more resilient ohio food system recommendations for building a · leadership and ingenuity....

Opportunity in aTime of Crisis

Ohio Ecological Food and Farm Associat ion, Ohio Farmers MarketNetwork, Ohio Food Pol icy Network, Produce Perks Midwest

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BUILDING AMORE RESILIENT OHIO FOOD SYSTEM

June 2020

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit early in2020, it created an unprecedented crisis forOhio and the nation. Ohio Governor MikeDeWine acted quickly to protect publichealth and mandated a temporary stay-at-home order. While necessary, this actionhas negatively impacted the state’seconomy and food system. While economists, politicians, andcorporations have for years extolled thevirtues and efficiency of a centralizedglobal food supply chain, the pandemic hasexposed the vulnerabilities of this approachas grocery store shelves went bare, fields offood were plowed back into the soil, andfamilies went hungry.[i] Although COVID-19 paralyzed our countryand broke many links in the national supplychain, our diverse local food system haspersevered and helped meet theunprecedented demand from Ohiocustomers wanting safe and secure food.

To date, our local and regional food systemhas risen to the challenge with minimalassistance or support from the state orfederal government. While this responsehas been remarkable, it is not sustainable,nor is it equitably serving all Ohioans. Ourleaders have a unique opportunity to turn ashort-term disaster response into a long-term platform for transformation thatcontributes to a resilient and economicallystrong and secure local and regional foodsystem. This document identifies missing links andopportunities in our local and regional foodsystem and community food access, alongwith eight policy recommendationsOhio’s decision-makers can implement inthe short-term to invest in the long-termcapacity of Ohio’s farmers and farmersmarkets and build food security forvulnerable families.

Introduction

JUNE 2020 PG. 2OPPORTUNITY IN A TIME OF CRISIS

Establishment of an interagency foodwork group to identify strategies tofund and build farmers marketcapacity including technical assistanceand infrastructure development foronline purchasing platforms for farmersmarkets, direct-to-consumerproducers, and local retailers;Establishment of an interagency foodwork group to identify areas wherecreation of food preservation,processing, and distribution facilitiesare needed and how they can befinanced;Passage of the HEROES Act with aid forunderserved farmers and those sellinginto local food systems;Passage of the Family FarmReGeneration Act (HB 183/SB 159);Changes to state contract biddingrequirements for local foodpurchasing;Online infrastructure developmentfor SNAP nutrition incentiveprogramming, like Produce Perks;Support of the SNAP Online Expansionand Delivery Act; andPassage of Senate Bill 121, whichsupports nutrition education.

Briefly, the eight policy recommendationswhich will be explored in this report are:


Local and RegionalFood Systems


Ohio’s local food system consists of a diversearray of businesses, nonprofits, andgovernment agencies including farms, value-added producers, farmers markets, food hubs,produce auctions, processors, distributors,retailers, and community organizations.Vegetables, fruits, meat, eggs, dairy products,grains, and value-added products arecommonly produced for local and regionalmarkets. Local and regional farmers (LRF) primarilyutilize direct-to-consumer outlets like farmersmarkets, farm stands, and communitysupported agriculture (CSA) programs. Manyalso sell to restaurants and small grocers orco-ops. Some produce growers have scaled upto form cooperatives that serve wholesalebuyers like larger grocers and institutions. While there is, unfortunately, a widespreadlack of economic data collected on local foodsystems, the evidence we do have stronglysuggests they were experiencing robustgrowth prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.

