1

Morocco

Labour Market Profile

2014

This Labour Market Profile is a yearly updated report that provides a broad overview of the labour

market's situation and development. The report is based on the latest data available and following

trends. Each section has also accesses to the sources' links that can be used to go more in-depth on

selected themes. This is a revised version.

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Morocco – Labour Market Profile 2014

Executive Summary

Morocco avoided a full regime change as in Egypt and Tunisia following protests during the Arab Spring in the beginning of 2011. As Morocco’s own protest movement took form, the King promised changes and appointed a commission to review the constitution. The new Constitution was approved by referendum in July 2011. It introduces some changes including delegating more power to the parliament and prime minister. In practice, changes are modest. Morocco has experienced an economic progress, including the improvements of doing business. The growth rebounded at 5% in 2013 after a year with poor harvest and economic slowdown in Europe. Working poor has a relatively low level, but social inequality and vulnerability remain present. Morocco's labour market has also made some improvements of workers’ status. The higher economic growth has contributed to overall job creation. The unemployment rate decreased from 13% in 2000 to 9.5% in 2013. However, new labor market entrants outpace the job creation. Thus, the youth unemployment is high and persistent as well as a source of social instability. Young job seekers are generally more educated than the older job seekers, and also have higher expectations. This is not matched by the available opportunities in the labour market, which is rigid and tends to disfavor the integration of outsider workers. Discussions on two new laws regulating trade unions and strike have long been ongoing between the subsequent governments, the trade union movement and employers’ organizations. Some contested issues include proposed limitations to strike and age restrictions of elected trade union officers. The trade union movement in Morocco is split along several trade union centres and is often close to political parties. The trade union density is relatively low at around 15% of the waged workers. The Moroccan Labour Union (UMT), the Democratic Labour Confederation (CDT) and the Democratic

Labour Federation (FDT) signed a strategic agreement on united trade union action in January 2014, aimed at jointly confronting the government’s policies. Organized social dialogue has not improved much in terms of the recognition of union representation in workplaces. According to data, there is an increasing trend that companies operate without presences of trade union or with no union that can be described as representative. The 'professional elections' are expected in 2015. It will be decisive for which trade unions will be considered most representatives with the right to enter negotiations on the national level. They also determine the number of seats for the unions in the second chamber in the parliament and the size of government subsidies.

The country has a significant social protection gap: 76% of Moroccan workers are not registered to existing old pension systems and around 58% are not covered by health social protection schemes. Moreover, the government is under pressure from international lenders to cut public spending and subsidies, but is wary of stirring popular discontent and opposition protests.

A tripartite Economic, Social and Environmental Council (CESE) was established in the spring 2011 as the king sought to meet the popular demands for change. It is an advisory council of trade unions, professional organizations and associations and other associations working in the field of social economy and rights. The CESE is very active and produces several rapports and opinions, though few - if any - have so far been transformed into policy. In 2013 the government ratified the pending Tripartite Consultation Convention. Four up-to-date conventions were also ratified. In addition, there is one active case in the ILO's Committee of Freedom of Association that was filed in March 2013.

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Contents

Trade Unions ......................................................................................................................................... 4

Trade Unions in Morocco .............................................................................................................................. 5

Employers’ Organisations ....................................................................................................................... 6

Central Tripartite Structures ................................................................................................................... 6

National Labour Legislation .................................................................................................................... 7

ILO Conventions ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Trade Union Rights Violations ................................................................................................................ 9

Working Conditions.............................................................................................................................. 10

Workforce ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Unemployment and underemployment ..................................................................................................... 12

Sectoral employment .................................................................................................................................. 13

Migration ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

Informal Economy ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Child Labour ................................................................................................................................................. 15

Gender ......................................................................................................................................................... 15

Youth ........................................................................................................................................................... 15

Characteristics of the Working Age Population ..................................................................................... 16

Vocational training ...................................................................................................................................... 17

Social Protection .................................................................................................................................. 17

General Economic Performance ............................................................................................................ 18

Trade ................................................................................................................................................... 19

Trade agreements ....................................................................................................................................... 19

Export Processing Zones .............................................................................................................................. 19

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Trade Unions

Trade unions in Morocco (2014) Number trade union centres 26+

Dues (standard) N/A

Members of trade unions 1,146,500

Trade union members share of labour force 9.7 %

Trade union members to waged workers 15.1 %

Female member share of trade unions (SNPM) N/A

Members of affiliated trade unions from the informal economy

N/A

Number of CBAs N/A

Workers covered by CBAs N/A

Share of workers covered by CBA N/A

Labour force (2013)1 12,030,000

This profile has registered 26 trade union centres at the national level. Five centres: CDT, FDT, UGTM, UMT and UNTM have status as the ‘most representative’, giving them right to represent workers and participate in negotiations at the national level.

2 Several large

companies have a notable presence of unions, such as OCP, Morocco Telecom, the public television channel 2M, Royal Air Morocco, and the CTM group.

3

According to an ILO study, the Labour Code from 2003 restricted the opportunity to reach collective agreements. It was registered that collective agreements dropped from 141 in 2001 to barely 12 immediately preceding the new law. The 'professional elections' in 2009 also show that 35% of the elected representatives belong to a union, while it was 47% in 2003. It increases a risk of having a majority of companies with no trade union and a large number of other companies with no union that can be described as representative. Overall, collective representation has been under a consolidation; while the encouragement of collective bargaining will not necessarily lead to the development of collective agreements, as against the atypical agreements which were the norm up to the present time.

4

The three Moroccan trade union centers, UMT-CDT-FDT, signed a strategic agreement on united trade union action in January 2014. The alliance aimed at tackling the government’s “anti-democratic and anti-popular” policies as well as its “outright dismissal of the trade union organizations’ calls for a frank and constructive social dialogue”.

