motivating
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Management FundamentalsManagement FundamentalsConcepts, Applications, Skills Development Concepts, Applications, Skills Development
MotivatingMotivating
12 A
Self-Fulfilling Self-Fulfilling ProphecyProphecy
–Employees will live up to or down to their own expectations.
12-1
Performance Performance FormulaFormulaAbility x motivation x resources
= PerformancePerformance
12-2
Major Motivation TheoriesMajor Motivation TheoriesClassification of
MotivationTheories
1.Content of motivation theories
2.Process motivation theories
3.Reinforcement theory
Specific Motivation Theory
a. Hierarchy of needs theory
b. ERG theoryc. Two-factor theoryd. Acquired needs
theory
a. Equity theory b. Goal-setting
theoryc. Expectancy theory
Type of Reinforcement a. Positiveb. Avoidancec. Extinctiond. Punishment
12-3
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Hierarchy of Needs TheoryHierarchy of Needs Theory
12-4
Acquired Needs Acquired Needs TheoryTheory
AffiliationAffiliation PowerPower AchievementAchievement
12-5
A Comparison of A Comparison of Four Content Motivation Four Content Motivation
TheoriesTheoriesHierarchy of
Needs(Maslow)
ERG Theory(Alderfer)
Two-Factor Theory
(Herzberg)
Acquired Needs Theory
(McClelland)Achievement and PowerAchievement and PowerAffiliationNot classifiedNot classified
Motivating needs are developed through experience.
MotivatorsMotivatorsMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance
Maintenance factors will not motivate employees.
GrowthGrowthRelatednessExistenceExistence
Unmet needs can be at any level simultaneously.
Self-ActualizationEsteemSocialSafetyPhysiological
Needs must be met in a hierarchy order.
12-6
Equity Equity TheoryTheory
= Others’ input (contributions)
Others’ outcomes (rewards)
12-7
Our inputs (contributions)
=Our outcomes (rewards)
Expectancy Expectancy TheoryTheory
•Proposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.
12-8
Expectancy Expectancy TheoryTheoryExpectancy XX
Valence = MotivationMotivation
12-9
Clearobjectives
Performancetied to rewards
44Conditions Conditions
forforExpectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
Rewardshavevalue
Employeesbelieve
you
12-10
Reinforcement Reinforcement TheoryTheory
•Through the consequences for behavior, employees will be motivated to behave in predetermined ways.
12-11
Avoidance Extinction
Positive Punishment
44Types ofTypes of
ReinforcementReinforcement
12-12
Giving PraiseGiving Praise
1. Tell the employee exactly what was done correctly.
Planning
Leading
Organizing
Controlling
2. Tell the employee why the behavior is important.
3. Stop for a moment of silence.
4. Encourage repeat performance
12-13
1. Need1. Need(Unmet need or want to be satisfied
at work)Content Motivation Theories
Hierarchy of Needs TheoryERG Theory
Two-Factor TheoryAcquired Needs Theory
2. Motive2. Motive(Selecting behavior to satisfy need)
Process Motivation TheoriesEquity Theory
Goal-Setting TheoryExpectancy Theory
The Motivation Process The Motivation Process with the Motivation with the Motivation
TheoriesTheories
12-14
(continued)
3. Behavior(Employee action to satisfy need)
4. Consequence(Manager behavior and/or natural
outcome of employee action)Reinforcement Theory
5. Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
(The degree to which the need is met and for how long before
dissatisfaction reoccurs, creating an unmet need) 12-15