morphology 2 nov 6, 2015 – day 30 brain & language ling 4110-4890-5110-7960 nsci...

MORPHOLOGY 2NOV 6, 2015 – DAY 30

Brain & Language

LING 4110-4890-5110-7960

NSCI 4110-4891-6110

Fall 2015

2

Course organization• Schedule:

• http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/t1-Intro.html#schedule-of-topics

• Today's chapter:• http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/t17-LexicalInterface.html

• Fun with https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/• Quiz before Thanksgiving will be in class & on

Blackboard.

11/04/15 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/t1-Intro.html%23schedule-of-topics

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/t1-Intro.html%23schedule-of-topics

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/t17-LexicalInterface.html

https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

3

GradesQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

MIN 6 5 5 4 7 3

AVG 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.4 9.2 7.5

MAX 10 10 10 10 10 10


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THE LEXICAL INTERFACE


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The lexical interface


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Hypotheses


STS phonological net

p(MTG+ITS)lexical interface

a(MTG+ITS)combinatorial net 1

aIFGcombinatorial net 2

STS phonological net

action words, toolsmotor + somato cortex

a(MTG+ITS)combinatorial net 1 ???

aIFGcombinatorial net 2 ???

imageable wordsmedial temporal gyrus

imageable wordsmedial temporal gyrus

Hickok & Poeppel, symbolic?

Pulvermüller, sensorimotor or embodied

7

Summary of lateralization of phonologyLH

fine grained, small window of temporal integration

• high temporal frequency:• rapid cues, like stops

• high spectral frequency: • formants

• categorical distinctions: • lexical, phrasal, clausal

stress;• lexical tone in Thai/Chinese

RHcoarse grained,

large window of temporal integration

• low temporal frequency: • slow cues, like vowels

• low spectral frequency: • fundamental

• graded/coordinate distinctions:• emotional intonation,• sentence type?


Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8

Summary of lateralization of word semanticsLH

fine grained, small window of temporal integration

RHcoarse grained,

large window of temporal integration

a. Slowly selects multiple meanings (divergent processing) that are weakly associated.

b. Primes words that share few semantic features > loosely associated words.

c. Primes the less frequent meaning of an ambiguous word.

d. Primes category, but not others.

e. Priming stays same with more words.

f. Priming is same for unstructured sentences.

g. Priming is same for incongruent sentences.

11/04/15

a. Quickly selects most familiar or dominant meaning (convergent processing) while suppressing other less closely related meanings.

b. Primes words that share many semantic features > closely associated words.

c. Primes the most frequent meaning of an ambiguous word.

d. Primes function, collectives, goal-oriented classes.

e. Priming is faster with more words.

f. Priming is slower for unstructured sentences.

g. Priming is slower for incongruent sentences.

9

A conversion to resolutionLeft hemisphere, fine coding:

9 neurons index 9 regions of space

Right hemisphere, coarse coding:

4 neurons index 12+ regions of space


Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10

Associations for “pig” in LH/RH terms

11/06/13

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What causes the priming effect?Table 9.4

Conditions prime ~ probe Priming effect

1. [–sem, +morph] casualty ~ casual no

2. [+sem, +morph] punishment ~ punish yes

3. [–sem, +morph] successful ~ successor no

4. [+sem, +morph] confession ~ confessor no

5. [–sem, +morph] restrain ~ strain no

6. [+sem, +morph] insincere ~ sincere yes

7. [–sem, +morph] depress ~ express no

8. [+sem, +morph] unfasten ~ refasten yes


MORPHOLOGY 2

11/04/15 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 12

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Dual-route model


phonological input

/di.paɹ.tɪd/ /wɪnt/

meaning

verb + past tense

morphological analysis

/di.paɹ.t + ɪd/

com

posi

tiona

l rou

te lexical route

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Gow (2012) - Dual lexicons


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MTG appears to be activated by both regular and irregular morphological processes• In English past tense generation and comprehension

tasks both regular and irregular forms have been shown to produce a BOLD response in bilateral pMTG, with most studies showing greater activation in this region by irregular forms than by regular ones.

