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Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against

the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l. (Diptera: Culicidae)

Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Bougainvillea spectabilis, LC50

ABSTRACT: Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for Aedes aegypti. The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based on the probit analysis the LC50 (mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231), III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.

028-032 | JRAS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1

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Journal of Research in

Animal Sciences An International Open Access Online

Research Journal

Authors:

Rajmohan D and

Logankumar K.

Institution:

PG and Research

Department of Zoology

Kongunadu Arts and Science

College, Coimbatore -

641 029, Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding author:

Rajmohan D

Email: [email protected]

Web Address: http://ficuspublishers.com/

documents/AS0012.pdf

Dates: Received: 16 Jul 2012 Accepted: 25 Jul 2012 Published: 14 Aug 2012

Article Citation: Rajmohan D and Logankumar K. Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l. (Diptera: Culicidae) Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences

An International Online Open Access

Publication group Original Research

INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes are the most important single group

of insects well- known for their public health importance,

since they act as a vector for many tropical and

sub tropical diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever,

malaria, filariasis and encephalitis of different types

including, Japanese encephalitis. (Service and

Youdeowei, 1983). Mosquitoes transmit some of the

world’s worst life threatening and debilitating parasitic

and viral diseases including malaria, filariasis and

dengue fever. These diseases are on the rise in many

tropical and subtropical areas (WHO, 1986).

Insect- transmitted diseases remain a major source of

illness and death world wide. Mosquitoes alone transmit

diseases to more than 700 million people annually

(Taubers. 1997). Aedes aegypti is a principal vector of

dengue fever and dengue hemorrhage fever and it is

reported to infect more than hundred million people

every year in more than 100 countries in the tropics

(Halstead, 2000). Mosquitoes cause annoyance to man

and other animals and affect health for centuries.

These are the carriers of malaria, yellow fever, filariasis

and Encephalitis (Perich et al., 1994). Control of such

mosquito borne diseases is becoming more and difficult,

because of the increasing resistance to pesticides, lack of

effective vaccines and drugs against disease causing

mosquitoes. Hence, an alternative approach for mosquito

control is the use of extract of plant origin (El Hag et al.,

1999). Search of natural insecticides, which do not have

any ill effects on the non-target population and are easily

degradable, remains to be one of the top priority issues

for the tropical countries (Redwane et al., 2002).

Recently the workers have shifted their focus from

synthetic insecticides to botanicals because plant

materials are non-toxic to non-target animals, have no

phytotoxic properties and leave no residues in the

environment. Plants and their products could be used in

the control of insects, offering a safer alternative to the

conventional use of pesticides (Mulla et al., 2003).

Keeping this in view, the present study has been carried

out to evaluate the effect of Bougainvillea spectabilis on

the growth and development of Aedes aegypti.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Important vector species of mosquito,

Aedes aegypti (L) is selected for the present

study (Jan 2007- July 2007). Leaves of

Bougainvillea spectabilis were collected from wasteland

and brought to the Kongunadu Arts and Science College

research laboratory. The separated leaves were dried

under shade at room temperature (29±1°C) for about

20 days. The completely dried leaves were powdered and

sieved to get fine powder of leaf. The acetone leaf extract

from the sieved fine leaf powder was obtained by using

Soxhlet apparatus. One gram of the concentrated extract

of dried leaf of Bougainvillea spectabilis was dissolved

in 100ml of acetone and kept as stock solution

(10mg/ml). This stock solution was used to prepare the

desired concentration of the extract for exposure of the

mosquito egg, larvae and pupae.

The eggs of Aedes aegypti were procured from

the research laboratory of Indian Center for

Communicable Diseases at Mettupalayam and were

maintained in the laboratory conditions (29±1°C). On the

next day, the eggs were observed to hatch out into first

instar larvae. Appropriate amount of nutrients

(Yeast powder and glucose) were added to the culture

medium. For the treatment of egg, larvae and pupae with

the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis 100ml of tap

water was kept in a series of glass beakers (of 200ml

capacity). Required quantity of stock solution

(containing 10 mg/ml) was added into each beaker

(containing 100 ml of tap water) to obtain a particular

concentration of the extract. Control medium was also

maintained with 100ml of tap water added with

maximum quantity of acetone present in the stock

solution of the extract. Separate series of exposure

medium with desired concentration of extract were kept

029 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032

Rajmohan and Logankumar, 2012

Table 1.7 LC50 (ppm) of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis on the different stages of Aedes aegypti.

