morp hological complexity in maltese: a divergence from canonicity
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Morp hological Complexity in Maltese: A divergence from canonicity. M MM8 Maris Camilleri [email protected]. Morphological Complexity. Binyanim system -------------------------- Issues related with the traditional perceptions on the Maltese binyanim system. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Paradigm-Internal------------------------Focuses on what differencesexist from the canonical paradigm
Binyanim system--------------------------Issues related with the traditionalperceptions on the Maltese binyanim system
Morphological Complexity
Inflectional Material Lexical material
Same paradigm
Different paradigm
Same paradigm
Different paradigm
different same same different
grammatical grammatical lexical lexical
one form one cell
one formone cell
one form one cell
one form one cell
laqat ‘hit’IMPERF PERF
n-o-lqot lqat-t 1.SGt-o-lqot lqat-t 2.SGj-o-lqot laqat 3.SG.Mt-o-lqot laqt-et 3.SG.Fn-o-lqt-u lqat-na 1.PLt-o-lqt-u lqat-t-u 2.PLj-o-lqt-u laqt-u 3.PL
laqat ‘hit’IMPERF PERF
n-o-lqot lqat-t 1.SGt-o-lqot lqat-t 2.SGj-o-lqot laqat 3.SG.Mt-o-lqot laqt-et 3.SG.Fn-o-lqt-u lqat-na 1.PLt-o-lqt-u lqat-t-u 2.PLj-o-lqt-u laqt-u 3.PL
laqat ‘hit’IMPERF PERF
n-o-lqot lqat-t 1.SGt-o-lqot lqat-t 2.SGj-o-lqot laqat 3.SG.Mt-o-lqot laqt-et 3.SG.Fn-o-lqt-u lqat-na 1.PLt-o-lqt-u lqat-t-u 2.PLj-o-lqt-u laqt-u 3.PL
laqat ‘hit’IMPERF PERF
n-o-lqot lqat-t 1.SG
t-o-lqot lqat-t 2.SGj-o-lqot laqat 3.SG.M
t-o-lqot laqt-et 3.SG.F
n-o-lqt-u lqat-na 1.PL
t-o-lqt-u lqat-t-u 2.PLj-o-lqt-u laqt-u 3.PL
ħarab ‘escape’IMPERF PERF
n-a-ħrab ħrab-t 1.SGt-a-ħrab ħrab-t 2.SGj-a-ħrab ħarab 3.SG.Mt-a-ħrab ħarb-et 3.SG.Fn-a-ħarb-u ħrab-na 1.PLt-a-ħarb-u ħrab-t-u 2.PLj-a-ħarb-u ħarb-u 3.PL
ħarab ‘escape’IMPERF PERFn-a-ħrab ħrab-t 1.SG
t-a-ħrab ħrab-t 2.SGj-a-ħrab ħarab 3.SG.M
t-a-ħrab ħarb-et 3.SG.F
n-a-ħarb-u ħrab-na 1.PLt-a-ħarb-u ħrab-t-u 2.PLj-a-ħarb-u ħarb-u 3.PL
żar ‘visit’IMPERF PERF
n-żūr żor-t 1.SG
ż-żūr żor-t 2.SG
j-żūr żār 3.SG.M
ż-żūr żār-et 3.SG.F
n-żūr-u żor-na 1.PL
ż-żūr-u żor-t-u 2.PL
j-żūr-u żār-u 3.PL
mar ‘go’IMPERF PERF
m-mūr mor-t 1.SG
t-mūr mor-t 2.SG
j-mūr mār 3.SG.M
t-mūr marr-et 3.SG.F
m-morr-u mor-na 1.PL
t-morr-u mor-t-u 2.PL
j-morr-u marr-u 3.PL
syllable-structure alternationse.g. laqat – laqt – lqat
syllable-structure alternationse.g. laqat – laqt – lqat
ablaut-changese.g. mār – mūr
syllable-structure alternationse.g. laqat – laqt – lqat
ablaut-changese.g. mār – mūr
stress-shiftse.g. wàqaf – waqàf
syllable-structure alternationse.g. laqat – laqt – lqat
ablaut-changese.g. mār – mūr
stress-shiftse.g. wàqaf – waqàf
ablaut-compoundinge.g. wèħel – weħìl
syllable-structure alternationse.g. laqat – laqt – lqat
ablaut-changese.g. mār – mūr
stress-shiftse.g. wàqaf – waqàf
stem-extensionse.g ħass – ħassē
ħass ‘feel’
PERFħassej-t 1^2 1ħass 3.SG.M 2ħass-et 3.SG.F
ħassē-w 3.PL 3IMPERFj-ħoss 3.SG.M 4j-ħoss-u 3.PL
ħass ‘feel’
PERFħassej-t 1^2 1ħass 3.SG.M 2ħass-et 3.SG.F
ħass-u 3.PLIMPERFj-ħoss 3.SG.M 3j-ħoss-u 3.PL
ħass ‘feel’PERFħassej-t 1^2 1ħass 3.SG.M 2ħass-et 3.SG.F
ħassē-w 3.PL 3
IMPERFj-ħoss 3.SG.M 4j-ħoss-u 3.PL
ħass ‘feel’PERFħassej-t 1^2 1ħass 3.SG.M 2ħass-et 3.SG.F
ħass-u 3.PL
IMPERFj-ħoss 3.SG.M 3j-ħoss-u 3.PL
sam ‘fast’PERF
som-t 1^2 1sām 3.SG.M 2sām-et 3.SG.F
sām-u 3.PLIMPERFj-sūm 3.SG.M 3j-sūm-u 3.PL
sam ‘fast’PERF
somej-t 1^2 1sām 3.SG.M 2sām-et 3.SG.F
