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10/17/2011 1 2 Lecture Motivation, Leadership, Team and Team work What is Motivation? 1-2

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10/17/2011

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2Lecture

Motivation,Leadership,Team and Team work

What is Motivation?

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10/17/2011

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What is Motivation?

• Motivation

– Motivation is a human psychological characteristic that contributes to a person’s degree of commitment.

• Motivation in management

– Motivating is a management process of influencing other people’s behavior based on the knowledge of “what makes people tick”

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Common assumptions about Motivation?

• Motivation is commonly assumed to be a good thing.

• Motivation is in short supply and it need of periodic replenishment

• Motivation is a tool with which managers can design job relations in an organization

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Reflex

Influenceable zone

Habits

Early views of motivation?

• The Traditional model

– is associated with Fredrich Taylor. Here manager determine the most efficient way to perform a task and then motivate the worker with a system of wage incentives.

– The underlying assumption is that, managers understand the work better than the worker who are actually lazy and can be motivated only by money.

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Early views of motivation

• The Human Relations Model

– They found that the boredom and repetition of a task actually reduce motivation. While social contacts help to create and sustain motivation.

– The underlying assumption is that, managers can motivate workers by acknowledging their social needs and by making them feel important and useful.

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Early views of motivation

• The Human Relations Model

– They found that the boredom and repetition of a task actually reduce motivation. While social contacts help to create and sustain motivation.

– The underlying assumption is that, managers can motivate workers by acknowledging their social needs and by making them feel important and useful.

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Early views of motivation

• Human Resource Model

– Associated with Doglas McGregor.

– The underlying assumption is that, in modernindustrial life, to take advantage of the employee’sinnate willingness and ability to work, managersshould provide a climate that gives employeescope for personal improvement.

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Maslow’s need theory

• Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep, etc.

• Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.

• Social needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.

• Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.

• Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences

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Maslow’s need theory

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ERG theory

• The letters ERG stand for three levels of needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.

• Similarities to Maslow's Hierarchy• Like Maslow's model, the ERG theory is hierarchical -

existence needs have priority over relatedness needs, which have priority over growth.

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ERG theory

• Differences from Maslow's Hierarchy – Unlike Maslow's hierarchy, the ERG theory allows

for different levels of needs to be pursued simultaneously.

– The ERG theory allows the order of the needs be different for different people.

– The ERG theory acknowledges that if a higher level need remains unfulfilled, the person may regress to lower level needs that appear easier to satisfy.

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The two factor theory

Fredrich Herzberg and his associates conducted a study if thejob attitude of 200 engineers and accountants.

• The hygiene factors do little contribution toprovide job satisfaction. He called them"dissatisfiers' as their absence causedissatisfaction but their presence is not motivatingbut only prevent dissatisfaction.

• Motivating factors act as forces of job satisfaction.They create positive and a longer lasting effect onemployee’s performance and are related to workitself.

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The two factor theory

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The two factor theory

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Equity Theory

• People develop beliefs about what is a fair reward for one’ job contribution - an exchange

• People compare their exchanges with their employer to exchanges with others-insiders and outsiders called referents

• If an employee believes his treatment is inequitable, compared to others, he or she will be motivated to do something about it --that is, seek justice.

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Equity Theory

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Reinforcement Theory(B. F. Skinner)

• Reinforcement theory is the process of shapingbehavior by controlling the consequences of thebehavior. In reinforcement theory a combination ofrewards and/or punishments is used to reinforcedesired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior.

– Positive Reinforcement

– Negative Reinforcement

– Punishment

– Extinction

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Reinforcement Theory(B. F. Skinner)

• Positive Reinforcement

– results when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequence has theeffect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated.

• Negative reinforcement

– results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld, with theeffect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated.

• Punishment

– Punishment is the administration of an undesirable behavioralconsequence in order to reduce the occurrence of the unwanted behavior.

• Extinction

– The process of extinction begins when a valued behavioral consequence iswithheld in order to decrease the probability that a learned behavior willcontinue.

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Expectancy theory of motivation

• When deciding among behavioral options, individuals select the option with the greatest motivation forces (MF).

• The motivational force for a behavior, action, or task is a function of three distinct perceptions: Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valance. The motivational force is the product of the three perceptions:

• MF = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence

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Expectancy theory of motivation

– Expectancy probability: based on the perceived effort-performance relationship.If I work harder than everyone else in the plant will I produce more?

– Instrumentality probability: based on the perceived performance-reward relationship.If I produce more than anyone else in the plant, will I get a bigger raise or a faster promotion?

– Valence: refers to the value the individual personally places on the rewards. Do I want a bigger raise? Is it worth the extra effort? Do I want a promotion?

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Leadership

Module-2

Leadership

Leadership is a process of directing and influencing task related activities of group members.

