motherson sumi systems limited...sumitomo wiring systems ltd. (27.2%) : subsidiary of sumitomo...
TRANSCRIPT
Sumitomo Wiring Systems Ltd. (27.2%) :
Subsidiary of Sumitomo Electric Industries , Japan
The third largest Manufacturer of wiring harnesses in
the world and the second largest in Asia with current
market share – about 20 % in the world passenger car
market
2
Motherson Sumi Systems Limited
Sehgal Family (SMFL*- 43.8%) :
Started Motherson Group in 1975
Started manufacturing Wiring Harness in technical
agreement with Tokai Electric Industries, Japan ( a
part of Sumitomo Wiring Systems) in 1983
Established Motherson Sumi Systems Ltd. (MSSL)
in JV with Sumitomo Wiring Systems Ltd. (SWS) in
1986
Group Turnover over USD 850 Million (2008-09)
Shareholding Pattern
As on date
Company Established in 1986 and listed in 1993
* SMFL : Samvardhana Motherson Finance Limited
SWS
27.3%
SMFL
39.6%
FIIs & Mutual
Funds
10.6%Public
18.3%
Sehgal Family
4.2%
Partners
Specialise in managing manufacturing
companies
Bring new technologies for customers
Acquire tested technologies from
collaborators
Amalgamation of technologies to
provide single window solutions to
customers
Collaborate with “follow-me” sources of
global OEMs
Develop long term relationships
Extend relationship to new business
areas
Existing Partners
Japan 12
Germany 6
Australia 2
Korea 2
Italy 2
China 1
Total 25
Growing with multiple successful
collaborations, oldest being over 23 years
Joint Venture Specialist
3
4
Diversified Global Customer Base
Business Portfolio
Geographical Spread
Vision 2010
Debt Equity Position
MSSL is providing Full System Solutions
to its customers from product design to
tooling, molding, manufacture, assembly
and supply of Integrated Modules like IP
(Dashboard) and Door Trim Modules
MSSL is working with various JV partners
on various technological platforms
With the acquisition of Visiocorp, the
group now owned a technology with
strong R&D setup & an extensive portfolio
of over 300 active patents
5
Vision : To be a Globally Preferred Solutions Provider
Business Profile (2008-09)
Mirror
14%Rubber &
Metal
8%
Polymer
17%Wiring
Harness(WH)
61%
6
2007-08
2008-09
15,674.74486.1
Rs. in Million
Wiring harnesses,
65.80%
Polymer component
21.60%
Rubber/metal machined
component&
others, 12.60%Mirrors, 1.74
13,351.6
4,369.6
2,207.4 352.6
Rs. in Million
*
* Includes SMR sales of Rs. 3,117 Million for One Month only
7
Leadership Position in Market
65% Share* of
Wiring Harness Market
In India for Passenger Cars
MSSL65%
Other35%
Wiring Harness
48% Share* of
Rear View Mirror Market
In India for Passenger Cars
One of the largest supplier of Plastic components & Modules
SMR30%
Others70%
Rear View Mirror (Globally)
Approx 30% Share* of
Exterior Rear View Mirror Market
Globally for Passenger Cars
* As accessed by the company
# MSSL including JV’s & Subsidiaries
#
#
Wiring Harnesses
Market Leader – With over 65 % market share of
passenger car wiring harnesses in India
Serving a global customer base
Strong presence in Europe Two-Wheeler & Material
Handling Equipment markets
Full Service Supplier with complete in-house
design capability
More than 20 Manufacturing Facilities
Vertical backward integration for critical wiring
harness components
Partners
Sumitomo
Wiring Systems,
Japan
Kyungshin
Industrial Co.,
S. Korea8
Wiring Harness-Backward Integration
Backward integration for critical inputs for wiring
harnesses such as wires, connectors, terminals,
fuses and fuse boxes
Direct exports to the customers as well as
exporting back to collaborators
Over 13000 Types of Wiring Harness Produced
Annually
Over 24000 Types of Components Handled in
Manufacturing
Over 20 Million Wiring Harnesses Produced
Annually
Wiring Harness
Design
Fuses & Fuse Boxes
Caps & Sleeves
In-house Facilities
Clamps & Binders
Grommets & Seals
Applicators JigsAssembly Boards
Circuit Boards
Material Handling
Process Engineering
Terminals
Connectors
Wires
Component Design
Tool Manufacturing
Component
Manufacturing
9
Rearview Mirrors
Samvardhana Motherson Reflectec, which acquired global rear
view mirror business of Visiocorp in March 2009 , is one of the
largest manufacturers of automotive rear view mirrors in the
world
The largest manufacturer of mirrors for passenger cars in India
Supplying products to nearly every major OEM totalling more
than 400 individual programs
More than 16 manufacturing locations across the world in
growing markets like China, India, Korea, Japan & Mexico
Technology leader with over 300 patents and a history of
innovationsFirst combined
power telescopic
and power folding
mirror
First turn signal
in exterior mirror
First Blind Spot Detection SystemPartners
Ningbo HuaXiang
Electronic Co.,Ltd.