samē-w 3.PL 3IMPERFj-sūm 3.SG.M 4j-sūm-u 3.PL
What to do with this non-canonicity:
What to do with this non-canonicity:
GENERAL
• Understand the complexity existing in the morphological component
• Understand the relations and patterns involved across and within paradigms
What to do with this non-canonicity:
L-Specific
Classify Maltese verbs on the basis of their surface representation
What to do with this non-canonicity: Classify Maltese verbs on the basis of
their surface representation See how Semitic Maltese differs
from non-Semitic Maltese, if at all
What to do with this non-canonicity: Classify Maltese verbs on the basis of
their surface representation See how Semitic Maltese differs
from non-Semitic Maltese, if at all This morphological complexity also
displays dialectal variation
What to do with this non-canonicity: Classify Maltese verbs on the basis of
their surface representation See how Semitic Maltese differs
from non-Semitic Maltese, if at all This morphological complexity also
displays dialectal variation Contribute to the Semitic literature,
the importance of stem analyses, and what can we do with them
Maltese binyanim system: Derivation
Traditional scholars:• Borg (1988),• Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander (1997),• Borg & Mifsud (1999),• Aquilina (1973)
Maltese binyanim system: Derivation
Traditional scholars:• Borg (1988),• Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander (1997),• Borg & Mifsud (1999),• Aquilina (1973)
Active-Passive
Maltese binyanim system: Derivation
Traditional scholars:• Borg (1988),• Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander (1997),• Borg & Mifsud (1999),• Aquilina (1973)
Active-Passive• Hoberman & Aronoff (2003)
sieħ ’call’ DIALECT
siħ-t I 1.SG
PERF
siħ-t 2.SGsieħ 3.SG.Msieħ-et 3.SG.Fsiħ-na 1.PLsiħ-t-u 2.PLsieħ-u 3.PLn-sejjaħ vs. *n-sieħ II 1.SG
IMPERF
s-sejjaħ 2.SGj-sejjaħ 3.SG.Ms-sejjaħ 3.SG.Fn-sejħ-u 1.PLs-sejħ-u 2.PLj-sejħ-u 3.PL
sejjaħ ’call’ DIALECTsiħ-t ~ sejjaħ-t 1.SG
PERFsiħ-t ~ sejjaħ-t 2.SGsieħ ~ sejjaħ 3.SG.Msieħ-et ~ sejħ-et 3.SG.Fsiħ-na ~ sejjaħ-na 1.PLsiħ-t-u ~ sejjaħ-t-u 2.PLsieħ-u ~ sejħ-u 3.PLn-sejjaħ vs. *n-sieħ 1.SG
IMPERF
s-sejjaħ 2.SGj-sejjaħ 3.SG.Ms-sejjaħ 3.SG.Fn-sejħ-u 1.PLs-sejħ-u 2.PLj-sejħ-u 3.PL
ħabbeb ‘cause to love’ħabbej-t I ~ ħabbib-t II 1.SG
PERF
ħabbej-t ~ ħabbib-t 2.SGħabbeb II 3.SG.Mħabb-et [I/II] 3.SG.Fħabbej-na I ~ ħabbib-na II 1.PLħabbej-t-u I ~ ħabbib-t-u II 2.PLħabbē-w [I/II] 3.PLn-ħabbeb II 1.SG
IMPERF
t-ħabbeb 2.SGj-ħabbeb 3.SG.Mt-ħabbeb 3.SG.Fn-ħabb-u 1.PLt-ħabb-u 2.PLj-ħabb-u 3.PL
1. *Ħabbej[I]-t-hom ma’ xulxinlove-1.SG-3.PL.ACC with each other*I love them with each other
2. Ħabbej[II]-t-hom/ħabbib-t-hom ma’ xulxinmade.love-1.SG-3.PL.ACC with each otherI made them love each other
ħasel ‘wash’ I - n-ħasel ? VII
ħasel ‘wash’ I - n-ħasel ? VII3a. It-tarbija n-ħasl-et DEF-baby.SG.F mrkr-washed-3.SG.F #The baby washed The baby was washed
ħasel ‘wash’ I - n-ħasel ? VII3a. It-tarbija n-ħasl-et DEF-baby.SG.F mrkr-washed-3.SG.F #The baby washed The baby was washed
b. It-tifel n-ħaselDEF-boy mrkr-washed
The boy washed
ħasel ‘wash’ I - n-ħasel ? VII3a. It-tarbija n-ħasl-et DEF-baby.SG.F mrkr-washed-3.SG.F #The baby washed The baby was washedb. It-tifel n-ħasel
DEF-boy mrkr-washed The boy washedc. It-tifel n-ħasel b’barmil
żebgħa DEF-boy mrkr-washed with.bucket paint li waqa’ fuq-u COMP fell.3.SG.M on-3.SG.M.ACC The boy was washed with a bucket of paint that fell on him