Concentration (%)

Mean percentage

Egg hatchability

Control 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

100 78 72 62 40 24 14

Concentration (%)

Mean percentage

mortality

Control 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

0 14 20 34 46 70 84

Concentration (%)

Mean percentage

mortality

Control 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 1.0 1.1

0 32 52 62 74 78 84

Concentration (%)

Mean percentage

mortality

Control 0.07 0.08 0.09 1.0 1.5 2.0

0 18 34 52 64 82 96

Concentration (%)

Mean percentage

mortality

Control 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0 30 44 62 68 86 94

Concentration (%)

Mean percentage

mortality

Control 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

0 18 32 44 56 72 86

Plant

Stages

LC50 (mg/l)

95%Fiducial limit (mg/l)

Lower Upper

Bougainvillea spectabilis

Egg

I Instar

II Instar

III Instar

IV Instar

Pupa

31

59

231

606

1578

2637

19

48

65

298

843

2044

71

103

726

889

2117

4102

Mortality percentage of different stages of Aedes aegypti against the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis

Table 1.1 Egg

Table 1.2 I instar

Table 1.3 II instar

Table 1.4 III instar

Table 1. 5 IV instar

Table 1.6 Pupae

Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032 030


for Aedes aegypti. The egg hatchability, larval and pupal

mortality of Aedes aegypti were observed separately.

Twenty numbers of eggs, first instar to the fourth larvae

and pupa of Aedes aegypti were separately introduced

into control and different concentrations of the seed

extract. At the end of 24 h the number of survival

organisms were recorded and the percent mortality

values were calculated. Based on the percent

mortality values, LC50 value of leaf extract of

Bougainvillea spectabilis for Aedes aegypti was obtained

separately by calculating the regression line employing

probit analysis of Finney (1964) as described by Busvin

(1971).

T h e e f f e c t o f l e a f e x t r a c t o f

Bougainvillea spectabilis on the mortality of the egg,

larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti following 24h were

corrected for natural response by Abbot’s formula

(Abbot, 1925) as follows: corrected % kill= (Proportion

of less mortality -Proportion of control mortality)/

(1- Proportion of control mortality) 100. Busvin (1971)

suggested that the critical doses of susceptibility could be

estimated with sufficient accuracy from a probit/log

concentration graph. Based on the log concentration and

the probit mortality percentage values, regression

equation was obtained. LC50 (median lethal

concentration) values of the leaf extract of

Bougainvillea spectabilis for 24 h of exposure of egg,

larvae and pupae (Aedes aegypti) and their fiducial limits

(95% upper fiducial limit and lower fiducial limit) were

calculated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mortality values of egg, larvae and pupae treated

with different concentration (ranging from 0.01% to

4.0%) of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis at

the end of 24hrs are represented in Tables 1.1 to 1.6 for

egg, different instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti.

The LC50 values and their 95% upper and lower fiducial

limits of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis for

24h of exposure of Aedes aegypti are given in Table 1.7.

Based on the probit analysis, the 24h LC50 (mg/l) value

of the leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis for egg,

different instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti was

found to be 31 mg/l (egg), 59mg/l (I instar), 231 mg/l

(II instar), 606 mg/l (III instar), 1578mg/l (IV instar) and

2637 mg/l (pupa) (Table. 1.7). The results of the

study revealed that the experimental plant,

Bougainvillea spectabilis is more toxic against all the

developmental stages of Aedes aegypti. Therefore it is

understood that the plant, Bougainvillea spectabilis could

be employed for the mosquito control programme.

`The control of mosquito borne diseases can be

achieved either by killing or preventing mosquitoes from

biting human beings (by using repellents) or by causing

larval mortality in a large scale at the breeding centers of

the vectors in the environment. A survey of literature on

the control of different species of mosquito revealed that

the assessment of the efficacy of different

phytochemicals obtained from various plants exhibited

more pronounced inhibition over the developmental

stages of mosquito. Despite many plants of

mosquitocidal property, a very few plant products only

have shown practical utility for mosquito control in an

effective manner (Sukumar et al., 1991). Development of

insecticides from plant origin is essential because of their

biodegradable, non-toxic quality and also safe for the

public health. Thus the observations made in the present

study have come as yet another evidence for the

significant influence of the plant desired botanical

pesticide like Bougainvillea spectabilis in the control of

the mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

REFERENCES

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031 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032


Busvin R J. 1971. A critical review of the techniques

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El Hag EA, El Nadi AH and Zaitoon AA. 1999. Toxic

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