more regulating gene expression
DESCRIPTION
more regulating gene expression. Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational. Fig 15.1. Fig 16.1. Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
more regulating gene expression
![Page 2: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
![Page 3: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
![Page 4: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fig 23.25
Alternate Splicing in Drosophila Sex Determination
![Page 5: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Alternate splicing leads to sex determination in fruit flies
Fig 23.25
![Page 6: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 6.40http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2
mRNA transport is an important regulatory step
![Page 7: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 7.52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2
mRNA can be localized to a specific parts of a cell (from Drosophila embryo)
![Page 8: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 7.98
At least 3 mechanisms are involved:
Directed transport via cytoskeleton
Random diffusion and trapping
Degradation and local protection
![Page 9: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A processed mRNA ready for translation
Protects from degradation/ recognition for ribosome
Protects from degradation/ transport to cytoplasm
5’ untranslatedregion
3’ untranslatedregion
![Page 10: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 7.99http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2
mRNA with 3’ UTR properly localized
mRNA without 3’ UTR improperly localized
![Page 11: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
![Page 12: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
![Page 13: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig 15.25
Regulation of iron assimilation in mammals:Regulating of Translation
![Page 14: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fig 15.26Ferritin is regulated at translation
![Page 15: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
C. elegans is commonly used to study development
![Page 16: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
C. elegans development
![Page 17: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
C. elegans mutants with cells that do not develop properly.
![Page 18: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C. elegans mutants with cells that do not develop properly.
The product of these genes was found to be RNA?
![Page 19: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cell vol. 116,281-297 2004
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ~22nt RNAs that play important regulatory roles
![Page 20: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How do microRNAs control gene expression?
miRNA expressed
miRNA processed to ~22nt RNA
Mature miRNA
Fig 15.23 and
![Page 21: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A processed mRNA ready for translation:microRNAs inhibit translation by binding to the 3’ end of mRNA
microRNA bind to 3’-UTR
5’-UTR3’-UTR
![Page 22: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
miRNA expressed
miRNA processed to ~22nt RNA
Mature miRNA
the 3’ end with attached microRNA interacts with the 5’ end, blocking translation
Fig 15.23 and
![Page 23: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
miRNAs can lead to methylation of DNA that
leads to inhibition of transcription
![Page 24: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
microRNAs primarily target gene products that function during development
Tbl 1
![Page 25: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PNAS vol. 101 #1 pg 360-365, 2004
tissue specific expression of mouse microRNA
![Page 26: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
![Page 27: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins can change activity
![Page 28: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ubiquitinization targets proteins for degradation
![Page 29: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Some proteins function in the cytoplasm; others need to be transported to various organelles.
![Page 30: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How can proteins be delivered to their appropriate destinations?
![Page 31: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fig 13.23
Proteins are directed to their destinations via signals in the amino acid sequence
![Page 32: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Protein Destinations: secretion or membrane
![Page 33: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Signal sequences target proteins for secretion
![Page 34: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Translation of secreted proteins
![Page 35: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Translation of membrane bound proteins
![Page 36: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Translation of secreted or membrane bound proteins
This step determines secretion or membrane bound.
![Page 37: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Protein Destinations: nucleus Signal anywhere in protein, Translation in cytoplasm,Signal not removed
![Page 38: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Protein Destinations: mitochondria or chloroplast
Signal translated first, Translation in cytoplasm, Signal removed
![Page 39: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Protein Destinations: signals in protein determine destination
Tbl 13.8
![Page 40: more regulating gene expression](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813aef550346895da36232/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Next: Development- differentiating cells to become an organism