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MORADABAD DISTRICT ENERGY PLAN REPORT
Vasudha Foundation 8th May 2013 CISRS House, 14 Jungpura B Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110 014 www.vasudha-india.org
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Contents
I. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Scope and Objectives of the Study and Plan
1.3 Methodology
II. Profile of Moradabad
2.1 Physiography and Climate Profile of Moradabad
2.2 Area and Population (Demographic characteristics)
2.3 Economic Profile
2.4 Land Use Pattern
2.5 Cropping Pattern, Agriculture trends and practices and irrigation sources and
practices
2.6 Livestock Population and Trends of the district
2.7 Waste Generation in the District
2.8 Industry Profile of the District
2.9 Electricity Sector Overview
2.10 Overview of electricity Consumption patterns
2.11 Overview of other energy consumption patterns and overview
2.12 Overview of electricity Supply
III. DETAILED ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE DISTRICT
3.1 Bird’s Eye View of the Electricity Consumption pattern in the district
3.2 Domestic Electricity Consumption in the District
3.3 Commercial Electricity Consumption pattern in the district
3.4 Large and Medium Industries Electricity Consumption pattern in the district
3.5 Small Industries Electricity Consumption pattern in the District
3.6 Overview of Government and Public Building Electricity Consumption pattern
3.7 Overview of the electricity consumption for Public Water Works and Lighting
3.8 Detailed overview of other Energy Consumption pattern in the District
3.9 Case Study of Brass Industry and its Energy Consumption patterns
IV. SOURCES OF ENERGY SUPPLY
4.1 Electricity Supply Sources
4.2 Supply – Demand Gap
V. RANGE OF GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND CONVERSION
OPTIONS AVAILABLE
5.1 Full range of technology options available
VI. RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT
6.1 Solar Radiation – Grid and off grid solutions and applications
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6.2 Bio-Sources and agro-wastes
6.3 Bio-Gas
6.4 Potential from Co-Generation
6.5 Potential from Micro-Hydel
6.6 Electricity Generation Potential from Stand Alone Renewable Energy
Systems
6.7 Waste to Energy Generation Potential for Moradabad District
6.8 Summary of Energy Generation from Renewable Energy projects
VII. ESTIMATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIALS FOR
MORADABAD DISTRICT
7.1 Transmission and Distribution Loss Reduction Potential
7.2 Energy Efficiency Potential Estimation from the Domestic Sector
7.3 Conventional Electricity Saving Potential Estimation from the Brass Industry
Sector
7.4 Energy Efficiency Potential Estimation from the Municipal and Government
buildings, Public Water Works and Street Lighting segment
7.5 Summary of Energy Efficiency Potentials for the district
VIII. ESTIMATION OF OTHER ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL (LPG, COAL
FOR BRONZE INDUSTRY, KEROSENE FOR LIGHTING)
8.1 Savings potential from the use of Coal from Brass Industry by Alternate fuel
for furnace
8.2 Saving potential from the use of Kerosene through 100% electrification
8.3 Saving potential from the use of LPG through bio-gas access
IX. ESTIMATION OF FUTRE ENERGY DEMAND
9.1 Assumptions and Calculations
9.2 Electricity Projections up to 2020
9.3 Energy Projections up to 2020
X. TECHNO-COMMERCIAL VIABILITY FOR VARIOUS POSSIBLE
OPTIONS AND SUB-SECTOR INITIATIVES (MICRO BUSINESS PLAN)
10.1 Techo-Commercial Feasibility and Costing for Option 1 (Aggressive
Solar Generation
10.1.1 The Capital Cost Implications for Option 1 proposed
10.1.2 Options for meeting the Capital Cost – Current Policies and
Prgorammes
10.1.3 The Total Green Energy Option expressed in Million Units – a
Conversion from MW to Million kWh
10.1.4 The Cost Implications in terms of Tariffs to the Consumer
10.1.5 The Technical Viability for this option – the pros and cons
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10.2 Techo-Commercial Feasibility and costing for Option 2 (Solar
dominant but not very aggressive capacity addition)
10.2.1 The Capital Cost Implications for Option 2 Proposed
10.2.2 The Cost Implications in terms of tariffs to the consumer
10.2.3 The Technical Viability for this option – the pros and cons
10.3 Techo-Commercial Feasibility and costing for Option 3 (bio-mass
dominant but not very aggressive capacity addition)
10.3.1 The Capital Cost Implications for Option 3 Proposed