5 The alliance is a

historical step as their common background and

history - CDT has sprung from UMT, and FDT later from CDT - has previously complicated cooperation between them. The three confederations now coordinate and cooperate on policy positions and demands, organise joint events and demonstrations and coordinate negotiations with the government. The three unions organised a big march in April 2014 in Casablanca to put pressure on the government to enter into negotiations with the unions. On 29 of October 2014 a national general strike was organised by the unions. It joined by UGTM as well as other organisations and political parties. Moroccan Labour Union (UMT)

UMT was established in 1955 and was active in the fight for independence from France, which has given the union a historic legitimacy. Most other trade union centres have sprung from UMT. An often voiced criticism of UMT is that it enjoys a range of privileges because of its historic position, and because of this has been reluctant to enter into cooperation with the other trade union centres or to give up its privileges for the inclusion of the newer unions. Miloudi Moukharik was elected general secretary in 2010 after the death of the secretary general through 55 years, Mahjoub Ben Seddik. UMT is represented in CNSS, OFPPT, and ANAPEC. The organization has declared 335,000 members to ITUC. General Moroccan Trade Union (UGTM)

UGTM was established in 1960 as a breakaway from UMT. It is a conservative union and is linked to the conservative political Istiqlal party. Hamid Chabat, General Secretary of UGTM from 2009 to 2014, was elected Secretary General of the Istiqlal Party in September 2012. The leadership of UGTM was subsequently temporally managed by an elected college of 9 persons, until the 10

th Congress in October

2014 elected a new leadership with M. Kafi Cherrat, head of the temporary management college, as its general secretary.

6 The organization has declared

750,000 members to ITUC.7

Democratic Labour Confederation (CDT)

CDT was created in 1978, as it broke out of UMT over political questions. CDT has historically had ties to the political left, notably the socialist party USFP. The Secretary General, Noubir el Amaoui, has occupied this post since the trade union centre’s creation. Back in 2006, CDT adopted a negotiation instrument

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covering the principal demands of the organization to address and negotiate issues at the workplace including their arguments and their legal aspects. During the Arabic Spring movements in Morocco, CDT supported the protest movement M20. And as the only one of the most representative trade union centres, it was against the proposed Constitutional amendments in 2011. The organization has declared 61,500 members to ITUC. Democratic Labour Federation (FDT)

FDT sprung from CDT in 2003 over a political divide, involving USFP, but the two trade union centres have the past years shown strong signs of reconciliation. FDT and CDT now coordinate marches and protests and stand side by side in political questions. Since January 2014, this coordination has expanded with the

alliance with UMT. Abderrahmane Al Azzouzi was elected General Secretary in 2006 and re-elected in 2010/2011. In June 2014 an internal conflict between two wings in the organisation broke out. This conflict dates back to the last congress. It was at the time solved, but it resurfaced this summer and has at the time of writing not been solved. The FDT is mostly represented in the public sector. The FDT is not an affiliate of the ITUC. National Moroccan Labour Union (UNTM)

UNTM was created in 1973. The union has strong links with the Islamic party in government, Justice and

Development Party (PJD). The general secretary of

UNTM Mohamed Yatim is a parliamentarian for the PJD. The UNTM is not an affiliate of the ITUC.

Trade Unions in Morocco8

Members, Dues, Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA) and Occupational Safety and Health committees

Trade Union Centres National

affiliation Total

Members Female

Members Dues

Number of CBAs

Workers covered by CBAs

Number of OSH com-mittees at

workplaces UMT Union Marocaine du Travail 335,000 - - - - -

UNTM Union National du Travail du Maroc - - - - - -

UGTM Union Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc 750,000

- - - - -

FDT Fédération Démocratique du Travail - - - - - -

CDT Confédération Démocratique du Travail 61,500

- - - - -

USF Union Syndicale des Fonctionnaires - - - - - -

SNPT Syndicat National des Postes et Télécommunications

- - - - - -

UNEM Union Nationale des Etudiants du Maroc

- - - - - -

ODT Organisation démocratique du Travail - - - - - -

SC Syndicats Confédérés. - - - - - -

SAS Syndicat de l'Action Sociale - - - - - -

COM Commissions Ouvrières Marocaine. - - - - - -

USD Union des Syndicats Démocratiques. - - - - - -

UDT Union Démocratique des Travailleurs. - - - - - -

SND Syndicat National Démocratique - - - - - -

CGTM Confédération Générale des Travailleurs du Maroc.

- - - - - -

SAT Syndicat Autonome du Travail. - - - - - -

UNA Union Nationale de l'Action. - - - - - -

SNP Syndicat National Populaire. - - - - - -

USP Union des Syndicats Populaires. - - - - - -

UNSTL Union Nationale des Syndicats des Travailleurs Libres.

- - - - - -

UMA Union Marocaine de l'Action. - - - - - -

SDTM Syndicat Démocratique du Travail au Maroc

- - - - - -

FOM Forces Ouvrières Marocaines. - - - - - -

UTM Union des Travailleurs Marocains. - - - - - -

USTL Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs Libres.

- - - - - -

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Employers’ Organisations

General Confederation of Moroccan Enterprises (CGEM)

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CGEM (Confédération Générale des Enterprise du Maroc) is the main employers’ organisation. It includes large industrial and commercial companies as well as small and medium sized enterprises. CGEM had 31 affiliated sectoral federations and about 2,637 member companies in 2008, whereas in 2000 it had 1,234 members. CGEM has a Committee for Employment and Social relations, related to collective bargaining agreements. The organization adopted a charter of social responsibility in 2006, which had one of its objectives to continually improve labour conditions and industrial relations.

CGEM and UMT have a closer cooperation, than the CGEM has with the other trade union centers. This can partially be explained by a recurring exposure to collaboration via their seats of representation in state organisations dealing with the labour market, and from the fact that UMT is strong in the private sector. CGEM represent a maximum of 14% of employers. Particularly small enterprises and family owned businesses are often not members of employers’ organisations – the same workplaces where trade unions have difficulty organising workers.

