lunches for homeless people in the cily park. Also, some of us (c(tutor) junior high students in math and English for the summer. Others ingroup (d) (spend)We all (e) (feel)

part of the summer doing volunteer work at senior citizen

that we (f) (gain) a great deal ourselves

-1-

participating in these activities.

Next summer our familY (a) (have) a reunion during the July 4m holidayto come, but he (c) (start)

(spend)

My uncle from Finland (b) (try)business this year so it (d) (be) difficult fot him to get awaY.

the whole summer with us' I{e (f) (wotk)

104

mother's travel agency ftom June tkough August'

ENGLISH

4. For many immigrants to the United States, their ethic associations (a) (remain)important in-groups long after they have left their home countries. Even while they (b) (learn)o,&

she

son,,uilt.

utet-The

read.mostio fat

a new language, many (c) (look to)language as an in-group that (d) (understand)oflife-

their struggles to adapt to a new way

(a) By 1851, in a matter ofthree years, there were 25,000 Chinese in Califomia. (b) Fatt Hing was one ofthese25'000. (c) His story is tlpical of the pioneer Chinese, many who came with him ard many who came afterhim (d) As a lad of nineteen, Fatt Hing had already seen and heard and leamed more about the world thanmost ofthe men in his village, who had seldom set foot beyond the nearest towr square. (e) For Fatt Hing wasa fish peddler who went frequently from Toishan to Kwanghai on the coast to buy his fish to sell at the market.(f) Down by the whavers, where the fishing boats came in, Fatt Hing had often seen foreign ships with theirsails fluttering in the wind. (g) He had seen hairy white men on the decks, and he had often wondered anddreamed about the land they came from.(a) The dog has gout more fun out of Man than Man has got out ofthe dog, for the clearly demonstrable reasonthat Man is more laughable ofthe two animals. (b) The dog has long been bemused by the singular activitiesand the curious practices of men, cooking his head inquiringly to one side, intentty watching and listening tothe strangest goings-on in the world. (c) He has seen men sing together and fight one another in the sarneevening. (d) He has watched them go to bed when it is time to get up, and get up when it is time to go bed. (e)He has observed them destroying the so areas, ard nurhring it in smarl patches. (f) He has stood by whilemen built strong and solid houses for rest and quiet, and then filled them with lights and be[s and machinery.s Thurber, Thurber's Dogr

, A co ectiotl of the Masrer's Dogs, wrtfieh and Dlawn, Real atld Imaginary, Living ahd Long Ago, New york,Schuster, 1955.

blank below, choose a simpre present, present perfect, or present perfect progressive verb.one has been done for you.

Alftedo (oin) joined the Friends of the Theatre in his community five years

speakers of their native

ago and (be)one of

underline the prese,tt perfect and past p^erfect verbs in the fotlowing passages. Explain what informationis Trresse! by the perceptive asped fo; these verbs. wilat ur"r-rit"d in Fo"i, 3 are i)pressed? (Aperfect verb can convqt more than one kind of information). The Jirsr has been done as a, eimpt".Example: 1. (dlhad seen. heard. leamed _ past perfect

lnforrnation: descibe even_ts that happen before the moment offocus (Fa Hing atthe age of nineteen) qnd that are relevant to the moment of focus.

an active participant in this group ever since. (2) It (remain)favourite spare time activities even though he (stop trying out for roles in the plays last

because he (be) too busy. (3) As a member, he (help)lhe plays. (4) At times. he llook [or) costumes for the actors. (5) For

's play, he (work)

ACADEMIC PURPOSES

with the props crew to get fumiture and other props for

105

Ix

r

Hfrilii

Exercise 4

choose simple present, present progrcssive, prusent perfect, or present perfect prugressive for eachblank. More than one answer could be cotect; be prepared to explain yourihoiies.-The firsi one hasbeen done for you.

(1) Ines (consider) considefs her neighborhood in East Lost Angeles to be one of her most imporrant

the stage sets. (6) He (find)(make) a fueplace.business to advertise in the playbills.

in-groups. (2) She (live)

(4) Mr. Hemandez, who (live)that he (tive)everyone (call)(6) Mrs. Chavez (claim)Ines (watch)

ar antique desk to use for one of the sets, and he also(7) Most rccently, he (try)

_

to get more

almost everyone in it. (3)this neighborhood since birth, and she (know)

Most of the people in the neighborhood fte)from Mexico, but some (be) ftom Central American countries.

next door to Ines, always (insist)the longest time in the neighborhood. (5) However, Mrs. Chavez, whom

"Tia," usually (tell) him to stop spreading tales.that sle (be) around longer than anyone. (7)

many of the childrcn younger than herself grow up, an she often (think)that is. (8) Just as her older neighbors (do)

_

for her, she now (help)her younger neighbors keep out oftrouble and (give) them advice.