10.3.2 The Cost Implications in terms of tariffs to the consumer
10.3.3 The Technical viaibility for this option – pros and cons
10.4 Techno-commercial viability for Municipal Street Lighting and public
water works – Options and Costs
10.5 Techno Commercial Viability for Energy Efficiency improvements in
the Brass Clusters – options and cost
10.6 Programmes and Schemes for Renewable Energy in India
XI. ROADMAP FOR POLICY FRAMEWORK CREATION/STRENGTHENING
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Time Lines for Policy Framework Creation
XII. GHG Emission Trajectory for Moradabad District
12.1 Current GHG Emission Profile – a back of the envelope calculation
12.2 Estimate of Projected GHG emission reduction – BAU vs. Proposed plan
Annexures
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Executive Summary
District Energy Planning, in India, is not a new concept in India. It was first initiated in the
late 1980s, with some districts pioneering the preparation of such a plan. However, post that
exercise, most of the district energy plans prepared then did not seem to get updated. Further,
most of the plans prepared during that period was focused more on estimating demand and
exploring possibilities of meeting the demand through supply options. The idea behind the
plan was to provide key data from the districts to enable state planners to come up with a
holistic state plan for energy and electricity sector and also to ensure that the state is able to
address the “energy crisis” of the time.
Therefore, the plans that were prepared focused more on “all forms of energy supply”.
However, in recent times, as the country is gearing up to address the challenges of climate
change and embarking on low carbon pathway, the emphasis or focus of any district plan
would be to explore all “low carbon options”, comprising of renewable energy and factoring
in energy efficiency improvements, energy conservation and importantly transmission and
distribution loss reduction, including reduction in commercial losses.
This district energy plan prepared for Moradabad provides a detailed model for making the
district independent of the state grid, through a combination of renewable energy and
implementation of energy efficiency and conservation. It provides a matrix of various
possible solutions and the cost and pay back estimates for each of options. Importantly, the
study clearly brings out the fact that it is not only possible to convert Moradabad into a
“Green Energy District”, but clearly makes a case that it is not just technically possible but is
also economically feasible and in the medium to long run could actually provide quality
electricity and energy services at a affordable price to consumers.
As is the case with most areas of India, providing good quality energy and electricity services
at a affordable price is extremely important, and particularly for a district like Moradabad
which has a large cluster of small and home industries, in addition to being a agrarian district,
with vast paddy, sugarcane and other crop cultivation, affordability of energy services is as
key as providing quality services.
To give an idea of how we arrived at possible energy options for the district, it is important to
understand some of the vital information pertaining to the district of Mordabad.
The geographical area of the Moradabad District is 3759 Sq. Km. Its Total population is 47,
73, 138 out of which 31,97,475 constitute the rural population and the rest i.e. 15,75,663 is
the urban population.1
The economy of the district is agrarian while the economic base of the city is small and
medium scale enterprises. Moradabad is known for its brass work, and there are about 600
export units and 5000 industries in the district.
For electricity supply, Moradabad comes under the area of the elecrtricity distribution
company, named, Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited (PVVNL).
1 Census 2011
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The Peak electricity demand of Moradabad is around 240MW which is being met from
different Central/State generating stations. The district of Moradabad has 63 MW Renewable
energy generating capacity of its own including captive consumption of various industries in
the region.
The connected load of the Moradabad is reported as 203.MW; while the maximum demand is
approximately 240 MW. The per capita consumption of electricity of the entire district is
currently 400 kWh, while for Moradabad city, it is 480 kWh.