China
50:50JV for China
Jae Seok Kim
Korea
90:10 JV for Korea 10
Samvardhana Motherson Reflectec (SMR) –
Innovation and Technology Leadership
• First to market
– SMR offers leadership in technology and styling options
First interior mirror
with multiple
functions
(Mercedes-Benz)
First turn signal in
exterior mirror
(Mercedes-Benz)
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
First camera-
based blind spot
detection system
First combined
power telescopic and
power folding mirror
(Ford)
2007
First LIN-bus-
system in exterior
mirror (Jaguar)
First light guide
style turn signal
(Audi Q7)
First side-looker-
LED turn signal
(Hyundai)
11
Polymer Processing
One of the largest molded parts, assemblies &
module supplier to the Indian automotive industry
Comprehensive post molding & assembly
processes
Over 30 Manufacturing Facilities
Over 900 injection molding machines
Injection molding machines ranging from 5 ton to
3200 tons
Over 20 Blow Molding Machines
2K Molding Facilities
Global manufacturing, Global supplies
Partners
Sumitomo
Wiring Systems,
Japan
Balda,
Germany
Roki Mfg.
Co., Japan12
Elastomer Processing
Manufacturing processes include
Rubber Injection Molding
Silicon Injection Molding
Rubber Extrusion
Rubber Compounding
Supporting Collaborator with exports from India
Manufacturing parts for the Automotive, Measuring
and Control, Medical, White Goods and for other
Industrial applications
Five manufacturing Facilities spread over India,
U.A.E. and Australia
Partner
Woco Industrietechnik
GmbH, Germany 13
Metal Working, Modules & Non-Automotive
Partners
DREMOTEC GmbH
& Co. ORCA)
Germany
Machined Metal
Components
Specialise in machining of
high precision, critical
application metal
components
14
HVAC Systems for
cars
Manufacturing HVAC
Systems for passenger
cars
Modules including Body
Control Modules and
Engine Cooling Modules
Calsonic Kansei
Japan
Waste Recycling
Systems
Manufacturing and
marketing “Aerobin”, a
home and garden waste
containment system
Patented Areation
technology
Product launched in
Australia, Europe & Japan
E-Compost
Australia
ECompost
Increasing Content per Car
* Depictive range only
B-Pillar Trim
Interior Lamp
A-Pillar Trim
Door Trim
Inside Handle
Cockpit
Fuse Box
HTC
Wiring Harness
Grommets
Connectors
Net Front Grill
Boot CV Joint
Bumper
HVAC Systems
Scuff Plate
Exterior Mirror
Outside Handle
Wheel Hub Cap
Exhaust
Suspension
Garnish
Fuel Filler Door
Steering Column
Cover
Spoiler
Roof Rail
C-Pillar Trim
Roof Handle
Pedal Box Assembly
Box Floor Console
Battery Tray
Air Cleaner Assy.