LAY OF THE LAND According to the National AgriculturalStatistics Service, Ohio producers’ direct-to-consumer sales increased from $46 million in2012 to $80 million in 2017, while sales of localfood through retailers and restaurants totaledmore than $118 million. These burgeoningLRFs are more likely to stay in business thanthose not marketing through direct-marketchannels because they are able to retain ahigher percentage of the food dollar. [ii]Additionally, farmers that sell their productslocally create a multiplier effect for the localeconomy, creating 15 full-time jobs for each $1million in revenue earned compared to onlythree jobs for food that leaves the region.[iii] Many of these LRFs rely on farmers markets.There are more than 8,600 registered farmersmarkets across the U.S. and an estimated 400farmers markets in Ohio, according to the OhioFarmers Market Network. Ohio farmersmarkets generate approximately $11,000 permarket day[iv]. More than 20 percent offarmers markets also helped incubate newagriculture-related businesses by sharingfacilities, retail space, and/or providingtechnical assistance.[v]


Farmers markets also provide importantaccess points to local food. Nearly three-quarters of farmers markets have at least onevendor accepting federal nutrition assistanceas payment, including programs like theSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program(SNAP), the Women, Infants and ChildrenFarmers’ Market Nutrition Program (WICFMNP), and the Senior Farmers’ MarketNutrition Program (SFMNP).

In many instances, online sales, CSA programs,and low contact home delivery and pick uplocations have exploded as farmers pivotedquickly to make the adjustments needed tofeed our communities. As commodityproducers euthanized hogs and poultry anddumped milk, many small meat and organicdairy producers are reporting record sales.School and restaurant closures affectedfarmers and food hubs, but school district-runlunch programs for needy children and direct-to-consumer retail sales helped mitigate someof those losses. Despite strong demand, someLRFs have lost markets and many haveincurred increased marketing and labor costs.Most have received no government support fortheir losses or additional costs, as federalprograms, like the Coronavirus FoodAssistance Program (CFAP), have beentailored to large-scale commodity growers. Many farmers markets adopted drive-thrumodels or instituted strict social distancingprocedures in a matter of weeks, thanksto the herculean efforts of market managersand volunteers. These adaptations requiredconsiderable time, energy, and cost toaccomplish. Additional costs to markets include personalprotective equipment, sanitizer and sanitizingstations, staff, social distance guidance forvendors and customers, rent for new locations,and online sales platform fees andmanagement. At the same time, markets havelost income from vendor fees (social distancinghas required many markets to reduce theirnumber of vendors, and some farmers have

IMPACTS AND RESPONSES TOCOVID-19

Nationally, farmers relying on commoditysupply chains were affected by the marketdisruptions resulting from the pandemic.Outbreaks of the disease closed meatprocessing plants resulting in farmers havingto euthanize millions of animals. Restaurantclosures led many dairy producers to dumptheir milk. The suspension of temporary visasinterrupted the availability of migrant laborwho help plant, grow, and harvest produce.Closed restaurants, schools, and colleges alsomeant cancelled contracts for farmers andfood distributors. As COVID-19 exposed the vulnerabilities ofa consolidated, global food supply chain, LRFscontinued to farm and many of the marketoutlets they rely on adapted, despite adecades-long disinvestment in communitylevel assets, like processing facilities.


opted out of markets to reduce the risk forthemselves and their employees),sponsorships, events, and educational orentertainment activities, which are nowprohibited. Markets will continue to face

“Without a doubt, 2020 is a different type ofyear,” said Elizabeth Stites of Hyde ParkFarmers Market in Hamilton County. “Wehave had to reinvent our market almostweekly, going from a prepaid, drive-thrumarket in March to a walk-in COVID-19farmers’ market today. None of thesestructures existed 12 months ago, and I amnot yet convinced these are viable modelsfor farmers markets into the future. Theamount of strain that our COVID-19 worldhas brought on the market managementteam and the farmers themselves isunimaginable.”