The residential sector of Moradabad is the major consumer of electricity with a consumption
of approximately73% of the total electricity distributed in the district. The residential sector
comprises of not just domestic consumption but a large number of home industries,
particularly brass and sheet metal industries also enjoy domestic electricity supply. These
include small polishing units, units which perform specialized functions such as punching,
threading, drilling, electroplating etc. These home industries typically use 1 or 2 small
machinery which range from 1 Horse Power to 2 Horse Power capacity.
The other fuel for energy use in Moradabad are the following:
a) Coal, predominantly used by the Brass Industry for making brass handicrafts
b) Diesel for transportation and as back up power primarily for the domestic industrial
activities such as polishing, brazing etc.
c) Kerosene is largely used as a back up for lighting in Moradabad town, while it is used
predominantly for lighting in unelectrified households in the rest of the district
d) LPG is primarily used for cooking in Moradabad city and towns within the
jurisdiction of the district
e) Firewood is the predominant cooking fuel in rural households of Moradabad district.
The district has huge potential for solar generation and this alone can not only meet the
district’s electricity requirements but also potential to export electricity to other districts as
well. A very conservative estimate of the total renewable energy potential in the state is 477
MW. This factors in a very conservative estimate of solar systems and solar oof top systems.
There are other indications that the solar roof top potential alone could be in the region of 900
+ MW, while we have estimated just 396 MW. The other sources of energy/electricity which
has decent potentials include biomass (49.2 MW), sugar based co-generation plants (15
MW), which is over and above the current installed capacity of co-generation plants, waste to
energy (4.2 MW) and bio-gas electricity generation (5 MW). The district does not have
wind potentials and its own small hydro potentials, though, a study undertaken by the Uttar
Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Department to assess the potential of small micro-mini
hydro, estimate the district’s share from generation of electricity through small micro, mini
situated in surrounding areas could be in the region of 8 MW.
The district also has fairly large energy efficiency and conservation potentials, estimated to
be in the region of 82 Million units annually, as compared to a business as usual pattern of
consumption. Some of the key areas where efficiency improvements is possible is in the
domestic sector consumption (45 Million units), bronze industry electricity consumption (12
million units) and in the Government buildings, streeth lighting and pobulic water work
segements (13 million units). Transmission and distribution losses reduction is estimated to
be in the region of 12 million units.
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Based on the above estimation of renewable energy potentials, four broad options or basket
of renewable energy mix has been worked out.
Option 1, is based on just matching total estimated energy demand for Moradabad with a
basket of supply options, just factoring in a small buffer, in case the demand increases the
supply of electricity provisioned for. This option factors in a phased renewable energy
generation implementation programme and up to 2017-18, the district will still be dependent
on the state grid to meet its electricity requirements, though the dependence would reduce
gradually from year 1. From 2019-20 onwards, the district will have its own renewable
energy generation which along with energy efficiency savings would meet the projected
electricity demand requirements with a small buffer to cater to a possible spyke in electricity
consumption patterns.
This option provides of 125 MW of Solar Roof Top systems over a period of 10 years
througha phased in approach, 160 MW of large solar grid based systems, 15 MW of bio-
mass and cogeneration projects, while all the other sources such as small and mini hydro,
waste to energy, cogeneration etc would constitute a total of 15 MW.
This option tends to minimize or optimize the capital expenses in electricity generation
capacity addition, though, while it is a revenue model, the revenues would primarily through
sale of electricity for the district’s own consumption.
The total cost of this option over a ten year investment period would work to Rs. 5720 Cr.
While bulk of the investments is estimated to come from the private sector, the actual costs to
the Givernment by way of providing “viability gap funding” to project promoters. These are
estimated to be in the region of Rs. 2240 Cr over a ten year period or a modest investment of
Rs. 224 Cr per year. However, if the Government/electricity distribution companies just
provide “feed-in-tariffs”, and factoring the reduction in the cost of solar generation, the cost
to utilities can be recovered from the current electricity tariffs from the third year onwards.
Option 2 provides for a very aggressive deployment and exploitation of the huge solar
generation potential for the district. In this option, the state would have its own renewable
energy generation capacities from 2017-18, which would not only meet the electricity
requirements of the district but also generate enough to be sold through the sale grid and the
open electricity market. This model, will start earning revenues for the state through not only
sale of electricity for its own market but also through sale of electricity to the state grid. The
capital expenses would be high, but, this option looks at optimizing the status of Moradabad
as Solar City as envisaged in the National Solar Mission, which by default gives the town of
Moradabad higher allocation of solar generation projects.
