Motivation at Work

Scientific Management Bureaucratic Management Human Relations Era Need Theories Goal Orientation Motivator-Hygiene Theory Job Enrichment

Motivation Theories

Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor)◦ Objective is to improve the productivity of the

individual worker Develop a science for each aspect of individual’s job

◦ Find the one best way to perform a task Time & motion studies “Science of shoveling”

◦ Motivate employees through $$ Standard amount of production is set Going above the standard earns you more money

Scientific Management

Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber)◦ In an industrialized economy, how can we

manage organizational growth & size?◦ How can we make sure the overall system is

supporting the organization's goals? Reduce opportunities for individuals to take

advantage of organization

Bureaucratic Management

Human Relations & Behavioral Era◦ Hawthorne Studies

Human behavior is not necessarily “rational” Employee needs & attitudes influence behavior Soliciting employee opinions contributes to feeling of

importance and can lead one to work harder◦ Maslow, Herzberg, Hackman & Oldham

Human Relations & Behavioral Era

What is the secret of The Container Store’s success?

What does The Container Store do that sets it apart from other companies?

What evidence is provided by The Container Store’s success that organizational behavior is an important element in employee productivity and organizational profitability?

The Container Store

What is it? Why is it important? Can you influence the level of work

motivation in your employees?◦ How?◦ What approaches can be considered?

Employee Motivation

What is Motivation?

Motivation – the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior

The Person◦ Human Needs◦ Theory X and Y◦ Liking of the task

The Environment◦ Enriched Job Tasks◦ Goal setting interventions◦ Leader behavior◦ Group Norms and Organizational Culture

Where Does It Come From?

Maslow’s Needs

Physiological

Safety and Security

Love (Social)

Esteem

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McClelland’s NeedsNeed for Achievement –need for excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties

Need for Power – need to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life

Need for Affiliation - need for warm, close, intimate relationships with others

What employee needs is SAS Institute meeting with their policies and practices?

Why does meeting these needs foster employee motivation?

SAS Institue

Complete the motivation style self assessment – 10 minutes

Provide responses that are as honest as possible about how you approach job tasks

What is Your Motivation Style?

Goal Orientation

Refers to the goals held by a trainee in a learning situation individuals in their work situation◦ learning orientation – relates to trying to

increase ability or competence in a task◦ performance orientation – refers to a focus of

learners on task performance and how they compare to others

◦ Avoid goals◦ Prove goals

Learning Goal orientation is associated with the highest performance

Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation

Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction

• Company policy and administration

• Supervision• Interpersonal relations• Working conditions• Salary• Status• Security

• Achievement• Achievement recognition • Work itself• Responsibility• Advancement• Growth

• Salary?

Motivation factors increase job satisfaction

KITA versus “true” motivation◦ Short-term movement versus long-term

motivation Job enrichment is an attempt to instill

an internal generator in the employee

Studies of Herzberg’s theory have included employees working in a variety of industries and jobs◦ Accountants, engineers, nurses, military

officers, and others

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Motivators◦ Tap needs for psychological growth◦ Job content: The work itself◦ Lead to high levels of employee motivation and

satisfaction Examples

◦ Recognition◦ Responsibility◦ Achievement◦ Growth and learning

Motivator Factors

Job Enrichment

Job Enrichment – designing or redesigning jobs by incorporating motivational factors into them

Emphasis on• Recognition• Responsibility• Advancement

opportunity

JobEnrichment

Removing some controls & retain accountability◦ Reduce the percentage of proofreading

Taps responsibility & achievement Increasing employee accountability

◦ Subordinates sign their own work Taps responsibility & recognition Psychological ownership

Principles of Job Enrichment

Enabling one to become a topic expert Taps achievement, responsibility, growth Competence

Make organizational reports available to all◦ Revenue, expenses, projections, trends, customer

satisfaction reports Taps responsibility, recognition, growth

Principles of Job Enrichment (cont.)

Employees are internally motivated (internal generator) versus externally moved ◦ Enriching jobs (Motivators) can be significantly

less expensive in comparison to hygiene◦ Supervisors can focus more on the future

(planning) as opposed to the past (checking work)

Expect initial drop in quantity of work, followed by increase in quantity and quality.

Job Enrichment Outcomes & Issues

Why is Starbuck’s such a successful company?

What does Starbuck’s do that is motivating to employees?

Starbucks

What do Starbucks, SAS Institute and the Container Store have in common?

Using the following motivation theories, analyze what makes these three companies successful:◦ Need Theory◦ Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory

Themes