MOSCOW, NOVEMBER 2007

JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS AND

EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

PROF DR JAAP W. DE ZWAANDIRECTOR ‘CLINGENDAEL’

AND PROFESSOR OF EU LAWTHE NETHERLANDS

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

• INTERGOVERNMENTAL– SOVEREIGN GOVERNMENTS– CONSENSUS PRINCIPLE– APPROVAL BY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS

• SUPRANATIONAL– NEW ORGANIZATION– OWN COMPETENCES– OWN INSTITUTIONS– OWN INSTRUMENTS– LEGAL PERSONALITY

HISTORICAL ELEMENTS

• EEC • SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT

– SCHENGEN COOPERATION• TREATY OF MAASTRICHT• TREATY OF AMSTERDAM• TREATY OF NICE• REFORM TREATY

(E)EC 1958

• INTERNAL MARKET– FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS, PERSONS,

SERVICES AND CAPITAL• AGRICULTURE• TRANSPORT• COMMERCIAL POLICY

SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT 1987

• INTERNAL MARKET – BY THE END OF 1992

• DEMOCRACY– POSITION EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

• EFFICIENCY– (QUALIFIED) MAJORITY VORING

• EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION

SCHENGEN

• INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION• AGREEMENT 1985• IMPLEMENTING CONVENTION 1990

– ABOLISHMENT OF INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS

– ORGANIZATION OF EXTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS

– VISA POLICY– ASYLUM POLICY

TREATY OF MAASTRICHT 1993

• EUROPEAN UNION• PILLAR STRUCTURE

– FIRST: EC (ECONOMIC)– SECOND: CFSP (FOREIGN POLICY)– THIRD: JHA (JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS)

• EMU• DEMOCRACY AND EFFICIENCY• NEW EC COMPETENCES

THIRD PILLAR: SUBJECT MATTERS OF COMMON INTEREST

• ASYLUM POLICY• IMMIGRAITON POLICY• COMBAT OF DRUGS ADDICTION• COMBAT OF FRAUD• CIVIL LAW COOPERATION• CRIMINAL LAW COOPERATION• CUSTOMS COOPERATION• POLICE COOPERATION, INCLUDING EUROPOL

(‘EUROPEAN POLICE ORGANIZATION’)

TREATY OF AMSTERDAM 1999

• THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE

• MOVEMENT OF PERSONS– ‘COMMUNAUTARIZATION’– INTEGRATION SCHENGEN COOPERATION– REFORM THIRD PILLAR

• EXCEPTIONS UK, IRELAND AND DANMARK• PARTICIPATION BY NORWAY, ICELAND

AND SWITZERLAND

JHA: ‘THE AREA’

• INTERNAL MARKET– FREE M0VEMENT OF PERSONS

• ALIENS LAW AND POLICY– TITLE IV (PART THREE) EC TREATY

• POLICE AND CRIMINAL LAW COOPERATION– TITLE VI EU TREATY

‘COMMUNAUTARIZATION’: ALIENS POLICY OF THE EU

• ABOLISHMENT OF INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS

• EXTERNAL BORDER CONTROL• VISA POLICY• SHORT STAY ARRANGEMENTS (UP TO

THREE MONTHS)• ASYLUM POLICY• IMMIGRATION POLICY• CIVIL LAW COOPERATION

INTEGRATION OF SCHENGEN COOPERATION

• PROTOCOL, ANNEXED TO THE TREATY OF AMSTERDAM

• INTEGRATION OF SCHENGEN PROVISIONS IN THE FIRST AND THIRD PILLAR – FIRST PILLAR: TITLE IV EC TREATY– THIRD PILLAR: TITLE VI EU TREATY

REFORM OF THE THIRD PILLAR

• INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS– RIGHT OF INITIATIVE OF THE

COMMISSION– ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT– JURISDICTION OF THE COURT OF

JUSTICE• INSTRUMENTS

– FRAMEWORK DECISION = DIRECTIVE

TREATY OF NICE 2003

• PREPARATION ENLARGEMENT• JHA

– DECISION MAKING TITLE IV EC TREATY– ARTICLE 67 (5) EC

REFORM TREATY

• ONE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION– EU WITH LEGAL PERSONALITY

• UNIFORM STRUCTURES– DECISION MAKING– INSTRUMENTS

• JHA– ABOLISHMENT THIRD PILLAR– COHERENT APPROACH OF THE POLICIES– MORE SUPRANATIONAL IN CHARACTER?