Central Tripartite Structures

Mediation and Arbitration

Collective industrial disputes are governed by the Labour Code:

10 First a labour inspector attempts

conciliation between the parties. If the conciliation fails the case is submitted to the tripartite Provincial and then the National Commission for Inquiry and Conciliation. If no settlement is reached the Commission can submit the dispute to an arbitrator. The arbitrator is chosen in agreement between the parties and if they do not agree, the Minister of Labour. Economic, Social and Environmental Council (CESE)

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The CESE has been long underway and was finally established in the spring 2011 as the king sought to meet the popular demands for change. It is an advisory council of trade unions, professional organizations and associations and other associations working in the field of social economy and rights. Its aim is to provide the government and the parliament with opinions, studies and proposals on the national economy and education, among others. The council has only an advisory mandate, but it is nonetheless a forum for the members to meet and debate and propose joint and concrete recommendations. Tripartite organs established by the Labour Code

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The Labour Code requires several tripartite bodies to be established. These fulfil functions such as regulate and give advice on labour policy, occupational safety

and health, collective bargaining and temporary employment:

The high council, regional and provincial councils for promotion of employment.

The Occupational Safety and Health Board.

Collective Bargaining Board.

Commission for temporary employment.

Enterprise level committees required at workplaces larger than 50 workers.

Social dialogue processes with the government has so far not succeeded in keeping all the five negotiating trade unions at the table. During 2014 the trade union movement expressed critique of the government which is not abiding to the constitutionalized social dialogue rounds, for drafting reform and legislative proposals without consulting them and for circumventing real negotiations, e.g. their proposal for the fiercely discussed pension reform in the CES, where the unions hold seat instead of in direct dialogue with them. The government has argued that several social dialogue meetings have been held with the unions, and that the contested issues, like the pension reform, is still open for dialogue. Other bi/tripartite organs

There are also tripartite representations at Caisse

National de Securite Sociale (CNSS), Consulting Services for MSME lending project (APEX institution), and Office of Vocational Training and Employment Promotion (OFPPT).

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National Labour Legislation

Constitution

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In July 2011 a new constitution was approved by popular referendum. Drafting a new constitution was the response of the royal palace to the popular protests that started arising in Morocco in February, as part of the wave of uprisings in Arab countries in 2011. The new constitution was written by a commission of experts appointed by the king, headed by an advisor of the king, rather than by an elected constituent assembly or another representative body. A limited consultation process with civil society and political parties took place during the drafting.

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The new constitution introduces the transferring of several powers from the king to the prime minister, such as the power to appoint high-level civil servants, the power to grant amnesty and to preside over the meetings of the cabinet. Also the powers of the parliament are broadened. In spite of these changes, the constitution arguably does not reduce the power of the king. The Constitution recognises freedom of association, the right to strike and the freedom to join unions. Most changes are yet to be implemented.

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Labour Code

15

The current Labour Code was established by Dahir (royal decree) in 2003 after a tripartite process that took years. It regulates employment relations, working age, maternity leave, working hours, occupational safety and health, wages, trade unions, employers’ representation and works councils. It also regulates settlement of collective labour disputes. Domestic workers are not covered by the Labour Code, thereby depriving them of the right to form unions. Also members of the judiciary are barred from forming trade unions. Several other legislations exist, which regulate and set standards and restrictions for the labour market. Most of them are also Dahirs and several have been repealed by the Labour Code.

16

Discussions on two new laws have long been on the negotiation table between subsequent governments and the social partners: Firstly, a law on the regulation of strike have obstacles blocking the deliberations of a strike law. Some of the most representative unions have refused blankly any law regulating strikes, while others are refusing certain “unacceptable” dispositions, such as the delays for announcing strikes, and the possibility of punishment of imprisonment.

17 All have deplored not being

involved in the drafting of the law proposal. The employers’ association, CGEM, has declared that they are no longer opposing trade unions' demands, and has even developed a draft law text that was submitted to the most representative unions.

18

According to the trade union, the demands were already been obtained in a April 2011 social agreement with the government. Secondly, the other law project, the trade union bill, is aimed to ensure better and more transparent management of trade unions, according to the government.

19 Some of the trade unions are open

towards establishing a regulatory, while others see it as a strictly internal affair for the trade unions to decide. An earlier draft of the law text foresaw forbidding retired persons holding trade union office, a disposition that is seen by some of the unions as a move to weaken their organisations. Another possible effect of such a regulatory framework would be the weakening of some of the historic prerogatives of the oldest union UMT.

20

ILO Conventions In 2013 the government of Morocco ratified one pending Governance Convention, i.e. C144 - Tripartite Consultation Convention; and the following four up-to-date conventions: C131 - Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, C151 - Labour Relations Convention, C176 - Safety and Health in Mines Convention, and C188 - Work in Fishing Convention. The latter's instruments are still not in force. (See also the table below).

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ILO Conventions

Ratified ILO Conventions21

Subject and/or right Convention Ratification date

Fundamental Conventions

Freedom of association and collective bargaining

C087 - Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise, 1948 Not ratified

C098 - Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 1957

Elimination of all forms of forced labour

C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 1957

C105 - Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 1966

Effective abolition of child labour

C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 2000

C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 2001

Elimination of discrimination in employment

C100 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 1976

C111 - Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 1963

Governance Conventions

Labour inspection C081 - Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 1958

C129 - Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 1979

Employment policy C122 - Employment Policy Convention, 1964 1979

Tripartism C144 - Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 2013

Up-to-date Conventions

Working time C014 - Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921 1956

C106 - Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957 1974

Wages C094 - Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention, 1949 1956

C131 - Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 2013

Industrial Relations

C135 - Workers' Representatives Convention, 1971 2002

C151 - Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978 2013

C154 - Collective Bargaining Convention, 1981 2009

Labour Administration C150 - Labour Administration Convention, 1978 2009

OSH C162 - Asbestos Convention, 1986 (No. 162) 2011

Protection in specific branches C176 - Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995 2013

Employment policy and promotion

C181 - Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 1999

Maternity Protection C183 - Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 2011

Fishers C188 - Work in Fishing Convention, 2007 Instrument not

in force

Seafarers MLC - Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 2012

Fundamental Conventions are the eight most important ILO conventions that cover four fundamental principles and rights at work. Equivalent to basic human rights at work.