Sunroof
Headlight
Interior Mirror
Compressor
Back Light
15
16
Diversified Global Customer Base
Business Portfolio
Geographical Spread
Vision 2010
Debt Equity Position
17
Geographical Spread
Wiring Harness
Mirror
Mirror
Plastic Molding
Metal Machining
Representative Office
Wiring Harness
Plastic Molding
Injection Molding Tools
Silicon Rubber Injection Molding
Plastic Molding
Design EngineeringIRELAND
UK
GERMANY CZECH REPUBLIC
SHARJAH Rubber Extrusion
Waste Recycling Systems
Mirror
Representative Office Representative
Office
AUSTRIAAUSTRALIA
MAURITIUS
Strategic Sourcing
Wires
SINGAPORE
SRILANKA
Design Engineering
ITALY
Mirror
Representative
Office
USA
Mirror
FRANCE
MirrorSPAIN
MEXICO Mirror
MirrorHUNGARY
MirrorCHINA
MirrorKOREA
MirrorJAPAN
Presence in 20 Countries with
over 80 manufacturing
facilities
18
Locations in India
NOIDA & NCR REGION
KANDLA
BANGALORE
CHENNAI
PONDICHERRY
NASHIK Wiring Harness Wires Fuse Holders Tubes Plastic Molding & Assemblies Rubber Injection Molding IP, Door Trim & Bumpers Automotive Rearview Mirrors Design Engineering Components & HVAC
Rubber Injection Molding
Wiring Harness
Wiring Harness Plastic Molding &
Assemblies
Wiring Harness Wires Plastic Molding & Assemblies Metal Machining
Wiring Harness Wires Plastic Molding & Assemblies IP, Door Trim & Bumpers Automotive Rearview Mirrors Mirror Components & HVAC Rubber Molding Plastic Molding & Assemblies
Design Engineering
Being Established
PUNE
Plastic Molding & Assemblies
Sales Manufacturing MSSL
19
Diversified Global Customer Base
Business Portfolio
Geographical Spread
Vision 2010
Debt Equity Position
Global Customer Base (08-09)
MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LIMITED, 18.6%
HYUNDAI MOTORINDIA LTD, 13.6%
SEWS Hungary, 8.5%
FORD, 3.6%
TATA MOTORS LTD, 3.2%
MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA , 3.1%PIAGGIO & C. spa, 2.7%
HONDA SIEL CARS INDIA LTD, 2.3%
Continental Automotive -Group ( Siemens), 2.2%
Others, 42.2%
20
Global Customer Base (08-09) – Combined*
MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LIMITED, 16.6%
HYUNDAI MOTOR INDIA LTD, 13.5%
SEWS Hungary, 7.5%
Ford, 5.2%
TATA MOTORS LTD, 3.1%
MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA , 2.7%PIAGGIO & C. spa, 2.4%Volkwagen Group, 2.1%
General Motors , 2.2%
Others, 44.7%
* Taking one month Sales into consideration 22
24
Diversified Global Customer Base
Business Portfolio
Geographical Spread
Vision 2010
Debt Equity Position
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!
14040
6018
25956
20281
15276
7812
10155
5000
8000
11000
14000
17000
20000
23000
26000
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Q1 08-09 Q1 09-10
Rs
. in
Millio
n 22839
3117
SMR Figures (2008-09) for One Month
CAGR
35.03%
Figures for 2008-09 includes SMR for one Month.
Compound Growth Rate over 2004-05
Indian Passenger Car Market : 11.02 %
MSSL Domestic Sales : 26.84%
MSSL Sales outside India : 50.71%
For the FY 2008-09 :
MSSL Growth Rate : 28%
MSSL Growth Rate (with out SMR) : 12%
25
Make MSSL a Billion Dollar Company
SMR Figures (2009-10) for Q1
8824
108
VML figures (2008-09) for Q1
26
36% 37%
44%41%
71%
60%
33%29%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
2008-
09
2009-
10
Q1 08-
09
Q1 09-
10
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Target64% 63%
29%
56%59%
67%71%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Q1 08-
09
Q1 09-
10
Pe
rce
nta
ge
60% of our consolidated turnover should
cater to the requirements of our
customers outside India
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!