“I’m lucky to be part of a market that did avast amount of legwork to create a drive-thru market in a matter of weeks,”said farmer Joan Richmond of Meadow RiseFarm in Richland County. “But growingfor an online platform is stressful. I have toenter inventory every Monday,meaning I need to know how much I’ll haveat harvest for market five days inadvance, and the labor required to pack andorganize the orders is significant.On top of all that, I fully expect a secondwave of COVID-19. When that hits, Ithink people will be more likely to avoidgoing out than ever. It’s working fornow, but I don’t know what it will look likein six weeks. I’m worried about makingenough money to pay my workers.”

challenges, including the strain on all thesesystems when the volume of product is highestat peak season, volunteer and managerburnout, and the potential for a second andthird wave of the pandemic.


Moreover, necessary market modifications andreduced market attendance have cut sales atmany farmers markets. Some marketmanagers have reported they are seeing only25 percent of the sales they’d expect to see ina normal year, according to the Ohio FarmersMarket Network. Despite these obstacles, LRFs and marketshave demonstrated incredible resilience andcreativity in responding to this crisis; however,many of these sacrifices are not sustainable. We have an opportunity to build on this localleadership and ingenuity. Ohio’s decision-makers need to invest in regional food systemsinfrastructure for aggregation, processing, anddistribution to ensure a stronger food systemthat’s capable of serving our communities longterm.

First, Ohio needs to invest in the resilienceof farmers markets that have proven incrediblyadaptable and important during this crisis. Asnoted previously, that adaptation did notcome without cost. Most markets operate on ashoe-string budget and additional costs couldthreaten their continuation. Online salestechnology will be necessary for the long-termand will require considerable time and capitalto operate, and it’s unclear whether thesesystems and market staff are capable ofhandling increased peak season volume.The current crisis has revealed the importantservice local farmers markets provide tofarmers and consumers, but investment isneeded to ensure they don’t disappear fromour communities, cutting off an importantsource of local food and laboratories for foodbusiness development. Recommendation 1: We call on GovernorMike DeWine to establish an interagencyfood work group to identify strategies tofund and build farmers market capacity toimprove public health and food systemresilience including steps to ensure onlineinfrastructure development for onlinepurchasing platforms and/or technicalassistance for farmers markets, direct-to-consumer producers, and local retailers isavailable to equitably serve all consumers,including those using SNAP, WIC, andSFMNP. This group should also consider howadministration of these programs can bestreamlined to ensure consistency forcustomers, farmers, and markets.

ADDRESSING OHIO'SMISSING LINKS

While the pandemic has dramatically exposedthe systemic weaknesses in our food system,most of the problems facing LRFs andfarmers markets are nothing new. In thismoment, it is important to look beyondshort-term solutions to the current crisis, andinstead address the underlying problemsfacing Ohio agriculture, including lack offunding for farmers markets, land accesschallenges, and limited processinginfrastructure.


Second, Ohio needs to address the ongoinglack of processing facilities in the state, whichhampers LRF business growth. The mostnotable weakness in Ohio’s regionalprocessing infrastructure is meat processing.Meat processors serving direct marketingproducers have been at capacity for years andmany livestock producers interested in highervalue organic markets cannot make thattransition as there is only one certifiedorganic processing plant in the state withextremely limited capacity. Many farmers mustdrive their animals long distances to thenearest processor, and the lack of processorsmakes it difficult for farmers to start or expandtheir businesses. Supporting the development of meatprocessing facilities strategically located inOhio’s diverse regions would provide betteraccess and lower costs for farmers, allowmore small to mid-size growers to scale up,enhance affordable consumer access to localmeat, and protect against current and futuremarket disruptions. Lack of investment in processing facilities thatwould allow farmers to cost-effectively can,freeze, pickle, and dry their products isanother limitation. Creating farmer-run andnot-for-profit infrastructure would allowfarmers to minimally process and storeproduct for markets in the fall, winter, andspring when they could be marketed toschools, institutions, and retail outlets. TheOhio Food Policy Advisory Council [vi]identified the need to invest in food processing

“I had one buyer increase our contract formy chicken because COVID created such asurge in demand, which is great. But Ionly have two options for getting my birdsprocessed,” said Henry Jochem ofPrimaterra Farm in Perry County. “PleasantValley in Tuscarawas County is an hour andforty-five minutes away, and King and Sonsis three hours. It’s a huge cost in time andfuel. And, while I was able to scheduleenough appointments to cover my usualproduction, they are so busy that it’s hard toget additional appointments now so I cangrow.”

infrastructure in 2009, and more than a decadelater, the Ohio Solutions from the LandInitiative [vii] reiterated that need. Foodprocessing infrastructure not only bolstersthe resilience of the Ohio food system but alsocreates jobs and builds wealth in localcommunities.