Governance Conventions are four conventions that the ILO has designated as important to building national institutions and capacities that serve to promote employment. In other words, conventions that promotes a well-regulated and well-functioning labour market.

In addition, there are 71 conventions, which ILO considers “up-to-date" and actively promotes.

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Trade Union Rights Violations

The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) registered several cases during the period 2013-2014

22: In January 2013, members of the CDT, who

were protesting against 300 unfair dismissals from various companies, were attacked by the police. Several people were injured, including the General Secretary of the local union. In February 2013, the General Secretary of the Moroccan Ports Union was given a one year prison sentence by the Criminal Court of First Instance in Rabat, which charged him with participating in obstructing freedom of action according to the Criminal Code. There were registered anti-union activities by a company that was contracted to manage urban transport in the city of Fes in September 2012. It includes refusal by the local authorities to recognize the union office; the use of workers outside the company to break a strike organized since 13 May 2013; and the use of police to remove workers who were taking part in protest action. The CDT reported that the distribution of information material and the organization of protests action by workers have been prohibited on frequent basis. Violations of trade union rights were also present at a private refinery company which used anti-discriminatory measures against trade unionists such as transfers, suspensions and dismissals. Also state-controlled companies and local governments often try to falsify the results of union elections.

Management of the call centre company “Total Call” refuses to recognize unions for collective bargaining purposes. Moreover, 13 union members were dismissed after having announced the establishment of a union in the company. According to the U.S. 2013 Annual Human Rights Report

23, labor disputes were common and were in

some cases the result of employers failing to implement collective bargaining agreements and withholding wages. Trade unions complained that the government at times used the penal code to prosecute workers for striking and to suppress strikes. Although most union federations were strongly allied with political parties, unions were generally free from government interference. There is one active case in the ILO's Committee of Freedom of Association. The case was filed in March 2013 by the Democratic Federation of Labour (FDT). The complainant organization reports the authorities’ exclusion of the Democratic Union of the Judiciary (SDJ) from all collective bargaining despite it being the most representative organization in the sector, harassment of the organization’s members and the violent dispersal of peaceful demonstrations by the security forces.

ILO Complaints Procedure24

Freedom of Association cases (2014)

Active 1

Follow-up 0

Closed 67

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Working Conditions

Wages and earnings Monthly average, median and legal minimum wages

Source

Current Dirham

2011 US$

Formal sector average wage - total (2008)

Employment Survey25

3,120 421

Formal sector average wage - men (2008)

3,441 436

Formal sector average wage - women (2008)

2,416 307

Minimum wage, public sector (2014)

Magharebia26

3,000 363

Minimum wage, private sector (2014)

2,450 295

Minimum wage for a 19-year old worker or an apprentice (2014) Doing

Business27

2,264 280

Ratio minimum wage to value added per worker (2014)

0.77

Wage Share Unadjusted (2008)

Global Wage Database28

31 %

Growth of real average wage (2004-2011)

10 %

Growth of real minimum wage (2000-2011)

10 %

Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker denotes the minimum wage share of labour productivity. Reported as ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker in the Doing Business Report.29 The Wage Share is the share of GDP that goes to wages and other forms of labour compensation. It is not adjusted for the self-employed, and can therefore underestimate the amount of GDP that goes to workers, if there are many self-employed in the economy.30

The minimum wage in the public sector was raised to 3,000 dirham (US$363) per July 1, 2014. Also in the private sector the minimal wage was expected to be raised by 5%, reaching 2,450 dirham (US$295), and with an additional 5% boost in 2015, but it appears it was stalled.

31

Based on the latest Employment Survey, the average earnings for the formal sector is 3,120 dirham (US$421) per months. The formal sector is defined

here as those who are members of a social insurance system, which is a narrow definition of the formal sector. At 31%, the share of GDP going to wages is at a medium level for the world, as well as the Middle Eastern and North African region.

Both the real minimum wage and the real average wage have increased slightly over the last decade. Most workers in the industrial sector earned more than the minimum wage.

According to the U.S. Annual Human Rights Report,

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occupational health and safety standards are rudimentary, except for a prohibition on the employment of women and children in certain dangerous occupations. Moreover, many employers did not observe the legal provisions for conditions of work. The government did not always implement or effectively enforce basic provisions of the labor code, such as payment of the minimum wage and other basic benefits under the National Social Security Fund. The country’s labor inspectors attempted to monitor working conditions and investigate accidents, but lack of resources prevented effective enforcement of labor laws. Penalties were generally not sufficient to deter violations. According to the same report, NGOs have not registered any major workplace accidents occurred during 2013; however, there were numerous media reports of accidents, sometimes fatal, on construction sites that had substandard standards or lacked safety equipment. A report by CESE demonstrated that industrial conflicts have increased. It is especially because there is a gap between the standards set by the labour law and actual working conditions, in particular in manual and low-skilled jobs. Most of the conflicts in private enterprises are due to non-respect of the labour law.

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Workforce

Morocco's total population is estimated as 33 million out of which 11.8 million workers constitute the labour force. At 45%, Morocco has a very low employment rate, though it is on average for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Two reason for the low employment are related to the few women are employed or participate in the labour market as well as many youth are in education or due to high unemployment. Tax reforms and economic turmoil in the 1970s moved the country towards a rapid demographic transition with lower fertility.

