movement activity and strategic design study for istanbul's

Movement Activity and Strategic Design Study for Istanbuls HistoricalGalata District

Ayse Sema Kubat, Ozhan Ertekin, Engin Eyuboglu, Ozlem OzerIstanbul Technical University, Turkey

[email protected]

Abstract

This study is based on a research project on the field of urban regeneration of the oldhistorical region of Istanbul named Galata, where the Golden Horn meets the Bosphorus.The district, which is accepted as a part of the worlds cultural heritage, has a historybearing the architectural, cultural and religious traces of Genovese, Byzantine and Ot-toman civilizations. In spite of the active pattern in the south and in the north, Galatais a blighted area stuck between these regions. Although Galata has to play a significantrole by both its location in Istanbul and its history, the area has been losing its valuerapidly. The area is continuously destroyed because of the lack of care and also due tousers damage. There is a need for new researches and proposals in order to find out thereasons for the physical and social collapse of the region.

The study has adopted the basic concepts and methods of Space Syntax to develop aregeneration strategy for Galata by:

Objectively analyzing the urban form of Galata and measuring levels of spatialintegration within the local and wider urban context,

Gathering objective data on peoples activities, especially the patterns of everydaypedestrian movement and space use,

Analyzing the relation between urban form and the pattern of movement and spaceuse,

Studying the patterns of land use and building use in the historic core of Galata, Generating strategic design proposals, which enhance the physical connections with

the surroundings and integrate people with new and existing facilities,

Accessing the likely effects of design proposals on pedestrian activity, and the likelyeffects of this on the wider process of regeneration.

Through an objective assessment of the problems and constraints of the historic corethe Space Syntax study has identified possible physical design solutions, which couldenhance the functioning of the historic, and decrease its isolation from the rest of the towncenter. The fundamental aim in these proposals is to turn what is currently an unpleasant,derelict area to a new active zone without losing its historical character. Thus the historiccore of Galata would have a better opportunity of attracting activity, investment andsocio-economic gain. In return, the historic core would provide a key attraction and afocal point of heritage and identity within Galata, which would consequently influenceother parts of the town center and benefit the wider Istanbul context.

Its believed that this project will contribute modern trends and draw lessons for futurepolicy and practice.

566 A. S. Kubat, O. Ertekin, E. Eyuboglu, O. Ozer.

Figure 281: Arial view of Galata.

1. Introduction

Ferryboats sail to and from the ports around and under the Galata Bridge, connectingthe center of the city to its maritime suburbs on the Bosphorus and Mediterranean. Astream of pedestrian and vehicular traffic pours across the Galata Bridge and along thehighways that parallels the right and left banks of the Golden Horn (Figure 281).

However, instead of being a focus for pedestrian activity in the area, the spaces in theGalata area are largely empty for most of the day, thus creating the area dangerous forpedestrians. As a consequence, business, shopping and entertainment activities facing thestreets of the area have had difficulty in trading which do not seem from their centrallocation. Despite the lively neighborhood, Galata remains disjointed and rigidly separatedaccording to the land-use, and this historical site of Istanbul is in the process of deteriora-tion. It is exactly this imbalance between the neighboring areas that the Space Syntaxstudy has aimed to redress. This study is supported by the Greater City Municipality ofIstanbul and Urban & Environmental Planning & Research Center of Istanbul TechnicalUniversity. The project group, Dr. Kayvan Karimi and Tim Stonor as consultants of SpaceSyntax Ltd. and Space Syntax laboratory of UCL, are commissioned to undertake a SpaceSyntax study of urban form and pedestrian activity and to develop planning and designproposals for Galata.