Recommendation 2: Governor MikeDeWine can use an interagency foodwork group to identify areas wherecreation of food preservation,processing, and distribution facilitiesare needed and how they can befinanced.

Recommendation 3: We call on OhioSenators Sherrod Brown and RobPortman to support provisions in theHEROES Act which aid underserved LRFsand work to strengthen the bill bytargeting and prioritizing resources tosmall farmers and those selling intolocal food systems.

Third, LRFs, beginning farmers, organicfarmers, and socially disadvantaged farmerswho have been negatively impacted by COVID-19 and who have been overlooked by previousdisaster relief, should receive support in thefourth aid package. With the risk of a second oreven third wave of infections, and the pendingexpiration of Pandemic UnemploymentAssistance, targeting assistance to LRFs isnecessary to protect them should consumerspending decline mid-season as this crisisevolves. The U.S. House of Representatives haspassed the Health and Economic RecoveryOmnibus Emergency Solutions (HEROES) Actwhich, if signed into law, would providemillions in support to farmers not supported inthe prior aid packages.

Fourth, access to land is a perennial problemfor beginning farmers as well as those lookingto add acreage, as they are often outbid by

Recommendation 4: We ask the OhioLegislature to expeditiously pass theFamily Farm ReGeneration Act (HB183/SB 159), a bi-partisan bill whichwould provide tax credits to landownersand beginning farmers.

large commodity farms and developers. Whenthey can access land, LRFs often cannot affordthe equipment, labor, and/or infrastructurethey need and struggle to access capital thatcould help address these needs. Ohio’s foodsecurity depends upon farmland staying inproduction and new farmers getting on theland. Ohio needs to incentivize land transferbetween landowners and beginning farmers toprotect farmland for future food productionand support the next generation of farmersdoing the necessary work of feeding ourfamilies.

Fifth, Ohio can reward contractors whopurchase from Ohio farmers and businesses.The 2017 Census data reveals that state andlocal governments collectively spent about$3.7 trillion through contracting, which can goto out-of-state or foreign companies. Takinga more thoughtful approach to this spendingand redirecting these contracts to Ohiobusinesses would generate an enormousmultiplier effect, increasing income, wealth,and jobs in the state. Locally-ownedbusinesses spend two to four times more ofevery contract dollar on local vendors than donon-local businesses, thereby increasing areaemployment and income more than non-localfood businesses.[viii] Directing state and localgovernments to require bidders to


Recommendation 5: We call on GovernorMike DeWine to use his authority torequire state contract bids for foodpurchasing to indicate the minimumpercentage they plan to re-spend in thestate.

indicate a minimum percentage they plan tore-spend in the state—in this case on localfood purchasing—would increase the benefitto Ohio farmers, comply with World TradeOrganization rules, and allow all companies tocompete on level playing field by taking intoaccount their tax generation.[ix]

Ohio can take full advantage of theopportunities in our local food system withclear policy directives and investment in theinfrastructure necessary to support a well-functioning regional food system.