35 It explains the shift between

2000 and 2007 where the population showed an annual growth at 1.2%, which was a marked fall in relation to the rate of 2.3% registered between 1960 and 2000. Despite the bulk of Morocco’s workforce is employed as subsistence farmers, the latest data on working poverty show that much fewer working Moroccans

live for US$1.25 and US$2 a day than the North African average.

Working Poor36

Age 15+

Share of workers

in total employment

1.25 US$

a day 2 US$ a day

Morocco (2007) 2.0 % 13 %

North Africa (2007) 5.3 % 19 %

North Africa (2012) 6.4 % 20 %

Working poor measures employed people living for less than US$1.25 and US$2 a day, as proportion of total employment in that group

Morocco’s middle class size was at the same as the MENA regional average: the former at 39% living for US$2-4 a day and 45% for US$4-20 a day, while the latter had 40% lived for US$2-4 a day and 45% for US$4-20 a day.

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Employment rates34

(2012), Age and Sex distribution

Sex Age Employment

rate

Male & female

Total 15+ 45 %

Youth 15-24 29 %

Adult 25+ 50 %

Male Total 15+ 68 %

Youth 15-24 43 %

Adult 25+ 77 %

Female Total 15+ 24 %

Youth 15-24 16 %

Adult 25+ 26 %

68%

43%

77%

24%

16%

26%

45%

29%

50%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

15+

15-24

25+

Male and female Female Male

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Unemployment and underemployment

Unemployment (2011)38

Gender, area, education, youth, have not worked before & long-term unemployment

Total Rural Urban

Total 8.9 % 3.9 % 13 %

Male 8.4 % - -

Female 10 % - -

Without degree 4 % 2.3 % 7 %

Secondary education 15 % 9.7 % 18 %

Higher education 19 % 25 % 19 %

Youth unemployment 18 % 8.6 % 32%

Have not worked before 52 % 44 % 54 %

Unemployed for more than a year

65 % 49 % 69 %

Total unemployment and most subgroups of unemployment have steadily fallen during the last decade: The unemployment deceased from 13.4% in 2000 reaching 8.9% in 2011. Notwithstanding, the unemployment rate was one of the major causes to the protest starting in 2011. Unemployment in Morocco shares several characteristics with other countries such as Tunisia and Egypt, where unemployment also played a major role in the Arab Spring protests. But Morocco is different in its larger share of employed in rural areas, many of which are subsistence farmers. Urban unemployment is much higher than unemployment in rural areas. Female unemployment is only slightly higher. Like other North African countries unemployment increases for better educated groups. Youth unemployment is also high, especially in urban areas. Unemployment in Morocco tends to root itself more than other North African states, as 65% of the unemployed have been unemployed for over a year, and 52% are first time job-seekers. First-time job seekers account for the largest share of unemployed youth. First time job seekers account almost for 65% of total youth unemployed, with about 70% in cities and 50% in rural areas. Interpretation of the open unemployment and employment rates as indicators of a well-functioning

labour market is problematic in developing countries. When unemployment is not an option where a person can survive, work of some sort has to be found, often casual and informal work. Unemployment should therefore be understood in relation to the strength of social safety nets, the prevalence of informal employment and how much of informal employment is underemployment due to few formal employment possibilities.

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Compared to other Arab countries, Morocco has both a larger agricultural employment as well as more own-account and contributing family workers. It makes open-unemployment analysis less meaningful, as there is likely hidden unemployment in the open-unemployment rates. The non-agricultural informal employment sector in Morocco is often in single person shops or service, which is an alternative to unemployment. Another indicator of hidden unemployment is time related underemployment, which measures those who involuntary worked less than 48 hours per week. The concept of underemployment does sometimes also include those who are employed below their skill-level. In general, underemployment tends to be higher in rural areas due to seasonal changes in activity. In Morocco the urban underemployment is only slightly lower than rural. It indicates that there is indeed hidden unemployment in the more industrialised parts of the economy.

Underemployment (2008)40

Gender and area distribution

Rural Urban

Total 10 % 8.9 %

Male 14 % 9.1%

Female 2.9 % 8.1 %

Youth (age 15-24) 15 % 13 %

Based on estimations from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), overall employment has been positive responsive to changes in the sustained GDP growth. Only youth employment has not increased. This indicates that the higher economic growth not necessarily translates into a significant reduction in youth unemployment. Given the projected changes in youth labor force, youth unemployment is likely to remain high in 2017 at a rate of about 15%.

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Sectoral employment

Around 43% of working Moroccans were employed in the agricultural sector in 2006, and in 2011 it was 40%, which is a large share for the Middle Eastern and North African region. The sector only contributes with 14% to GDP, which is because most agricultural workers are subsistence farmers. Morocco has one of the largest financial sectors in Africa; a sector that creates few jobs compared to its contribution to GDP. Job creation has occurred mainly in the services sector. Among the different sectors of economic activity, the services sector has absorbed the largest share of new entrants (84,000 jobs created each year), followed by industry (61,000) and agriculture (13,000). Three out of five (62%) of working women are employed in the agricultural sector, compared to 37% of working men. When women enter employment they do that most frequently from inactivity rather than unemployment.

A recent study identified that about a quarter of the population experience some form of labor market mobility every year and it is clear that rural women are the most mobile group with up to a third of this group changing labor status every year.

44

There are no clear improvements in terms of 'job mobility', i.e. by a trade-off between employment remuneration and employment duration. But there are indications that workers move to more unstable positions in terms of remuneration, but improve on the contract duration. On both aspects, females appear to be more affected than men. The economic sector shares have been very stable in the last decade. It reflects the mobility across the sectors and between the public and private sectors are somewhat rigid. Industrial policies and public sector reforms are lagging behind to strengthen the labour market and the economy.