Movement Activity and Strategic Design Study for IstanbulsHistorical Galata District 567

2. Aim

The fundamental aim of the project that is subject to this paper is rehabilitation andtransformation of the historic Galata which is a part of Istanbuls CBD, while providinga proper relationship of spatial layout and structural network within the metropolitancity. Following matters are taken into consideration to benefit from a model that explainshuman settlements through human behavior:

To turn what is currently an unpleasant, derelict area to a new active zone withoutlosing its historical character and making the historical Galata a part of the activitycenter, as well a live center;

Integrating Galata with the spatial structure of the whole city and increasing itsrelations with the other parts of the city, especially with the larger city centers suchas Besiktas, Taksim, Sisli and so on;

To increase vitality and to create an economically productive historic core withoutharming the traditional character of the city;

To turn out the north-south link to a well-used route between the Beyoglu - Peraand Karakoy waterfront area;

To recreate and strengthen a continuance of Istiklal Street between Galata Squareand Galata Bridge;

To give new functions to the main street lined with historical facades, namely Hen-dek Street which is opening to a piazza where Galata tower, is located;

To create a pedestrian link between the underground station and the Galata Tower,which is one of the landmarks of Istanbul

To prepare a renewal project for creating attractiveness in the site by using thehistorical features of Galata.

3. Study area

Throughout history, Galata bridges have always connected the two shores of the GoldenHorn. Galata is 1300m from Taksim Square, which is accepted as the center of Beyogluand Pera, and also the hub of the modern town. Thus Galata Bridge plays an importantrole by connecting old Istanbul (Eminonu District) to the new (Karakoy and Beyogludistricts). Karakoy Port is connected to the Tunel Square by an underground rail system,which is one of the oldest in the world. At one end of the Galata Bridge there is Eminonu,which is the focal point of Istanbuls colorful daily life and at the other end Karakoy,which is popular because of commercial and banking facilities. The main street lined withhistorical facades, namely Hendek Street is opening to a piazza where Galata Tower islocated. The Galata Tower is one of the landmarks that were built by the Genoese in 1348and the apex of the Genovese fortifications of medieval Galata.


4. Methodology

The movement patterns of the historical Galata region of Istanbul, which has been shapedunder various cultures, and which is still the commercial core of Istanbul, will be definedthrough the method of space syntax, which analyses the global forms of the settlementsby mathematical interpretations.

Space Syntax is a technique that can be used for morphological analyses of buildings,architectural plans, urban areas and urban plans. Space syntax is also one of the fewtheories which allow us to understand how culture and society are embedded in the specificrelational patterns constituting architecture, urban design and urban planning.

The Space Syntax study of Galatas historic core has generated a multi-level, electronicdatabase of urban form and function, containing: axial maps, spatial integration andmovement pattern.

5. Analysis

5.1. Spatial Maps

Besides historical documents, the traditional surveys for analyzing the project area areprepared. These surveys have been complemented by preparing a spatial model of Galataexplaining the existing structure. These syntactic maps can give some idea on the accessi-bility of pedestrian linkages through the area. This work on syntactic analyses has shownthat; Voyvoda and Kemeralti streets are the most spatially integrated lines in historicalGalata, and Hendek Street is the next most integrated street.

When Taksim square is included in the analyses; Istiklal Street, which is the busieststreet, is defined as the most spatially integrated lines. The effects of pedestrian movementsin Persembe Pazari, on Bankalar Street and on the Karakoy port are not defined asintegrated spaces on this map.

The streets and spaces, which are close to the Karakoy, Eminonu ports and the GalataBridge, are explained as the focus of the activity areas, which define the actual situationof the site. The spine of Beyoglu-Pera district, Istiklal Street, which is a pedestrian strip,is defined as the next most integrated lines.

5.2. Pedestrian Movement Analyses

The first stage of the study is concentrated on the observations of how people and vehiclesare flowing through the Galata area at present. This has been done by counting flow ratesat numerous locations in and around Galata; tracking pedestrian routes across the areaand recording local land use patterns. A survey of pedestrian activity has been carriedout both in weekday and weekends for five different categories of people (adult men, adultwomen, elderly, teenagers, and children). Pedestrian movement levels were recorded at 263locations on eight different regions due to the functions. The observations were carriedout on 29 May 2003 and on 31 May 2003. Each location was observed from 08:00 to 20:00.