Approximately 1.5 million Ohioans struggle toafford food and the state has the seventhhighest number of households receiving foodassistance through the Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program (SNAP). Furthermore, 16.2percent of Ohio households and 19.5 percentof those with children struggle to affordenough food, a figure that is exponentiallyincreasing with the advance of the pandemic. To help address the tremendous need forhealthy food access, Produce Perks (PP),Ohio’s nutrition incentive program, provides a$1-for-$1 match for SNAP beneficiaries(including Pandemic-Electronic BenefitTransfer, or P-EBT) to buy fruits andvegetables from Ohio farmers markets, direct-to-consumer producers, and local retailers.PP increases affordable access to healthyfoods for all Ohio households receiving SNAPbenefits and is operational at 125+ locationsstatewide. In 2019, PP generated more than$900,000 in healthy food purchases from morethan 500 farmers.

Food Access andHealth Outcomes


LAY OF THE LAND

"The tokens received on account of ProducePerks have often been the only way I havebeen able to afford fresh vegetables,” saidJoseph, a SNAP user in Cincinnati. “ProducePerks tokens allow parents and childrenalike to eat higher quality food where theymay not be able to otherwise, while alsosupporting our local economy via exercisingthe choice to obtain food from our goodfarmers, who we all too often forget are thetrue back bone of our great state."


The Health Policy Institute of Ohiorecommends nutrition incentive programming,like Produce Perks, as the top-rated, evidence-based state policy strategy to address foodinsecurity and improve health outcomes. Thisnationally recognized model is supported bythe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) andrecommended by the Ohio Department ofHealth as a key strategy within the StateHealth Improvement Plan and is recognized forits dual impact of increasing purchases offruits and vegetables by SNAP consumers andincreasing revenues for small- to mid-sizedfarmers, farmers markets, and groceryretailers.[x] Additionally, it boosts localeconomies. The USDA estimates that every $1in SNAP spending creates $1.80 in economicactivity, which is magnified when purchasinglocally grown food.

IMPACTS AND RESPONSES TOCOVID-19

In the past few months, more than 1.2 millionOhioans have filed initial jobless claims,exceeding the combined total for the pastthree years. An additional 161,000 residentsnot eligible for regular unemployment havefiled for emergency Pandemic UnemploymentAssistance.[xi] According to the OhioDepartment of Job and Family Services, 16.8percent of Ohioans were unemployed in April,giving the state the sixth highestunemployment rate in the nation.

"Due to the COVID-19 crisis and highunemployment, we are seeingnew SNAP customers every week. With theunlimited Produce Perks it is notuncommon to have customers purchasing$100 or $200 in tokens. LastSaturday we processed around $1,700 inSNAP tokens versus $250 last year," saidDan Madigan, manager of the ToledoFarmers Market. "One customer told me shelost her job last month and that it was greatthat we offered the Produce Perks, so shecould eat healthy and stretch her fooddollars. Another customer shared with methat she uses the Produce Perks tokens andlets each of her kids use them for things thatthey want. This is fantastic as this iscreating some great positive memories forthese children and hopefully they becomeour future customers.”


This record unemployment and under-employment, along with the closure of schoolswhich disrupted free and reduced breakfastand lunch programs has increased the demandfor food assistance. Thankfully, Ohio hasstepped up to meet some of this challenge bymaking resources available through P-EBT toprovide meals for children who are currentlyunable to receive them at school. More than92,000 Ohioans applied for SNAP benefitsbetween mid-March and mid-April this year,with some weeks seeing 172 percent growthcompared to 2019.[xii] With expandedunemployment assistance scheduled to end onJuly 31, many Ohioans will be left with limitedresources for purchasing food, potentiallydriving more people to the emergency foodsystem.

ADDRESSING OHIO'S MISSINGLINKSLocal food systems have the potential toaddress many of the needs and healthoutcomes of food insecure Ohioans while atthe same time generating real economicbenefit to farmers and local communities. First, we need to address the barriers tofarmers, farmers markets, and local retailersparticipating in online SNAP sales. Ohiorecently received a waiver to participate in theUSDA online SNAP purchasing pilot. Albeit astep in the right direction, it is difficult andcostly for local outlets to develop the onlineplatforms and infrastructure required to serve

Recommendation 6: We ask GovernorMike DeWine to ensure onlineinfrastructure development for SNAPnutrition incentive programming, likeProduce Perks, is available to supporthealthy food purchases for low-incomeconsumers.Recommendation 7: We call on the OhioCongressional delegation to support theSNAP Online Expansion and Delivery Act,which would contribute to increasedhealthy food access and farm viability byallowing farmers and small retailers toaccept online SNAP orders and providingresources so they are equipped to do so.