• Gender in Italian nouns = increased pMTG activation• What gender is a bridge? How about a ship?• il ponte (masc sg)• la nave (fem sg)

• The German plural = increased pMTG activation• Bikini > Bikinis• Mund > Münder


16

Numerous studies have shown a dissociation between impairments in regular and irregular morphology

• Aphasia tends to show that frontal lobe damage, particularly damage to the lateral IFG, is associated with deficits in the processing of regular morphology with preserved processing of irregular forms.

• Patients with posterior damage, primarily including the left posterior temporal lobe, may show the opposite pattern, providing a double dissociation.

• For regular inflection, processing seems to require interactions between the pMTG and LIFG.


17

ULLMAN ON TWO TYPES OF MEMORY


Harry Howard 18LING411, NSCI411/611

Taxonomy of memory


Declarative memory• comprises the learning, representation, and use of

knowledge about facts (semantic knowledge) and events (episodic knowledge)

• learns relations which are arbitrary• learns gradually, during multiple presentations of a

stimulus and response• is accessible to other mental systems (not ‘informationally

encapsulated’)• at least part of it can be recollected consciously (explicit

memory)


Procedural memory• comprises the learning, representation and use of

sensorimotor and cognitive “habits”, “skills”, and other procedures, such as riding a bicycle and skilled game playing

• learns inflexible (rule-like) relations in the context of real-time sequences, whether the sequences are serial or abstract, or sensorimotor or cognitive

• learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus presentation• is not influenced by other mental systems (informationally

encapsulated)• applies quickly and automatically, in that a response is

triggered by its stimulus rather than being under conscious control (implicit memory)


Summary• Procedural memory

• is memory for habits & skills

• learns rule-like relations in a context

• learns quickly, from a single presentation

• is not available to other mental modules (is informationally encapsulated)

• is mostly unconscious (implicit)

• Declarative memory• is memory for facts & events• learns arbitrary relations• learns slowly, from many presentations• is available to other mental modules (not informationally

encapsulated)• is mostly conscious (explicit)


The declarative/procedural model of language

• The declarative memory system subserves the lexicon• The procedural memory system subserves grammar


Declarative memory & the lexicon• Stores all arbitrary, idiosyncratic word-specific knowledge,

including word meanings, word sounds, and abstract representations such as word category

• includes representations of simple (non-derivable) words such as cat, bound morphemes such as -ed, irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms

• also contains complex forms and abstract structures that are “regular”

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Declarative memory & the lexicon• Supports a superpositional associative memory, which

allows for generalizations across representations. • For example, the memorization of phonologically similar

stem-irregular past tense pairs (e.g. spring – sprang, sing – sang) may allow for memory-based generalization to new irregularizations, either from real words (bring – brang) or from novel ones (spling – splang).

• This ability to generalize could underlie some degree of productivity within the memory system



Procedural memory & grammar• Underlies the learning of new, and the computation of already-learned, rule-based procedures that govern the regularities of language

• Particularly those procedures related to combining items into complex structures that have precedence (sequential) and hierarchical relations

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Procedural memory & grammar. cont.• Builds rule-governed structure, i.e. the sequential and hierarchical combination – “merging” or concatenation – of forms and representations into complex structures:• syntax (word order)• inflectional and derivational morphology – at least for

default “regulars” but also for irregulars that appear to be affixed

• phonology (the combination of sounds)• compositional semantics (the meaning of the composition

of words into complex structures)


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Final project• Improve a Wikipedia article about any of the topics

mentioned in class or any other topic broadly related to neurolinguistics.

• Write a short essay explaining what you did and why you did it.

• Print the article before you improve it, highlighting any subtractions.

• Print the article after you improve it, highlighting your additions.


NEXT TIMEMorphology/syntax

11/04/15 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 28

morphology 2 nov 6, 2015 – day 30 brain & language ling 4110-4890-5110-7960 nsci...

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