Sectors Share (% of GDP)45

15 17 17 17 16 15 17 14 15 16 15 15 15

29 28 27 28 29 28 27 27 30 29 30 30 30

56 56 56 55 55 57 56 59

55 55 55 54 56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Agriculture Industry Services

Employment (2006)42

& GDP share (2012)43

Sector & Gender distribution – (Graph without Agriculture)

Sector Male

employment Female

employment GDP share per sector

Mining and quarrying 39,300 600 5.3 %

Manufacturing 760,800 381,200 15.9 %

Electricity, gas and water 39,200 3,600 2.6 %

Construction 783,100 6,500 6.5 %

Trade, restaurants and hotels

1,461,600 140,800 13.0 %

Transport and communication

367,700 27,100 6.7 %

Public administration, education & health

1,016,200 433,300 9.7 %

Finance, real estate and business services

105,000 47,400 14.1

Other services 8,600 2,500 11.8 %

Agriculture 2,651,800 1,651,600 14.4 %

11.8%

14.1%

9.7%

6.7%

13.0%

6.5%

2.6%

15.9%

5.3%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000

Male Female GDP share by Sector

14

Migration

Morocco has a high net migration rate, with one per every 350 inhabitants; three times higher than the average for developing countries in the Middle Eastern and North African region. There are estimated to be about 3.3 million Moroccans abroad, 85% of which are in European countries. Remittances are also in the higher end, both for the world and for developing countries in the MENA region. Morocco is also an important transit country for mostly irregular migrants from Sub-Sahara Africa to Europe.

46 Moroccans mainly migrate to

European countries, with the top three destinations being France, Spain, and Italy.

47

Migration48

Net migration (2008-2012)

Morocco - 450,000

Net migration to average population per year (2008-2012)

Morocco - 1 : 350

inhabitants

MENA (developing only)

- 1 : 1,005 Inhabitants

Personal transfers i.e. remittances received, % of GDP (2012)

Morocco 6.8 %

MENA (developing only)

2.8 %

Informal Economy

About 40% are employed in the agricultural sector and many of these are subsistence and informal farmers. Among the employed, the types of employment that are often informal include own account workers (29%) and contributing family workers (23%).

49

A government survey of the informal sector from 2007 indicated that 37% of non-agricultural employment is in the informal sector, a slight reduction from 39% in 1998. Distributed on sectors, 17% of employment in construction is informal, 81% in commerce, 35% in industry and 19% in services. About 16% of the informally employed are waged workers, compared to 67% of the total non-agricultural employment. The majority of non-agricultural informal employment therefore tends to be self-employed and in the commerce sector, i.e. small shops and street vendors.

50

According to the U.S. Annual Human Rights Report,

51

informal sector businesses often ignore the minimum wage. Another way to measure the informal employment is the number of workers not covered by a social security scheme (see also the section 'Social Protection'). This definition likely overestimates the size of informal employment, as own-account workers, employers, etc. are not included, but can be formal. However it especially gives an idea of the distribution of informal employment among the genders and rural-urban areas.

The large informal sector also explains part of the decreasing unemployment rate by exits to inactivity rather than employment.

Employed population not participate in a health insurance schemes (2008)

52

Total Rural Urban

Total 83 % 97 % 68 %

Male 83 % 95 % 71 %

Female 84 % 99 % 58 %

Note: Data on this table can diverge from the Social Protection's section due to different studies and data sources.

According to an ILO Working Paper, it was assessed that it has been difficult to assess the Labour Code’s impact on labour relations in the informal sector. Where the informal market predominates, the law becomes ineffectual and it is hardly possible to introduce an industrial social model. Some formal enterprises have no hesitation in using additional undeclared labour, either occasionally or regularly. There are numerous undeclared micro-enterprises and small and medium size businesses acting as outsourcers for certain activities by big companies. The impact of collective bargaining on informal enterprises might be found in indirect effect brought about by a general improvement in the employment situation and an effect brought about by reason of the interconnection between a formal enterprise and its informal contractors.

53

15

Child Labour

Data from 2006 shows a child labour proportion of 8% in Morocco which is close to the average for the North African region. Child labour is much higher in rural (13%) than urban (3.5%) areas, boys (9.1%) are more likely than girls (7.5%) to be engaged in child labour and child labour is more common among the poorest quintile (18%) than the richest quintile (1.9%) of households. A large share of child labours work outside the household (26%). During 2013 the High Planning Commission reported a significant reduction in child labor over the past decade, claiming that there were approximately 107,641 children between the ages of seven to fifteen actively working, compared with 517,000 children in the same age group in 1999.

54

Some children under 12 were apprentices, particular in family owned handicraft workshops. Apart from rural work, children often worked in the informal sector in textile and light manufacturing. Children’s

working conditions were also often substandard. Girls under the age of 15 engaged in child labour are often domestic servants, known as petit bonne.

55

Working children Proportion of all children in age group

Region Year Type Rate

Morocco (age 5-14)56

2006 Child labourers 8 %

Average for Middle East, North Africa, Europe and North America (age 5-17) 57

2008

Children in employment

8.4 %

Child labourers 6.7 %

Hazardous work 5.7 %

Children in employment include all children who conduct some kind of work, whereas child labourers are a narrower term without mild forms of work. Hazardous work is the worst from of child labour as defined in ILO C182.

Gender

As noted elsewhere in this report: Women’s average earnings are 70% that of men’s. Women have considerably less education than men. Enrolment rates into schools are slightly lower for women. Maternity leave is at 14 weeks, fully compensated by the social security system CNSS. Girls are less likely to be engaged in child labour, and when they are, they often work as domestic servants. Women have a much lower employment rate at 24% than men at 68%, and women also have a slightly higher unemployment rate. Though few women are employed, their employment rate is in the higher end for the Middle East and North African region. This is largely because of the larger share of subsistence farming, where many women work. Around 62% of working women are employed in

the agricultural sector, compared to 37% of working men. Outside agriculture, women tend to find work in manufacturing and public administration, and in education and health. Females' participation in the labour market is more present in Morocco than the Middle East and North African's (MENA) regional average. This is apparent in an enterprise survey from 2007, where 13% of firms had female participation in ownership compared to 6.6% for the average in the MENA. In addition, 40% of full time employees were women, compared to 6.9% for the average in the MENA.