106 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

T,3IilGTIIE PIIS!ilI'E

ACT^.E: (e) "L .i" *L.

nrsrvr: GtrtcL -i+, ,r*ry.

Foro ottlc porirt: !r + ,{g,n,,ri,ic,.Il rb gcsir:, ft olf,rr of ea ectirc vcrb 6c.or6frdicof rtcfEi,rc rcrt: ,.rbc boy,'in (r) b+:99.r. lbc obiccr of rhc persiw icrt iir'Oj.(r)anlG)t.t36. remiq.

AGTIVE: (c) l, rtidGdft-d.D$SPE: (O (ri) Olbrruddr rtrbr (rt b. ttrr uc folloy,.d b,

.! d*xr) c ud b te perdw. ft b mr pmUiro E_ lrqt

-EGh rr 1414 rrrit, o;., rldr.EE!-uddr! wrt!) ia rhc pr:rivc. (Src ApFrdix I, Cbrn Al.)

nsllvEhit it

far Daet!!at

mhirhdb.isiBD.

irfoirr ro D,lrlr?b.b

t 4lr ptwgt','lialrolr,si0FrsiltdfutWWpatpogr.,Jli*Ftieafrdrteblletheirybfravr.?afn

ACIIYIMrry r4FMlry &&Mrry f.! f.t dMery f.btdMery m lcpil3Merv ldtrrbdMrry zraOlcbMtry nfDfo,b A..t

rry sdf &uc tclfd

,ohtrJohnJonD,otaJohtr,ohtrlohnJohn,ohn

htn.Joh.John.John.John.Iohr.lsln.Io,hrr.John.

by MerV.by Men:h,Irkn.bt'jlhr!.b1'lflrrl'.by ilarl:b.\'Itar-y.by Irle4'.h'Itarv.

ThePosstve

ftf*-ta ,-.. of rtc arrcar pcrfc

:'(

III{DITEGT OB'EGTS AS PASSIVE SI.]E'ECTS

u). D.o.(a) Somconcgrvc ilir.Ia rn rwrrd.(b) l&r. L., s.s giY.n rn tst'd.(c) Somcone grvc cr esd to Mrs. Lcc.(d) ft cead was givcn ro Mn, Lec,

I.O, . indireq obicct, D.O. - dirtcr obiccr.Either rn indiiccr obicct or i dircc obiccr may be.comc thc subiecr of a parsivc scnr.occ.(r), (b), (c), ind (d) hrve thc same meaning.Noac in (d): \FlBn Ui direcr obiccr bccomts rhc sub-icr, b is usurlly u!.d in fronr of the indirect obiccr.r

fic omisrioa of r ic Ulorc coonon ia Eritirh Englith rtt! Arrcricrr Eo Blhht A, or,,{f {.uq tiq,, Nn. t2..

Exercise

Change the following sentences from active to passive.

Beavers use trees to build dams.1.

2. The supervisor ignored the employees' request for a raise in salary.

3 . The students have taken two quizzes since the beginning of this term.

4. The oflice manager will make an announcement about sick leave next week.

5. The patient must send the medical insurance forms to the insurance company.

6. People check the machinery five times before they put it in a box for shipping.

7. The school gave scholarships to many students from low-income families.

8. Hey! The police are towing your car!

9. The museum gave the old book to the university.

10. Someone is going to cut down the weeds on the hill tomorrow.

108 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Add the correct form ofthe passive auxiliary De to the following sentences.l.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

AluminumThe first locomotivesHundreds ofpeopleA lot ofcoffeeThe solar system

The brain chemical that regulates growthThe next space moduleThe pores in a leafMicrocomputersA pound of potatoes

OF ACTIVE-PASSIVE

produced from bauxite.powered by

.stearnkilled because of storms this winter.

grown in South America.formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.

recently synthesized.sent to Venus.

called stomata-

used more and more in the futrre.needed for the experiment.

this excerpt from an introductory sociologye constructions that you frnd. With a partnei,

-textbook. Choose one paragraph, and underline all thedecide wby the author chose to use passive constructions-

INTRODUCTION(r) In most societies, certain social minorities are sometimes discriminated against bysociety as a whole. (2) Discriminat:

c,rtr.rar background, ,;;;';'.#:,'"T"J.:"":Th"J?:[*:fl:ir;uffif ii'l*;,r;"i:'' Such groups are sometimes denied basic ,icil, l;c;ffi;,;.;ionr, o, u"".r. ro rhe samefacilities as rhe general pubric. or rn ,,*i -.o.i"',ilr.''ii'ffiii"i* is stowry beingeliminated-at least in termi of regal and e;""*""t"I pir;;'6i'sut these have nor comequick and easilv.