Some significant findings are:

1. The study area is a man-dominant area (about half of the overall movement isgenerated by men). This becomes more evident on weekday.

2. There are more than 1.500.000 people in the area during the day (weekday). Thenumber is about 1.100.000 on weekend.


3. The max. movement is in the afternoon both on weekday and weekend.

5.3. Pedestrian Activity Schemas

In order to have an opinion of the most commonly used routes, pedestrians have been fol-lowed and their routes have been recorded. The pedestrians are recorded in two categories:inhabitants and tourists.

Relations between Pedestrian Movement and the Spatial Configuration are examined inorder to understand the actual movement potentials of the site and also to test the designproposal. Although the movement analyses have covered most street segments in the studyarea, these records give only the number of pedestrians; they dont give any informationabout the routes of the movement. In order to get this information, pedestrian trackingstudy has been carried out. The routes of the pedestrians who have entered the area fromspecific gates like port, subway or bus station have been recorded on the base map of thearea. Analyzing followings do not only test the results of the movement analyses, but theyalso give an idea about which side of a walkway is used more frequently. The observationsallow us to classify the results according to gender and time period.

The pattern that is generated by the inhabitants is found very similar with the patternof the spatial integration analyses (Figure 282). The intense movement pattern on Istik-lal Street, Kadikoy Port, Bankalar Street, hardware stores region, Kemeralti Street andSishane Square clearly designates this similarity. There are also differences such as themovement on Yolcuzade Iskender Street and on Mesrutiyet Street. This situation reflectsthe effect of the land uses on the movement activities.

The movement pattern of the tourists is different then the inhabitants and the move-ment pattern is also independent from the land uses of the site (Figure 283). The beginningand ending points of their routes are the places, which are more attractive for the tourists,such as Istiklal Street, Eminonu region or Galata Tower. Even though there is a north-south movement in the area, the movement generally stems from Istiklal Street. There aretwo common routes; 1. Taksim - Galata Tower and its surroundings - Taksim; 2. Eminonu- Galata Tower and its surroundings - Eminonu.

5.4. Relations between Pedestrian Movement and the Spatial Configuration

In this study, the area was examined in 7 different regions, which were determined accord-ing to their functions.

Even though the study area is stinted with Galata Tower, its surroundings andHendek Street; in order to analyze the effects of the movement patterns on thearea, spatial integration analyses of Whole Galata, Taksim+Tarlabasi+Galata, Tak-sim+Tarlabasi+Galata+Eminonu and Taksim+Tarlabasi+Galata+Historical Peninsula,have been made.

But, only the data of the analysis that comprehends Galata area and Tak-sim+Tarlabasi+Galata area have been used to study the relation between the spatialintegration values and the current movement levels. The data of 165 street segments havebeen used. In calculating this correlation, when the correlation number was lower thandesired, its reasons have been analyzed with the results of the regression analyses, then astatistical method that depends on ignoring the values that are out of the min. and max.limits (standard deviation), has been carried out.


Figure 282: Pedestrian Activity Schemas for inhabitants

Figure 283: Pedestrian Activity Schemas for tourists


5.5. Results of the Analyses

As a result of the analyses these basic remarks can be pointed out:

In historical periods there were strong connections between Galata Square and theports, which can also be seen in historical maps. Currently, these links have beendisappeared.

The center of activity has shifted from the historical core of Galata, towards IstiklalStreet in the north and Karakoy Port in the south.

The streets where mostly commercial and finance functions are located, are definedto have the highest spatial integration values in the area. Hendek Street, which hasoffices and service function on the ground floors and mostly residential use on upperfloors, is secondary when it is evaluated with the movement it attracts.