58

Youth

Young people ages of 15 and 29 in Morocco make up 30% of the population and 44% of the people who are of working age. Their levels of exclusion are high: 49% are neither in school, nor the workforce.

59 Youth

unemployment in Morocco is lower than the North African average; and it is largely of a structural nature. About two-thirds of youth unemployed are without a job for at least one year. This rate is even higher for women and for people living in urban areas. The persistent high rate of youth unemployment recorded over the past decade is mainly the result of a negative youth employment growth (-1.2% over the period 2000–10).

60

Morocco's youth unemployment trend (%)61

17 17 16 15

20 18

15 17 18 18 17

44 42 41 40 41

39 36

39 42

39 37

23 26 25 24

26 25 25 22

20 20

24

10

20

30

40

50

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Youth unemployment rate

Share of youth unemployed in total unemployed

Youth unemployment rate - North Africa

16

Characteristics of the Working Age Population

The majority of Moroccans have never been to school, resulting in a low average years of schooling compared to other Middle Eastern and North African nations. This is largely because, compared to other Middle East and North African countries, many Moroccans still work as subsistence farmers in an underdeveloped agricultural sector. Of those who have been to school though, a high share has progressed into secondary and tertiary education. But as the section on

unemployment shows, higher education is not a straightforward path to better jobs. The graph above shows the educational attainment of all Moroccans above 25 years, and therefore gives a glance of the human capital of the labour force. Except for primary school, Morocco has lower enrolment rates into schools, than what is the average for the Middle East and North African region.

Enrolment in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary schools (2000-2011)

64

Total and Female, Morocco and Middle East and North Africa

Net enrolment is the ratio of children of official school age, who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Gross enrolment is the ratio of total enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the corresponding official school age. Gross primary enrolment is therefore sometimes higher than 100%.

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

200

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0%

20%

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60%

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200

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Gross secondary school enrolment

0%

5%

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30%

35%

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Gross tertiary school enrolment Morocco ,Totalenrolment

Morocco ,Femaleenrolment

MENA ,Totalenrolment

MENA ,Femaleenrolment

Highest level attained and years of schooling in the population62

(2010), Population 25+, Total and Female

Highest Level Attained Total Female

No Schooling 50.9 % 63.9 %

Primary Begun 3.6 % 2.3 %

Completed 17.5 % 13.7 %

Secondary Begun 8.7 % 6.5 %

Completed 10 % 7.2 %

Tertiary Begun 3.3 % 2.3 %

Completed 6.0 % 4.1 %

Average year of total schooling 4.4 years 3.2 years

Educational Gini Coefficient 0.61 0.72

Primary, secondary and tertiary is the internationally defined distinction of education. In Denmark these corresponds to grundskole, gymnasium & university.

The educational Gini Coefficient is similar to the Gini Coefficient, but instead of measuring the distribution of income in a population, it measures the distribution of education measured as years of schooling among the population.63

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

Female

No Schooling Primary - Begun Primary - CompletedSecondary - Begun Secondary - Completed Tertiary - BegunTertiary - Completed

17

Vocational training

As already mentioned, the high youth unemployment was one the main causes for the uprising in 2011. Employers have asserted that the right skills are lacking on the labour market and that this is a major barrier to expanding the business, and therefore hire new workers.

65 This implies too little vocational

training. Morocco has lower rates for vocational students, than the average for the Middle East and Northern African region, both compared to all students in secondary education and people aged 15-24. This is partly because of the agricultural sector’s relatively larger size in Morocco, but it also implies a low level of employable skills.

Vocational Training

66

Pupils in vocational training (2012)

Morocco 155,414

Ratio of pupils in vocational student to all pupils in secondary education (Average 2010-2012)

Morocco 6.1 %

MENA 9.9 %

Ratio of pupils in vocational training out of 15-24 year olds (Average 2010-2012)

Morocco 2.4 %

Northern Africa

9.2 %

Social Protection

Public spending on social protection schemes67 (2010)

Public social protection expenditure, excl. health

Moroccan Dirham 35 billion

US$ 4.1 billion

% of GDP 4.5 %

per capita 129 US$

% of government expenditure

25 %

Public health care % of GDP 2.1 %

Health social protection coverage (2006)

% of population 42 %

Trends in government expenditure in health

% changes per year (2007-2011)

6.3 %

Benefits, coverage and contributions to pension schemes

68 (2009-2011)

Social benefits for the active age % of GDP 1.5 %

Pensionable (60+) age receiving an old age pension

Proportion of total

40 %

Old age effective coverage as proportion of programs

Proportion of contributory

40 %

Active contributors to a pension scheme

15-64 years 24 %

There are four social security schemes. The two most important are the CNOPS (Caisse nationale des Organismes de Prévoyance sociale) for the public sector and the CNSS (Caisse nationale de Sécurité sociale) for the private sector. The schemes provide family allowance, pensions for old age, disability and survivors, as well as benefits for sickness and maternity leave. Employers and employees pay different contributions depending on the benefit type. Self-employed are not covered by the CNSS.

69 In

addition, there are RCAR (Régime Collectif d'Allocation de Retraite) for local state employees and temporary workers; and CMR (Caisse marocaine de Retraite) which administers a number of non-contributory pension schemes.

70 The latter is in deficit, and has

started consuming its reserves. The government has pledged to continue with the reform effort to set up a two-tier system. The contributory health insurance scheme, Assurance Maladie Obligatoire (AMO), that covers all employees, professionals and workers of the informal economy, was phased in over five years since 2006. AMO is expected to provide health insurance for 1.6 million wage earners in the private sector who are not currently covered. Also the RAMED medical assistance scheme was launched in 2012 directed towards the economically destitute poor people. It has been estimated that around 5 million Moroccans are benefiting from the scheme. The number of beneficiaries will be much greater than the number of employees registered with the different schemes because family members are also covered.