Domestic Exports
Domestic Vs Export
27
5,582 6,788
9,752
12,817
14,431
3,543 4,115
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Q1 08-09 Q1 09-10
Domestic Sales
2,230
3,367
5,524
7,464
11,525
2,475
9,925
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Q1 08-09 Q1 09-10
Export sales
Rs
in
mil
lio
ns
Rs
in
mil
lio
ns
CAGR
26.80%
CAGR
50.78%
SMR Figures (2008-09) for One Month
SMR Figures (2009-10) for Q1
322
8502
2984
133
Performance Q1 (2009-10)
TOTALQ1
2009-10
Q1
2008-09
Growth
In
Percentage
Percentage
of Total
Consolidated
DOMESTIC 4114.89 3,542.45 16.2% 29.3%
EXPORTS 9,925.49 2,475.00 301.0% 70.7%
Total 14,040.38 6,017.45 133.3% 100%
Standalone
DOMESTIC 2,950.60 2,669.91 11% 85%
EXPORTS 521.56 793.87 -34% 15%
Total 3,472.16 3,463.78 0.24% 100%
Rs in millions
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!
28
29
20%18% 18% 17%
27%
23%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Perc
en
tag
e
20%18% 18% 19%
27%
23%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Pe
rce
nta
ge
With SMRWithout SMR
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!Have a customer profile where contribution from
any individual customer in our turnover shall
not be more than 20% of the total turnover
Target Target
Focus on Profitability – Profit Before Tax
Profit Before Tax
11301261
2264
2560
1625
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Rs
. in
Mill
ion
1. Exceptional Items included are:
2. Company provides premium on redemption of
FCCB(in case conversion doesn’t happen) and
exchange fluctuation which is charge to P/L account
Figure in Rs. Million
2007-08 2008-09
Income - 1008
Profit on Sale of Land 240 -
Exchange Fluctuation On
FCCB(266 ) (249)
Impairment of
Investment- (110)
2007-08 2008-09
Exchange
Fluctuation 266 249
Premium on
Redemption 165 154
Total charge to
P/L 431 403
Cumulative till
date charged to
P/L825 1228
30
CAGR
22.68%
Focus on Profitability – Profit After Tax
31
Profit After Tax
1071
1295
17631779
840
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Rs
. in
Millio
n
1. The Profit after tax with adjustment in Minority
Interest are as follows:
Figure in Rs. Million
2007-08 2008-09
PAT(Profit after
Tax)1750 2212
Less Minority
Interest (28) 449
Concern Share 1779 1763
EPS 5.03 4.96
CAGR
20.36%
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!
32
Particulars
Three months ended
June 30, 2009 June 30 2008
SMRConsolidated Without
SMRConsolidated
Net Sales/Income from Operations 8,824 5,216 6,017
- Within India 3,22 3,793 3,542
- Outside India 8,502 1,423 2,475
Profit Before Interest Depreciation & Tax 151 740 637
Exceptional Income / (Expenses) (171) - -
Profit Before Tax (427) 443 368
Profit After Tax (444) 315 303
Minority Share (221) (17) (13)
Profit After Tax (Concern Share) (223) 332 316
(Rs. in Million)
33
1. Significant Capital Expenditure in last 2-3 years
2. Full cost on FCCB charged is charged to P/L account
3. Capex for 2009-10 (estimated) : Rs 3000 million to
Rs. 4000 million
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!
Strive to maintain business ROCE of 40%
28% 28%
21%
40%
32%
39%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
2008-
09
2009-
10
Perc
en
tag
e
Target2007-08 2008-09
Standalone 1690 2094
Consolidated 2260 2811
Figures in Rs. Million
34
Vision 2010 – How Close are we…!