SNAP consumers online. Instead, thepredominant food outlets for this purchasingare Amazon and Walmart. As we move toonline SNAP sales we must ensure that thosepurchases can be made from farmers and thesmall retailers that contribute jobs andeconomic viability to local communities.

Second, nutrition education can be used toimprove the health outcomes of Ohioans,while growing demand for local, fresh food,building understanding of our local andregional food system, and increasingawareness of SNAP and access to onlinepurchasing. Ohio ranks 47th in the nation forthe disparity between the health of low-income residents compared to that of high-income residents, with a gap of nearly 30years across Ohio between the shortest andlongest lifespans.[xiii] More than 33 percent ofchildren in Ohio have enough excess weight to


Recommendation 8: The OhioLegislature should move expeditiouslyto pass Senate Bill 121, requiring theState Board of Education to adopt healtheducation standards, as is the case withother academic content areas.

put them at risk of developing early onset diet-related conditions like diabetes and heartdisease. It also has been shown that peoplewith underlying health problems are at higherrisk of experiencing severe COVID-19symptoms.[ixx] One important way to address diet-relateddisease, counteract the trajectory of thecurrent generation having a shorter lifespanthan their parents, and give people the skillsthey need to eat healthy and be part of Ohio'slocal food system is for the Ohio Department ofEducation to adopt health standards. Thesestandards would provide a framework forteachers, administrators, and parents todesign health and nutrition educationcurriculum that fits the needs of their studentsand communities.

Our recommendations are in direct alignmentwith, and enhance, existing measures andprovisions related to previous coronavirusrelief packages and Ohio’s participation in theUSDA’s online SNAP purchasing pilot; andprovide long-term solutions, assets, and moreeffective, equitable public safety nets withinOhio.

We call on Governor Mike DeWine toestablish an interagency food workgroup to:

Identify strategies to fund andbuild farmers market capacity toimprove public health and foodsystem resilience including steps to

The current health and economic crisis hasdemonstrated the importance of our localand regional food system to Ohioans, butwe must stop taking it for granted. It’s timeto invest in strategies that will, over thelong-term, build a more resilient local andregional food system that providesincreased market opportunity for farmers,creates more jobs, increases healthy foodaccess, and is better able to respond tofuture market disruptions. While theseinvestments are not intended to replacethe entire current food system, bolsteringOhio’s food system and strengthening LRFswill offer myriad benefits. The following actions are necessary todevelop a more resilient local and regionalfood system:

Identify areas where creation offood preservation, processing,and distribution facilities areneeded and how they can befinanced.

We call on Ohio Senators SherrodBrown and Rob Portman to supportprovisions in the HEROES Act whichaid underserved LRFs and work tostrengthen the bill by targeting andprioritizing resources to small farmersand those selling into local foodsystems.

ensure online infrastructuredevelopment for online purchasingplatforms and/or technicalassistance for farmers markets,direct-to-consumer producers, andlocal retailers is available toequitably serve all consumers,including those using SNAP, WIC,and SFMNP. This group should alsoconsider how administration ofthese programs can be streamlinedto ensure consistency forcustomers, farmers, and markets.

Summary ofRecommendations



We ask the Ohio Legislature toexpeditiously pass the Family FarmReGeneration Act (HB 183/SB 159), a bi-partisan bill which would provide taxcredits to landowners and beginningfarmers.We call on Governor Mike DeWine to usehis authority to require state contractbids for food purchasing to indicate theminimum percentage they plan to re-spend in the state.