The movement pattern of Galata is so weak that it nearly separates the Karakoyand Istiklal Street regions

In Galata region, especially on and around Hendek Street the levels of movementare very low.

Although Galata is near the areas that have banking, office, service, retail functionsand the seashore, it is very segregated from those areas, in means of both visual andphysical contact.

The movement in Galata region mostly depends on daily trips in the areas whereretail and finance functions are located.

On weekday there is a noticeably high pedestrian movement that stems from exper-tise, (e.g., lighting accessories stores).

Significant design decisions should be made in order to attract movement towardsGalata region (from Istiklal and Galip Dede streets).

Although the movement rates that have been generated by the Karakoy Port arevery high, the spatial model of the port area seems to be weak to carry that muchmovement. So, it can be said that the location of the Karakoy Port is wrong and anew port area needs to be designed with sufficient capacity to collect and distributethe pedestrian movement.

Geometrical arrangements about existing vehicle+pedestrian axes that lead toKarakoy Square should be made, in favor of pedestrians.

According to the observations, Galip Dede and Yuksek Kaldirim streets, which con-nect Istiklal Street and Karakoy Square, have high movement levels both on weekdayand on weekend. This shows that, these streets have great importance as being aspine in the area. This feature, which hadnt been determined in the spatial inte-gration analyses, is a sufficient reason to make significant design decisions to linkIstiklal Street and Karakoy Square efficiently.


6. Design Approaches towards a Spatial Regeneration Process and Evaluation

6.1. The Application of Space Syntax on the Design Proposal

Analysis of the pedestrian route system through the Galata larger area highlighted animbalance between the northern and southern parts of Galata. The different aspects ofthe Space Syntax analyses of the existing structure have shown that the historical Galatais not working together with Karakoy and Beyoglu districts. The following strategic andspatial problems have been identified with regard to the historical core:

The historical Galata is metrically close to the current live center of Istanbul, but itis isolated in terms of spatial configuration.

None of the major streams of movement penetrate into the historical core, The historical core is visible but not accessible from the active parts of the town, The visual and physical linkages between the Galata historic area and the neighbor-

ing areas, especially the entrance on the Karakoy ports, are very poor,

There is no major attraction to the northern end of the historical Galata to providedestination for people from either the retail-led live strip (Istiklal Street) or theKarakoy ports and the parks at the seaside.

In the vehicular roads around the historical Galata, pedestrian crossings have beenpoorly located and designed,

There is a high rate of vacancy inside the historical core. In addition, the retailactivity (or other activity) is not active inside the Historical Galata.

6.2. Assessment of Design Proposals

One of the key merits of Space Syntax analyses is its ability to analyze design proposalsand objectively assess them by measuring the likely effects of spatial changes on social,economic and environmental activity.

A strategic design framework has been developed for the historic Galata, old core ofIstanbul, which includes ideas for each of the two pedestrian axes of development butfocuses principally on the key problematic points listed above.

In this section some of the Space Syntax design proposals are analyzed and comparedwith the existing situation in Galata. Space Syntax measures of spatial integration areused to measure the degree of change that our proposal creates in different scales (Figures284-287). The changes have been described in terms of percentage gains when comparedto existing measures of spatial integration. These percentages signify gains in pedestrianmovement potentials.

Four design ideas have been chosen for this study; 1) creation of a new link betweenGalata and Karakoy ports, 2) transformation of the Hendek street and connecting it to thewestern border of the area, namely to the Kasimpasa district, 3) opening up the easternend of the Hendek street and linking it to the Yuksek Kaldirim street which also enablesthe connection to the Karakoy, and 4) creation of a new link on the northern side andbetween Sishane Square and Istiklal Street through Tunel Square.

The results of the syntactic analyses suggest that, four of these design ideas complementeach other and need to be implemented in tandem.