Shift our stated dividend policy of 40%
payout of the company’s profits to 40% payout
of the consolidated Profits
32% 32% 32%
40%
29%32%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-
07
2007-
08
2008-
09
2009-
10
Perc
en
tag
e
Target
268
308
412
562562
Update on SMR
35
Background :
MSSL (51%) along with SMFL (49%) acquired Rear View Business of Visiocorp plc (in administration )
on 6-3-2009. For this purpose the company has subsidiary under the name “ Samvardhana Motherson
Reflectec & referred to as “ SMR “
The purchase consideration is as follows :
Payment to administrator : Euro 25 millions ( approx.)
Issue of consideration shares : 5 % of SMR having capitalization of Euro 30 millions.
Rationale behind acquisition :
Acquisition was done on behest of customers
Favorable valuation – Potential to unlock substantial value under normalized conditions in near future
Familiarity with the business –
Successfully running business in India for more than 13 years
Indian Business in partnership with erstwhile Visiocorp since 1995
Update on SMR
Complete Synergy with the Group :
Mirrors is synergistic product and brings resourcing value into the MSSL’s already existing business
lines of Wiring Harness ( annual buying : Euro 28 millions ) , Polymer Processing & Elastomer
Opens new markets for MSSL like China, Mexico, USA, Korea, Japan, Spain, France & Hungary
Opportunity for Group professionals to take on more responsibilities and increases morale
Acquisition of Visiocorp has propelled MSSL in to the worldwide Tier 1 league
Present Status of SMR :
Results of SMR fully consolidated for first time in June 2009 results
SMR achieved EBITDA positive in the first quarter
Customers reposed confidence in acquisition
New orders received : significant orders of Euro 500 millions to be serviced from 2011 over period of
5 years received from German customers
Company’s action of restructuring under execution as per plan
36
37
Diversified Global Customer Base
Business Portfolio
Geographical Spread
Vision 2010
Debt Equity Position
885 1,380 1,165 1,4581426 339 1468 542
3,0712,891
3,0712,891
3247
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Standalone(08-09) Standalone(07-08) Consolidated (08-09) Consolidated (07-08)
Short Term Long Term FCCB SMR
4158
Net Worth
4025
7831
5359
Debt – Equity Position
38
2007-08 2008-09
Standalone 327 179
Consolidated 954 841
SMR - 1926
Cash and Bank Balances
Figures in Rs. Million
Rs. in
Millio
n
39
MSSL Subsidiaries & JV’s
India
VISIOCORPMOTHERSON LTD.
SMR
BALDA MOTHERSON SOLUTION INDIA LTD.
51%
60%
40%
Sharjah Europe
WOCO MOTHERSON LTD. (FZC)
MSSL MIDEAST (FZE)
MSSL TOOLINGS LTD.(FZE)
MOTHERSON SUMI
WIRING SYSTEM LTD.
(FZC)
MSSL IRELAND PVT. LTD.
(Ireland)
MSSL POLYMERS GmbH(Germany)
MSSL GB LTD. (U.K.)
MOTHERSON ORCA PRECISION TECHNOLOGY
GmbH (Germany)
MSSL ADVANCED
POLYMERS S.R.O.
(Czech Republic)
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT (FZC)
MSSL
100%
100%
100%
51%
100%
66.7%
WOCO FRANZ JOSEF WOLF HOLDING GmbH
49%
21.18%
100%
100%
33.3%
51%
78.82%
KYUNGSHIN INDUSTRIAL MOTHERSON LTD.
WOCO MOTHERSON ELASTOMER LTD.
WOCO MOTHERSON ADVANCED RUBBER TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
33.3%
50%
WOCO FRANZ JOSEF WOLF HOLDING GmbH
WOCO FRANZ JOSEF WOLF HOLDING GmbH
50%
66.7%
66.7%
49%
MOTHERSON
ELECTRICAL WIRES
LANKA PVT.LTD.