t- NOT PASSIVE
t- NOT PASSIVE t-kellem ‘speak’
t- NOT PASSIVE t-kellem ‘speak’
a. t-kellem ma’ ‘with’…
t- NOT PASSIVE t-kellem ‘speak’
a. t-kellem ma’ ‘with’…b. *t-kellem minn X ‘from X’
(as agent by-phrase)
t- NOT PASSIVE t-għallem ‘learn’
t- NOT PASSIVE t-għallem ‘learn’
a. t-għallem j-i-lgħab ma’ l-oħrajn VAL-mrkr-learn.3.SG.M 3.SG.M-play with DEF-others ‘He learnt how to play with others’
t- NOT PASSIVE t-għallem ‘learn’
a. t-għallem j-i-lgħab ma’ l-oħrajn VAL-mrkr-learn.3.SG.M 3.SG.M-play with DEF-others ‘He learnt how to play with others’
b. t-għallem minn omm-u VAL-mrkr-learn from mother-3.SG.M.ACC *‘He was taught from his mother’
t- NOT PASSIVE t-għallem ‘learn’
a. t-għallem j-i-lgħab ma’ l-oħrajn VAL-mrkr-learn.3.SG.M 3.SG.M-play with DEF-others ‘He learnt how to play with others’
b. t-għallem minn omm-u VAL-mrkr-learn from mother-3.SG.M.ACC *He was taught from his mother’
c. t-għallem mingħand omm-u VAL-mrkr-learn from mother-3.SG.M.ACC ‘He learnt from his mother’
t- NOT PASSIVE
• t-kellem ‘speak’• t-għallem ‘learn’• t-fisser ‘mean’• t-fewwaq ‘burp’
Tfisser ≠ ġie m-fisser ‘came.3.SG.M PASS.prt-explain’
Tfisser ≠ ġie m-fisser ‘came.3.SG.M PASS.prt-explain’
tgħallem ≠ ġie mgħallem ‘came.3.SG.M PASS.prt-thought’
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I n-agħta ‘was given’ – VII
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I nagħta ‘was given’ – VII ġie mogħti ‘was given’ – Periphrastic
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I nagħta ‘was given’ – VII ġie mogħti ‘was given’ – Periphrastic ġie nagħtat
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I nagħta ‘was given’ – VII ġie mogħti ‘was given’ – Periphrastic ġie nagħtat
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I nagħta ‘was given’ – VII ġie mogħti ‘was given’ – Periphrastic ġie nagħtat
n- NOT PASSIVE: Real evidence
ta ‘give’ – I nagħta ‘was given’ – VII ġie mogħti ‘was given’ – Periphrastic ġie nagħtat
References:
Aquilina, J. (1973). The structure of Maltese: A mixed grammar and vocabulary. Royal University of Malta.
Borg, A. (1988). Ilsienna. Ħas Sajjied: Malta. Borg, A. & Azzopardi-Alexander, M. (1997). Maltese.
Routledge: New York. Borg, A. & Mifsud, M. (1999). Il-forom (Binyanim) in
Maltese: Inflection or derivation? MMM2,Malta. Corbett, G. (2005). The canonical approach in typology.
In Z. Frajzyngier, A. Hodges, & D. S. Rood (eds.) Linguistic Diversity and Language Theories (Studies in Language Companion Series 72), 25-49. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Corbett, G. (2007). Canonical typology, suppletion and possible words. Language, 83, 8-42.
Corbett, G. (2011). Higher order exceptionality in inflectional morphology. In H. J. Simon & H. Wiese (eds.) Expecting the unexpected: Exceptions in grammar (pp. 107-137). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hoberman, R. D. & Aronoff, M. (2003). The verbal morphology of Maltese. In J. Shimron (ed.) Language processing and acquisition in languages of Semitic, root-based morphology (pp. 61-78). John Benjamins: Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
Stump, G. (2006). Heteroclisis and paradigm linkage. Language, 82(2), 279-322.
Thornton, A. M. (in press). Overabundance (multiple cells realizing the same cell): a noncanonical phenomenon in Italian verb morphology. To appear in M. Goldbach et al. (eds.), Morphological Auonomy: Perspectives from Romance Inflectional Morphology. Oxford: OUP.