• Leadership involves people like employees and followers by their willingness to accept the direction. They help to define the status of the leader and make the leadership process possible.

• There is an unequal distribution of power between leaders and group members.

• Leaders have the ability to use different form of power to shape the followers behavior in a number of ways. Ex : commander influence the soldiers to kill.

• Leadership is about values. Followers need to be given enough choices when it comes to respond to leader’s proposal. Leader who ignored moral component of leadership may well go down to history.

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Leader vs. Manager

Subject Leader Manager

Focus Leading people Managing work

Have Follower Subordinates

Horizon Long-term Short-term

Seeks Vision Objectives

Power Personal charisma Formal authority

Appeal to Heart Head

Dynamic Proactive Reactive

Direction New roads Existing roads

Credit Gives Takes

Blame Takes Blames

Conflict Uses Avoids

Risk Takes Minimizes

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Trait Approach of leadership

• Leaders usually are selfconfident, extrovert, brighterand well, may be taller. Butthese are not certain. There areexceptions. Abraham Linconwas introvert and moody.Nepolean was rather short.Some traits identified may bethe result of leadershipexperience rather thanleadership ability.

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Behavioral Approach of Leadership

• Behaviors can be learned. So individuals trained in more appropriate leadership behavior would be able to lead more effectively.

– Leadership functions. To operate effectively group need someone to perform two major functions.

• Task-oriented or problem solving function.

• Group maintenance or social function.

– Leadership style. Task oriented style- Closely supervise employee to be sure that the task is performed satisfactory. Employee oriented style

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Managerial Grid

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Contingency approach of leadership

• Hesrey and blanchard's situational leadership model

– They believed that the relationship between managers and follower moves through four phases. As the employee develop, manager need to vary their leadership style accordingly.

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Fiedler Model

– Fiedler measured the leadership style on a scale that indicated "The degree to which a man described favorably or unfavorably his least preferred co-worker (LPC)”.

– Fiedler identifies three “Leadership situations" or variables that help determine which leadership style will be effective.

• Leader-member relations: It can be good or poor

• Task Structure: It can be structured or unstructured.

• Position power: It can be strong or weak.

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Fiedler Model

So from the theory the effectiveness of leadership can be summarized as follows:

– Low LPC Leaders who are task oriented or authoritarian were most successful or effective in extreme situation. Here leader either have great power and influence or very little power or influence.

– High LPC leaders who are employee oriented were most effective in situation where leaders have moderate power and influence.

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Team and teamwork

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Team and Team work

• A team is defined as two or more people who interact and influence each other toward a common goal or purpose.

– Formal team or group are created deliberately by managers and charged with carrying out a specific task to help the organization to achieve the goal.

– Informal Team emerge whenever people come together and interact regularly. Members of informal team tend to fulfill some of their individual needs together as a whole.

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Types of Formal team

– Command Team: it includes manager and all employee tat report to that manager.

– Committee: It generally lasts a long time and deals with recurrent problems and decisions

– Project team/ Task Force: This team is created to deal with a specific problem and is usually disbanded when the task is completed or problem is solved. BD govt. creates project team to investigate corruption in different govt. office.

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Types of Formal team

• Super team or high performance team:– It is a group of 3 to 30 workers drawn from different areas of

corporation.

– They ignore the traditional, strict “up and down arrangement ofhierarchy”

– They have some power to take decision. They can be created to workon a specific projects or problems and can become a permanent partof the organization. At Johnsonville a super team of blue collar workerhelped CEO to proceed for a plant expansion.

– Required when a complex problem to solve; layers of progress-delaying management to cut through(cross-functionalism); notsuitable for all organization culture

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Functions of informal team

– They maintain and strengthen norms (expected behavior) and values that they hold in common.

– It gives members the feeling of social satisfaction, status and security. It enables the members to share jokes, eat together and socialize after work.

– Informal group help their member to communicate.

– Informal group help solve problem. They might help a sick worker or exchange work to deal with boredom.

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Stages of Team development

Forming: During this initial stage group forms and learns what sort of behavior is acceptable to the group.

Storming: As group member become more comfortable with one another they may oppose the formation of the group structure by asserting personality.

Norming: At this stage conflicts are hopefully solved. Group unity emerges as members establish common goals, norms and ground rules.

Performing: Now the group begins to operate as a unit.

Adjourning: For temporary groups such as task force, this is the stage of wrap up activities.

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Team Cohesiveness

• Four ways to improve cohesiveness

– Introduce competition: conflict with outside individuals or other teams increases group cohesiveness

– Increase interpersonal attraction: people tends to join teams whose members they identify with or admire

– Increase interaction: regular party, picnic and games

– Create common goals: group effectiveness is function of 3 variables

• Task interdependence

• Sense of potency

• Outcome interdependence

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That’s all about today

Download the course material from

http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/aamamun/academic.html

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