{6) The ilnited States. for example, has made a great deal of progress in eliminatingdiscrimination against some of its .o"iut -iro.iti.r. ,a iri"*rv

", the r950s bracks and

.*iit"..u.g.o9l allowed to get ma'ied i, -ury-."*tfr"_';#l 6iil;;;";::Ji;lseparate drinking fountains, rest rooms, and even schools anJ rit*.i"r.-irl ;;;";;;';result of active protest and nolitical demonshatr, r""i". airi*"i."t ry laws are changed,and segregation based on race is no longer permitted.") But other groups have beenless successful. (u) Women have mdde marry gains in

H:i:fl,i?;:.;t;::l:r,:::,'11,,0,r0.,:.: *g .;;l r".'ll"',"i"" n.a, orwork. (,2) Gay

CHAPTER 3: SOCIAL MINOR|T|ES aruO O|SCR[vrtNenou

people still face enormoui lesal anin the armv nr inin ^,_.-;--i- ,,j1T:t{ dtu:d.ination.

(ts)They are not allowed toin the army- or join organizattn Lk" tlr" Bti;";;;;;.n_y;,#J;#:ffi:'.;::Tff

iSTJ:I-lf.:Tt!I"..^l"T of their sexual Lrient;ii;;.',iffiG;not have the same kindof legal protection for familv relarionrfrip. uoa p.p.rty ,fr"rri?rlJ, if ,f," society takes forf,T;:*,(]]",::S::1I^,.*:-"!il&* "i,"y r.6*i",i".",,;lp;;;., or deny inheritanceights to,lifelong partners when one partner iies. -._."-^*^ v."v'ue' vr uvu,,ursrrlduue,,, ,"'"",S""";1j:f-P::1^Tll:Ti:. l, fte united states seem to be improving although itbe a long time before social attitudes

""t"h;;;th;il;;;;;;ffiffi:#;il-,i',Xprotections.

ACADEMIC PURPOSES109

Exercise 1

Decide wheth* active or passive forms should be used in these sentences , and write the conect form in theblank There are more than one correct choice.

(begih) about 2900 B.C. The GreatThe age of pyramid building in Eg)"t (l)prramids (2) (intend) to serve as burial places for the Pharaohs, as tle kings of Egypt(3) (call). Consfuction on the largest pyramid (4) (start)around 2800 B.C. for Khufu, the King ofthe Fourth Dynasty, or Cheops, as he(refer to) by Greek historians. It (6)

_

(be) 482 feet high and 755 feet long. The Pyramids as agroup (7) (comprise) one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The other SixWonders no longer (8) (stand), and modem archaeologists (9)(know) of them only through the descriptions that (10) (write) at the time they still(11) (exist).

Exercise 2

Change the following active sentences into passive.

1. The World Bank provides easy loans to developing countries in need of firnds for economic

development.

Producers have to improve the quality ofgoods for exports in order to penetrate increasingly

competitive world markets.

Bank Prima has to provide a larger parking site for the gtowing number of customers.

The value oftextile exports dropped significantly last year because certain buying countries had

implemented quota systems.

5.

6.

7.

The govemment officials are examining the project proposals before they select a particularcontractor.

We need to manage companies professionally as poor management may create big problems.

The Indonesian Hotel Association has developed a new, advance reservation system to accommodate

the increasing number of tourists, and the hotel will implement it early next year.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

3.

4.

110

8. Our company is intensiffing quality control to meet increasingly tough competition in the globalmarket.

Some rivers are badly polluted because the governmeit fias not taken strict measures againstfactories dumping unprocessed wastes into rivers.

Last year Australia and Indonesia signed a memorandum of cooperation after they recordqd 59 casesrelated to violations of air traffic regulation.

The Senior researcher has to make a slight adjusfinent to the data before the computer can processthem.

The managers are analyzing all of the data before they can submit a proposal for business expansion.

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