EVOLUTION

Movement of our Continents1.) CLIMATE2.) Species can move-Adaptation3.) Natural Disasters-Mass Extinction

Leads to the theory of evolution!Speciation= new species-members are isolated and adapted, so they can no longer produce offspring.

Geographical Isolation Reproductive Isolation

http://news.discovery.com/dinosaurs/frilly-horned-dinosaur-utah.html

Evolutionary Convergence- describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages

Evolutionary Divergence-is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species adapting to different environments, leading to natural selection defining the success of specific mutations.

Microevolution VS. Macroevolution

Analogous -similar in features and function-not in structure (wings: bird vs. insect)Homologous-two anatomical or behavior which originated from a structure of a common ancestor .

NATURAL SELECTION VS. ARTIFICAL SELECTIONbetter survival traits will become Human perferred Traits more prevalant in future populations. 1.) Genetic Engineering1.) Genetic Variablity 2.) Recombinant DNA2.) Heritable GMO’s/Transgenic 3.) Differential Reproduction

- CO-EVOLUTION- Hybridization

Genetic DriftLeads to the change in allele frequencies

Genotypes/Phenotypes/Gene PoolHardy–Weinberg law : states that both allele

and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant—that is, they are in equilibrium—from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced. Non-random matingMutationsLimited population sizeRandom Genetic Drift (migration/emigration)

Species Richness

Shannon Index-species equation

used to indicate the number of

species and the evenness of space

Peppered Moth-Pre industrial revolution (white) Post (black)

Adapt, Migrate, or Extinction!About 99.9% of all species are extinctEndemic Species-found in one area

Background Extinction: Disappearance ata low rate

Mass Extinction (Depletion): Catastrophe

*Speciation-Extinction=Biodiverstiy

Holocene Extinction-HumansHIPPO

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