71

There are two indicators of the huge Social Protection gap: First, 76% of Moroccan workers do not have access to existing pension systems; and secondly, 58% are excluded from health social protection coverage. The government is under pressure from international lenders to cut public spending and subsidies, but is wary of stirring popular discontent and opposition protests.

18

General Economic Performance

Key Facts72

(2013 est.)

GDP GDP

per capita (PPP)

GDP real growth

HDI (2012)73

Gini Index (2005)

105 billion US$

5,500 US$

5.1 % 0.591 40.9

156 of 228 countries

130 of 187 countries

54 of 141 countries

The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the average of a long and healthy life, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Gini Index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. In terms of the ranking, the first country has the highest inequality, while the number 141 has the highest equality.

Doing Business

201574

Control of corruption

Government effectiveness

Rule of Law

71 of 189 countries

-0.32 (2007) -0.16 (2007) -0.26 (2007)

-0.41 (2012) -0.04 (2012) -0.19 (2012)

A high ranking on the Ease of Doing Business Index means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the start-up and operation of a local firm.75 The selected Governance Indicators cover the years 2007 and 2012, and ranking from ‐2.5 to 2.5; i.e. negative tendencies below the zero mean and unit standard deviation, score negative measurements.76

The royal palace in Morocco was quick to react to the protests in the beginning of 2011, following the developments in Tunisia and Egypt. Important political and social changes were initiated, including constitutional changes. In reality much power remains with the king and many of the constitutional changes are yet to be implemented. Morocco was not hard affected by the global financial recession in 2008-09 and have experienced an economic progress. However, the economy experienced a poor harvests and economic difficulties in Europe contributed to an economic slowdown in 2012. The growth rebounded to 5% in 2013. Inequality and vulnerability remain present. According to the Gini Index, which is estimated at 40.9, signals a medium level, but with a somewhat stubbornly inequality in incomes. The country has one of the lowest GDP per capita measured in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in the North Africa, and the gap is not projected to narrow. On the other hand, capital formation is hovering above the MENA's average.

Inflation has been kept below 4% over the last decade, much lower than the average for the MENA region. It is projected to stay low. The Doing Business indicator ranked Morocco medium at 71 out of 189 countries in 2014, this was three steps down since 2013. The country scores medium on the three governance indicators: Control of Corruption, Government Effectiveness, and Rule of Law.

GDP per Capita (PPP), trend and forecast77

Inflation, trend and forecast78

Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)79

0

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Morocco Middle East and North Africa

26 25 25 25 26

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31 33

31 31 31 31

19 20 21 21 21 21 22 24 24

26 25 22 22

0

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20

25

30

35

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Morocco Middle East & North Africa

19

Trade

Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (2013 est.)

Exports Imports FDI flow80

(average 2008-12) FDI Stock

17 billion US$

39 billion US$

2.2 billion US$

52 billion US4

16 % of GDP 37 % of GDP 2.1 % of GDP 50 % of GDP

The export industry plays a medium role in the Moroccan economy and imports are double the amount of exports. Though Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows are relatively low compared to other MENA countries, they increased after 2010 from US$1.4 billion to US$2.8 billion in 2012. Exports and FDI experienced some declines after 2008, but have since somewhat recovered, and have not deteriorated due to the political changes in 2011. Morocco’s exports are well diversified into different products, thus decreasing vulnerability to global changes in demand. However, the export productions also have a composition of skill requirements that make it comparably less possible for skilled labour to be used in other sectors. Industrial development strategies and infrastructure improvements are improving Morocco's competitiveness.

Morocco's main products share of exports (2012)

81

Morocco's main export markets (2013)82

Trade agreements

Morocco is part of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, which entered into force in 1998. It includes 16 other member states of the Arab League. Morocco has also bilateral trade agreements with Tunisia, Turkey, the United States, EFTA, and the European Union. The majority of Morocco’s exports and imports are with the EU, in particular France and Spain. Morocco participates in EUROMED the southern part of the European Neighbourhood Policy. It is a long term policy of tying these countries closer to the EU through promotion of “deep and sustainable democracy”, accompanied by “inclusive economic development”. This includes support for business developments and civil society organizations. These are coupled with financial support, with projects coordinated through the European Neighbourhood Partnership Instrument,

83 as well as trade benefits,

with the goal of establishing a free trade area.84

The U.S. trade agreement entered into force in 2006 and both countries are obligated to enforce the four core ILO labour standards, as well as acceptable conditions of work, in a manner affecting trade.

85

Export Processing Zones

According to an ILO survey from 2007,86

Morocco has two Export Processing Zones in the ports of Tangiers and Casablanca respectively, with export comprising 61% of total exports. Activities in the zones are diversifying and cover the service sector, car manufacturing, and aeronautics. The biggest project is the transformation of the port at Tangiers into an international logistics hub. The one in Tangiers employed around 48,000 workers in 2009. Labour laws are often not applied within the zone and no collective bargaining agreement has been reached in the zone. Unionisation rates are low at around 5% of the 48,000 workers employed. Workers are scared to form trade unions, for fear of losing their jobs.

87

There are about eight more zones in development, with the largest being in Melloussa which is projected to create 6,000 direct and 30,000 indirect jobs.

88

Insulated Wire; 9.5%

Mixed Mineral or Chemical

Fertilizers; 8.3%

Calcium Phosphates

(7.4%), ; 7.4%

Phosphoric Acid; 7.1%

Non-Knit Women's

Suits; 4.7%

Refined Petroleum;

4.4% Cars; 3.9% Processed Fish;

2.3%

Others; 52%

EU; 61%

India; 4%

Brazil; 6%

US; 4%

Turkey; 2%

Others; 24%

20

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21

46

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