We ask Governor Mike DeWine to ensureonline infrastructure development forSNAP nutrition incentive programming,like Produce Perks, is available to supporthealthy food purchases for low-incomeconsumers.We call on the Ohio Congressionaldelegation to support the SNAP OnlineExpansion and Delivery Act, which wouldcontribute to increased healthy foodaccess and farm viability by allowingfarmers and small retailers to acceptonline SNAP orders and providingresources so that they are equipped to doso.The Ohio Legislature should moveexpeditiously to pass Senate Bill 121,requiring the State Board of Education toadopt health education standards, as isthe case with other academic contentareas.

The following actions are necessary to ensurefood access and health outcomes:

[[i] Clapp, Jennifer, New York Times, May, 8, 2020: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/opinion/coronavirus-global-food-supply.html [ii] Tropp, Debra, Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, September 2019:https://www.foodsystemsjournal.org [iii] Health Policy Institute of Ohio: http://www.hpio.net/guide-to-improving-health-value/

This report was written by Tevis Foreman,Jaime Hadji, Lauren Ketcham, AmalieLipstreu, Michelle Moskowitz Brown, andMilo Petruziello with contributions andfeedback provided by Ana Bird, AmyBodiker Baskes, Brian Estabrook, ReneeHunt, Erin Molnar, Elizabeth Stites, andMichelle White.

Acknowledgements


SOURCES

CONTRIBUTORS PHOTO CREDITS

Cover: Mile Creek FarmPg. 2: Seminary Hill FarmPg. 3: Three Creeks ProducePg. 4: Kelly Henderson-Cabral, That Guy's FamilyFarmPg. 6: Hyde Park Farmers Market, Meadow Rise FarmPg. 7: Primaterra FarmPg. 10: Bird's Haven FarmPg. 11: Down the Road Farm, Clintonville FarmersMarketPg. 12: Toledo Farmers MarketPg. 14: Local MattersPg. 15: Three Creeks ProducePg. 16: Kelly Henderson-Cabral, That Guy's FamilyFarmPg. 17: Down the Road Farm


[iv] USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, 2014 National Farmers Market Manager Survey Summary:https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2014%20Farmers%20Market%20Managers%20Survey%20Summary%20Report%20final%20July%2024%202015.pdf [v] Farmers Market Coalition: https://farmersmarketcoalition.org/education/stimulate-local-economies/ [vi] Ohio Food Policy Advisory Council Report, August 2009: https://glenn.osu.edu/research/food-policy/food-policy%20attributes/summit-resources/State%20food%20policy%20council%20report.pdf [vii] Ohio Smart Agriculture: Solutions from the Land: https://www.sfldialogue.net/ohiosmartag/reports/OSA-SfL_Phase_I_Report.pdf [viii] Hughes, D.W., and K.A. Boys. Choices Magazine, Quarter 1, 2015. "What We Know and Don't Know About theEconomic Development Benefits of Local Food Systems”: http://choicesmagazine.org/choices-magazine/theme-articles/community-economics-of-local-foods/what-we-know-and-dont-know-about-the-economic-development-benefits-of-local-food-systems [ix] Michael Shuman, Commentary on Community Economics: https://michaelhshuman.com/?p=656 [x] Policy Matters Ohio: https://www.policymattersohio.org/research-policy/ [xi] The Hannah Report, May 22, 2020: http://www.hannahnews.com/states/ohio/ [xii] The Columbus Dispatch: https://www.dispatch.com/news/20181016/report-two-columbus-neighborhoods-among-lowest-in-ohio-for-life-expectancy-rates [xiii] Trust for America’s Health and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2017, Ohio State Obesity Data, Rates andTrends.The State of Obesity: Better Policies for a Healthier America: https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/states/oh/ [ixx] Centers for Disease Control: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/groups-at-higher-risk.html

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