morphological typology
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Morphological typologyTRANSCRIPT
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Morphological typologyMorphological typology
Holger DiesselHolger DiesselUniversity of JenaUniversity of Jena
[email protected]@uni-jena.dehttp://www.holger-diessel.de/http://www.holger-diessel.de/
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Morphological parametersMorphological parameters
Index of synthesis
Index of fusion
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Index of synthesisIndex of synthesis
isolating synthetic
Vietnamese English Russian Oneida
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Isolating languageIsolating language
(1) Vietnamese (Comrie 1981: 43)
Khi tôi ðèn nha ban tôi,When I come house friend I
‘When I came to my friend’s house,
chùng tôi bǎt ðâu làmbài.
PL I begin dolessen
‘we began to do lessons.’
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Synthetic languageSynthetic language
(2) Kirundi (Whaley 1997:20)
Y-a-bi-gur-i-ye abânaCL1-PST-CL8.them-buy-APPL-ASP
CL2.children
‘He bought them for the children.’
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Polysynthetic languagePolysynthetic language
(3) Mohawk (Mithun 1984: 868)
a. r-ukwe’t-í:yohe-person-nice‘He is a nice person.’
b. wa-hi-‘sereth-óhare-‘se PST-he/me-car-wash-for
‘He car-wash for me.’ (= ‘He washed my car’)
c. kvtsyu v-kuwa-nya’t-ó:’asefish FUT-they/her-throat-slit‘They will throat-slit a fish.’
Noun-incorporation (cf. fox-hunting, bird-watching)
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Index of fusionIndex of fusion
agglutinative fusional
Swahili Russian Oneida
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Agglutinative languageAgglutinative language
(1) Turkish (Comrie 1981: 44)
SG PL
Nominative adam adam-larAccusative adam-K adam-lar-KGenitive adam-Kn adam-lar-KnDative adam-a adam-lar-aLocative adam-da adam-lar-daAblative adam-dan adam-lar-dan
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Fusional languageFusional language
(2) Russian
SG PL
Nominative stol stol-yAccusative stol stol-yGenitive stol-a stol-ovDative stol-u stol-amInstrumental stol-om stol-amiPrepositional stol-e stol-ax
SG PL
lip-a lip-ylip-u lip-ylip-y liplip-e lip-amlip-oj lip-amilip-e lip-ax
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Hypothetical languageHypothetical language
TENSE VOICE PERS NUM
PST
PRS
FUT
pa
pi
po
ACT
PAS
MID
no
mo
Îo
1st
2nd
3rd
ku
ko
ka
SG
DU
PL
sa
si
so
(1) sleep-pa-no-ku-sa (2) sleep-pi-no-ka-so
V-PST-ACT-1-SG‘I slept’
V-PRS-ACT-3-PL‘They are sleeping’
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Polysynthetic languagePolysynthetic language
Prepronominal Pronominal Stem Suffixes
NegationDirectionIterativePartative
II:you.SGI:you.DUI:you.PLI:he…you.SG:meyou.DU:meyou.PL:me…
Verb Aspect
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Language changeLanguage change
August Schleicher: Language change reflects
cultural change (-> teleological view of language
change)
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From isolating to From isolating to agglutinativeagglutinative
(1) Melanesian Pidgin (Whaley 1997: 136)
aus bloŋ mi > aus blo-mi
house belong me house of-me / my
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From isolating to From isolating to agglutinativeagglutinative
(2) how ever > however
by cause > because
going to > gonna
there fore > therefore
in deed > indeed
N meaning ‘body-like’ > -ly
any body > anybody
in front of > in.front.of
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From agglutinating to From agglutinating to fusionalfusional
(1) Paamese (Whaley 1997: 137)
a. *na-i-lesi-Ø > ni-lesi- ØI-FUT-see-it I.FUT-see-it
b. *ko-i-lesi-nau > ki-lesi-nauyou-FUT-see-me you.FUT-see-me
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From fusional to isolatingFrom fusional to isolating
SG PL
NOM stan stan-as
GEN stan-es stan-a
DAT stan-e stan-um
ACC stan stan-as
SG PL
NOM stone ston-es
GEN stone’s ston-es
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Developmental cycleDevelopmental cycle
fusional
isolating agglutinativeReduction/
Merger
FusionLoss
No evidence for the entire cycle from one language
Morphological features can differ in one language
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Head marking vs. dependent Head marking vs. dependent markingmarking
(1) English dependent-markingThe man’s house
(2) Hungarian (Comrie 1989) head-markingaz ember ház-athe man house-his‘The man’s house’
(4) Haruai (Comrie 1989) no markingnöböramman house‘the man’s house’
(3) Turkish (Comrie 1989) double-markingAdam-Kn ev-iMan-POSS house-his‘the man’s house’
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Head marking vs. dependent Head marking vs. dependent markingmarking
Level Head Dependent
Phrase
Clause
Possessed nounNounAdposition
PredicateAuxiliary
PossessorAdjectiveNP
Arguments + AdjunctsVerb
Nicholas 1986
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ClauseClause
(1) Chechenda:-s wo’a-na urs-Ø tü:xirafather-ERG son-DAT knife-NOM struck‘The father stabbed the son.’
(2) Japanese
boku ga tomudati ni hana o tü:xiraI SUBJ friend to flowers OBJ gave‘The man gave the woman the book.’
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ClauseClause
(3) Abkhaz
a-xàc?a a-pÉ@s a-Sq?@ Ø-l@-y-te-yt?the-man the man the-book it-her-he-gave-FIN‘The man gave the woman the book.’
(4) Tzutujil
x-Ø-kee-tij tzyaq ch’ooyaa?ASP-3SG-3PL-ate clothes rats‘Rats ate the clothes.’
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ClauseClause
(5) Dani
ap palu-nen Ø-nasikh-eMan python-OBJ 3SG.OBJ-eat.PST-3SG.SUBJ‘The python ate the man.’
(6) English
The man gave Peter the book.
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Adpositional phraseAdpositional phrase
(1) German
wegen des Wettersmit dem Windgegen den Wind
(2) Russian
s brat-omwith brother-INST‚with (the) brother)
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Adpositional phraseAdpositional phrase
(3) Abkhaz
a-j@yas a-q’n@the-river its-at‘at the river’
(4) Tzutujil
ruu-majk jar aachi3SG-because.of the man‘because of the man’
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Adpositional phraseAdpositional phrase
(5) Turkish
Mehmed-in el-iMehmed-POSS hand-his‘Mehmed’s hand’
(6) Tiwi
j@r@k@paituwaiacrocodile tail‘crocodile’s tail’
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Cross-linguistic Cross-linguistic generalizationsgeneralizations
If a language has head-marking morphology anywhere, it
will have it at the clause level.
Head-marking morphology favors verb-initial order, while
dependent-marking morphology disfavors it.
If a language has head-marking at the clause level,
arguments can usually be omitted.