MSSL
100%
Sri Lanka
MSSL
Australia
78.82%GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT
AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD.
CALSONIC KANSEI
CORP.
CALSONIC KANSEI MOTHERSON AUTO PRODUCTS LTD.
51%
BALDA AG
49%
80%MOTHERSON
ELASTOMERS PTY. LTD.
DREMOTEC GmbH &
Co.KG (ORCA)
49%
MSSL
33.3%
MSSL
SUMITOMO WIRING SYSTEMS LTD.
E-COMPOST PTY LTD.
KYUNGSHIN
INDUSTRIAL CO.
40
SMR* Subsidiaries & JV’s
Asia
100%
Europe
Visiocorp UK Ltd.
Visiocorp France SA
Visiocorp Hungary Bt
Visiocorp Grundbesitz
GmbH & Co KG
Visiocorp Espana SAU,
Spain
100%
100%
100%
100%
VISIOCORP MOTHERSON LTD. INDIA
VISIOCORP POONG
JEONG LTD. KOREA
NINGBO VISIOCORP
HUAXIANG AUTOMOTIVE
MIRRORS
90%
51%
49%
10%
50%
100%
VISIOCORP USA INC.
SMR
100%
USA/ Mexico
SMR
50%
SMR
VISIOCORP AUTOMOTIVE
BEIJING CO LTD. 100%
VISIOCORP AUTOMOTIVE
YANGCHENG CO LTD.100%
MOTHERSON SUMI
SYSTEMS LTD
VISIOCORP AUSTRALIA
PTY LTD.
VISIOCORP TAREE PTY
LTD.
Australia
100%VISIOCORP
SERVICIOS
SA DE CV, MEXICO
SMR
Visiocorp Patents Lux
Visiocorp Group
Services GmbH
Visiocorp
Verwaltung GmbH100%
100%
94%
100%
100%
Visiocorp
Beteillgungs GmbH
*In SMR , MSSL holds 51% & SMFL holds 49%
Customer Recognition
Performance Award
Incoming Quality
Improvement– 2008- 09
Performance Award
MPS
2008- 09
Performance
Award
Part
Development
2008- 09
Performance
Award
System Audit
2008- 09
Performance
Award
VA-VE
2008- 09
Performance Award
Overall Excellence
2008- 09
Vendor Quality
Awareness Quiz Award
2008-09
41
Award for Zero Defect
Supplies 2008
Customer Recognition
Supplier of the Year
Gold Award 2008
Gold Award in Delivery
2008-09
2nd runner up in Kaizen
Competition organized by HSCI
Best Vender Award
2007
Best Cooperation Award
2008
National Top Performer
for Service Part Supply
2008
Bronze Level Certification
received in Supplier Quality
Excellence Process
Outstanding Performance in Development
for the year 2008-09
42
Quality Award – 2001 & 2002
DAIMLER
Customer Recognition
2004
Global Supplier of The Year
Award for Best performance
Supply Chain Management
2007-08
Best Vender Award
Quality
2007
QDC Award 2006Best Supplier Performance Award
2005
Award For QCDDM
(Electrical) -2007-08
Best Response to
New Part Development
2007
43
Customer Recognition
Outstanding Efforts On
Quality Improvement 2007
Award for Outstanding Overall
Performance 2007-08
Quality Improvement Award
2007
Outstanding Supplier
Performance Award 2005 Award for Best Supplier 2006
Award for Outstanding
Quality & Delivery 2004
Outstanding Delivery
Performance 2009
Overall Best
Supplier Award
2005-06
Best Supplier
for Strategic support
2005-06
44
Safe Harbor
Certain expectations and projections regarding future performance of company referred to in this
presentation may be “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws and
regulations. These are statements which the management believes are true at the time of their
preparation based on available data and information and are subject to certain future events and
uncertainties, which would cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these
forward-looking statements. Factors influencing forward looking statements include the operating
environment and foreign currency exchange fluctuations.
45