Figure 284: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata (Local)

Figure 285: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata - Taksim (Local)


Figure 286: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata - Taksim - Eminonu (Local)

Figure 287: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata - Taksim - Eminonu - Fatih (Local)


7. Conclusion: Final Decisions on the Regeneration, Transformation and De-sign Framework for Galata District

Space syntax has evolved a spatial redevelopment plan for Galatas historical core whichaims to create a larger and unified live center by improving physical connections betweenthe two important parts of Istanbuls town center. It uses the spatial potentials of eacharea to positively influence the rest of the town center. This strategic plan is based on thefollowing principles under these headings;

Transportation Land-use and transformation Significant design solutionsBy achieving these principles a larger live center is created for Galata, which in-

corporates all major zones of activity. The historic core becomes an integrated part ofthis new live center, with a better chance of being used, enhanced and regenerated. Awell-used, safe and pleasant historic core would not only create an essential attraction forthe whole of the city center, but also enhances the social and economic status of the townas a whole.

7.1. Transportation

Transport connections within the Galata area have been analyzed in terms of the likelyeffect they will have on pedestrian activity patterns. Thus the two pedestrian axes arecreated; one connecting Galata tower to the underground station and to the Kasimpasamix-uses zone (Hendek Street); the other connecting Istiklal Street - the commercial stripto the Karakoy square and to the ports (Galip Dede and Yuksek Kaldirim Streets). YuksekKaldirim Street is proposed to be pedestrian. The Galata Square with its tower is inthe intersection point of these two pedestrian main axes. The extension of the Hendekpedestrian street creates a link between Galata tower and the Kasimpasa zone of mixedactivities.

To ensure the sufficient number of pedestrians for the live historical core, the trans-portation facilities below are created;

The area can easily be accessed by all means of transport.The various public transport nodes are well connected to each other and to the Galata

area as a whole.The transport roads and the car parks are located around Galata in a balanced manner.

7.2. Land-use and transformation

The spatial configuration and land uses of the proposed scheme work hand in hand tocreate a locally distinctive but globally integrated and accessible development, with conse-quent social and economic benefits. The distribution of land-uses within the site addressesthe anticipated activity patterns derived from the model, so that pedestrian-sensitive,live uses (such as retail, catering and local services) line the most accessible routes. TheHendek Street with a higher potential to attract pedestrian movement is lined with liveuses for the most parts, which works well with its spatial role. This land-use distribution isbeneficial for those occupying the ground floor units and for pedestrians passing through


and using the area. On the other hand residential uses are located in the upper levels ofthe buildings or in the areas with lower integration values and, therefore, lower potentialsto attract through movement. Following this same strategy, the proposed special devel-opment project zones and the mix land-use zones are located in the close neighboring ofthe Galata core, to support and utilize the anticipated high levels of activity there.

The waterfront area is transformed into a pedestrian-friendly, well used urban spaceenriched with green areas, cultural activities, and linked with the Galata Port Project onthe east and Persembe Pazari project on the east of the seaside zone. It is also proposedto create visual and physical pedestrian links in between the seaside and the core ofthe Galata. Enhancing the north-south links between the Galata core and the seasidedevelopment area as well as enhancing the existing link from Galata to the commercialstrip namely Istiklal Street will be essential as this enhancement and will also encouragepeople using the ports to enter and navigate the historical core.

7.3. Significant design solutions

7.3.1. A bridge from Tunel to Sishane

The existing bridge connection from Tunel Square to historical Municipality building canbe used as an entrance to the Sishane Square. This can be created by converting andredesigning the old Municipality building to socio-cultural activity. This can be anotheralternative for the high pedestrian flows of Istiklal Street to reach the Hendek Street.