This option provides of 400 MW of Solar Roof Top systems over a period of 10 years
througha phased in approach, 400 MW of large solar grid based systems, 20 MW of bio-
mass and cogeneration projects, while all the other sources such as small and mini hydro,
waste to energy, cogeneration etc would constitute a total of 18 MW.
The total cost of this option over a ten year investment period would work to Rs. 16148 Cr.
While bulk of the investments is estimated to come from the private sector, the actual costs to
the Givernment by way of providing “viability gap funding” would work to Rs. 6,459 Cr over
a 10 year period or Rs. 645.90 Cr annually. However, for just feed-in-tariffs, the cost to the
Government or Utilities can be recovered from just the tariffs from the 7th
year onwards.
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Option 3 is also a solar dominant supply option scenario, though, does not look at a
aggressive deployment of solar generation projects, but takes a moderate approach and is the
middle option between option 1 and 2.
This option provides of 175 MW of Solar Roof Top systems over a period of 10 years
through a phased in approach, 200 MW of large solar grid based systems, 20 MW of bio-
mass and cogeneration projects, while all the other sources such as small and mini hydro,
waste to energy, cogeneration etc would constitute a total of 18 MW
The total cost of this option over a ten year investment period would work to Rs. 7542 Cr..
While bulk of the investments is estimated to come from the private sector, the actual costs to
the Government by way of providing “viability gap funding” would work to Rs. 2,800 Cr
over a 10 year period or Rs. 280 Cr annually. However, for just feed-in-tariffs, the cost to the
Government or Utilities can be recovered from just the tariffs from the 5th
year onwards.
Option 4 is a bio-mass and other renewable technology dominant option and plays down on
solar generation potential. The idea behind this option is to keep the costs of generation ver
low, though in the long run, given the trend of fall in the prices of solar, the costs of
generation while being low in the short to medium run, will match the price of solar between
the medium to long run period and thereafter may even exceed the price of solar.
This option provides of 175 MW of Solar Roof Top systems over a period of 10 years
through a phased in approach, 200 MW of large solar grid based systems, 20 MW of bio-
mass and cogeneration projects, while all the other sources such as small and mini hydro,
waste to energy, cogeneration etc would constitute a total of 18 MW
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Introduction
1.1 Background:
Electricity demand in India is expected to grow rapidly from 813 GWh in 2007-08 to 2,104
GWh in 2020 for a GDP growth rate scenario of 8% per year2. Current planning efforts call
for the majority of this demand to be met by thermal power plants (i.e. coal and nuclear) due
to the government’s view that electricity generated from these sources (using either domestic
or imported coal) is cheaper. Historically, electricity demand has consistently outpaced
electricity supply, leading to severe electricity shortages. Actual supply capacity additions
have been consistently lower than the targets set by the government3. As per the 11th five-
year plan, approximately 80 GW of new coal capacity was expected to come online by 2012;
to date only 50 GW of that capacity has been constructed. Further, progress was slow in
providing fuel for much of the coal capacity that was installed in 2010-11, suggesting that the
capacity factors may be significantly lower than expected.
With increasing pressure on India to address climate change coupled with the challenges of
ensuring energy access for all, the country needs to re-look at its energy policy and direction.
2 Planning Commission, Government of India (GOI), 2011
3 (Sathaye et al., 2010)
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Clean energy options, such as renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE), meet not
only the environmental and energy security objectives, but also can play a crucial role in
reducing chronic power shortages. Both RE and EE also can be deployed far more rapidly
than conventional large-scale thermal power plants.
In the recent years, the renewable energy sector has received a boost in the form of a number
of policy initiatives, which if properly implemented, could potentially lead to widening the
markets for renewable energy ramp-up in India. Some of the policy initiatives are:-
1. National Electricity Policy (2005)- notified in compliance with the Electricity Act-
2003, clause 5 of the policy lays down conditions to promote and harness renewable
energy sources.