MOSCOW, NOVEMBER 2007

JHA AND THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE

PROF DR JAAP W. DE ZWAANDIRECTOR ‘CLINGENDAEL’

AND PROFESSOR OF EU LAWTHE NETHERLANDS

AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE

• NEW TREATY CONCEPT• INTRODUCED BY THE TREATY OF

AMSTERDAM (1999)• 4th EU TREATY OBJECTIVE

ARTICLE 2, 4TH INDENT, EU

• AN AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE IN WHICH THE FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IS ASSURED IN CONJUNCTION WITH APPROPRIATE MEASURES WITH RESPECT TO EXTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS, ASYLUM, IMMIGRATION AND THE PREVENTION AND COMBATTING OF CRIME

COMPONENTS OF THE AREA

• INTERNAL MARKET– FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS, PERSONS,

SERVICES AND CAPITAL• TITLE IV EC

– ALIENS POLICY• TITLE VI EU

– POLICE AND CRIMINAL LAW COOPERATION

INTERNAL MARKETARTICLE 14 EC TREATY

• AN AREA WITHOUT INTERNAL FRONTIERS IN WHICH THE FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS, PERSONS, SERVICES AND CAPITAL IS ENSURED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY

TITLE IV EC: ARTICLES 61 - 69 EC TREATY

• ABOLISHMENT OF INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS

• ORGANIZATION OF EXTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS

• VISA POLICY• SHORT STAY (THREE MONTHS)• ASYLUM POLICY• IMMIGRATION POLICY• CIVIL LAW COOPERATION

TITLE VI EU: ARTICLES 29 - 42 EU TREATY

• POLICE COOPERATION– EUROPOL (EUROPEAN POLICE

ORGANIZATION)• CRIMINAL LAW COOPERATION

– EUROJUST

CRIMINAL LAW COOPERATION (EXAMPLES)

• TERRORISM• ORGANIZED CRIME• FRAUD• CORRUPTION• DRUGS ADDICTION• HUMAN TRAFICKING• CYBER CRIME• CUSTOMS COOPERATION

THE HAGUE PROGRAM2005-2010

• FREEDOM– COMMON ASYLUM SYSTEM– LEGAL MIGRATION– INTEGRATION

• SECURITY– EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION– COMBAT OF TERRORISM– PREVENTION OF CRIME

• JUSTICE– PENAL AND CIVIL LAW– MUTUAL RECOGNITION– EUROJUST

MOSCOW, NOVEMBER 2007

THE REFORM TREATY AND JHA

PROF DR JAAP W. DE ZWAANDIRECTOR ‘CLINGENDAEL’

AND PROFESSOR OF EU LAWTHE NETHERLANDS

HISTORICAL ELEMENTS

• TREATY OF NICE 2000• DECLARATION OF LAKEN 2001• EUROPEAN CONVENTION 2002-2003• IGC 2003-2004• CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 2005• REFERENDA 2005• REFLECTION PERIOD 2005-2007• REFORM TREATY 2007

REFORM TREATY: MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

• ONE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION: EU

• AMENDING TREATY– TREATY ‘ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE

EUROPEAN UNION’– EU TREATY

• LEGAL PERSONALITY FOR THE EU

INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS• PERMANENT PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN

COUNCIL• HIGH REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN

UNION OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS• COMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSION• WEIGHTING OF THE VOTES IN THE COUNCIL

– 55 % OF THE NUMBER OF MEMBER STATES– 65 % OF THE OVERALL POPULATION OF THE

(MEMBER STATES OF THE) EUROPEAN UNION• ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESIDENCY OF THE

COUNCIL

REFORM TREATY AND JHA

• COHERENT STRUCTURE OF THE POLICIES

• UNIFORM DECISION MAKING PROCEDURES– EXCEPTIONS

• UNIFORM INSTRUMENTS• MORE SUPRANATIONAL IN

CHARACTER?

THE FUTURE OF JHA

• THE HAGUE PROGRAM– 2005-2010

• THE REFORM TREATY– 2009?

• COOPERATION WITH THIRD COUNTRIES

• FURTHER ENLARGEMENTS