7.3.2. A proposal for the link between Galata Square and Yuksek Kaldirim Street, openinga window from Galata to Karakoy

An important new link from Hendek Street to the Yuksek Kaldirim Street is createddespite of their height differences. This new link aims to construct an internal spine forthe Galata core area and reintegrate it to the existing center of activity. The alignmentof the new link with the Galata Square enables it to benefit from the existing high levelsof pedestrian movements there. The development of this new link however, has to beaccompanied by the development of a new cultural, social, tourism, and leisure activityzone in order to create an attraction pole at this location. The pedestrianised YuksekKaldirim street and the Karakoy port in its extension is a potential which will providethe main pedestrian flow of such a destination.

The central element of the design proposals is the extension of the Hendek Street,both to the north and south, to create a new pedestrian route between Kasimpasa zoneto the Yuksek Kaldirim Street. The creation of this link involves a number of carefulphysical transformations, which require further analysis. These changes, however, are closeto conservative surgery of the historical core than radical transformation of the urbanfabric. The idea here is to gain maximum benefit from a minimal change.

The optimal alignment of Hendek Street has been established and tested using thefindings of Space Syntax study. This alignment creates a direct line of sight and accessfrom Hendek Street to the Yuksek Kaldirim Street (Figure 288). The Kasimpasa zone, theunderground station, Yuksek Kaldirim and the ports are all connected by this alignment.

A considerable design approach is proposed by opening up the ground floor of thebuilding/s or the urban fabric and transforming it to a public passageway (Figure ??).This design appears in principal to resolve the problem of access without damaging thestructure or the facade of the listed buildings. Further architectural work is required for


Figure 288: LEFT: Connection between Hendek Street - Galata Square and YuksekKaldirim Street. RIGHT: A Passage from Galata to Karakoy

this link as there is a considerable height differences between the Galata Square and theYuksek Kaldirim Street. An elevator or ramps on the intersection of these two streets(namely Hendek and Yuksek Kaldirim) can be proposed.

7.3.3. Design of the Galata Square as a major public square

The main public space of Galata; with its tower which is the apex of the Genoese forti-fication of medieval Galata, is located at one end of the Hendek street, responds to thepreviously discussed issue of pedestrian orientation and navigation by integrating thisspace within the network of key public spaces.

It is known that, the quality of the public spaces and squares reflect the success ofthe urban centers. The degree, to which spaces are both well used and pleasant, is largelyinfluenced by their location within the pedestrian movement network.

7.3.4. Gates for Galata

Attractive gates are proposed to create the accessibility for the site.Gate1, is for the pedestrians entering historical Galata from Metro stations and Sishane

Square which is on the axis of Hendek Street and gives a visual contact with Galata Tower.Gate 2, is the entrance from Tunel Square which is the end of Istiklal Street.Gate 3, is especially for the pedestrians using Karakoy Square.Gate 4, is for the people approaching to Galata by sea ways.

8. Concluding Remarks

Galata is at a very important stage in its historic development. Besides the historicallandscape, which should be preserved, various number and scale of development projectssuch as Galata Dock Project and urban design projects for the waterfront area orother large-scale development projects, should be encouraged for its successful socialand economic performance.


The critical economic mass of leisure and retailing must be brought together in away as to generate parallel social gains, thus Galata as a part of Istanbuls city centerand is not just retail and touristy market, but also a place of social and civic importance.Galata requires a carefully planned framework of public spaces and pedestrian connections,together forming the public realm of the historical center of Istanbul. If this essentialinfrastructure is not provided new developments it will risk turning their backs on eachother and acting as stand-alone facilities. To handle the strategy properly, the synergybetween individual projects is created, and people are allowed to flow easily betweenthem. In other words, to handle public realm properly, rich pedestrian connections arecreated in Galata, more inter-accessibility is allowed and thus the risk of social stagnationis removed.

In conclusion, we are convinced from our analyses that Galata has much significantpotential to be sensitively developed as a place that is people-focused, connected, inclusiveand integrated, and that can radically enhance the social, economic and environmentalquality of the wider Istanbul metropolitan area. This can be achieved through a coordi-nated implementation of an agreed planning policy, based on an integrated spatial masterplan, the basis of which outlined briefly in this paper.

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