2. National Tariff Policy (2006) - elaborates the role of regulatory commissions and
specifies a mechanism for promoting use of renewable energy.
3. Rural Electrification Policy (2006) - provides for the first time a policy framework
for decentralized distributed generation of electricity based on conventional and non-
conventional sources.
4. State Renewable Purchase Obligations with feed-in-tariffs
5. National Solar Mission
6. Generation Based Incentives replacing Accelerated Depreciation for wind farms
7. Renewable Energy Certificates
Similarly, for energy efficiency and conservation, the enactment of the Energy Conservation
Act 2001 has given a huge boost to the sector and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency which
was set up to in accordance with the Act, has so far done an exemplary job in prioritizing
energy efficiency..
However, despite all this, the market for clean energy in India still remains very small and
negligible. It needs to be said here that the clean energy market has largely been private
investment driven, with very little public investment having gone into it, unlike the other
sectors within the broad ambit of energy, such as nuclear energy, coal thermal and hydel
energy.
Some of the reasons for the sluggish penetration of renewable energy and energy efficiency
in India include-
high costs of renewable energy solutions
lack of awareness of the potentials of renewable energy not only to the common man
but also to policy makers
availability of technologies
low levels of maintenance
limited availability of resources such as land for solar power projects and biomass
lack of entrepreneurial models
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Therefore, despite the fact that a number of new policies framework to promote renewable
energy has been brought out in the recent past, contradictions in policies also act as a major
barrier towards the large scale deployment of green energy solutions.
There have been a number of research studies and reports that have been published which
clearly show-case that a 100% clean energy solution is possible and feasible globally by 2050
and one such report was published recently by WWF titled the “Energy Report”.
However, what is required for a country like India, particularly where awareness levels, of
the potentials and possibilities of renewable energy, are fairly low and where the general
perception is that clean energy solutions are very expensive is a model of how such a solution
is not only possible and feasible and also economically viable in the medium run. Such a
pathway needs to not only show how renewable energy solutions can be made efficient but to
also dispel the myth that the large number of failed renewable energy projects are due to poor
technologies. In most cases, failed projects are largely due to poor design, poor management
practices and systems and lack of involvement of the beneficiaries of the project.
In view of this, this project proposes to take up a detailed study of clean energy options in the
Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh.
1.2 Scope and Objectives of the Study and Plan
The broad objective of the study is to prepare a detailed district energy plan that would look
at all possible sources of renewable energy and come up with possible scenarios for the
district to have as much green energy as possible, with the ultimate objective being 100%
green energy district, if feasible.
The study would do a detailed profiling of the district, analyze the current energy demand and
supply trends, conduct a detailed resource mapping of all clean energy options possible and
conduct a detailed techno-commercial viability for the possible implementation of “clean
energy plans” for the district.
1.3 Methodology
1.3.1 Field Survey
Village and Rural Energy Assessment:
a. Primairly the assessment was to look at rural energy supply and rural
household energy needs
b. Agricultural needs, particularly for water for irrigation
c. Demand and supply scenario
d. And assessment of gaps in energy supply
e. Land utilization
f. Livestock assessment
Artisan and Rural Industry Survey:
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Data was collected from, households under artisan category, particularly, the bronze and
sheet metal industry, about their occupation / activities, number of persons involved in it,
time spent, sources and quantity of energy consumed and their monthly output.
Data was collected from rural industry owners. In detail the number of persons involved in
industry, schedule of running, energy consumed and monthly output, and amount of agro-
waste generated if any
Medium and Large Industries:
Moradabad district has a large number of small and medium industries and few large
industries, which are largely paper mills, sugar mills and large export oriented handicrafts
units, which would come under the category of small to medium sized industries. As part of
the
Urban Household Survey
a. Primairly the assessment was to look at urban domestic energy supply and Vs.
household energy needs
b. Energy Vs. Electricity use
c. Demand and supply scenario
d. And assessment of gaps in energy supply
e. Land utilization
f. Overview of household assets requiring electricity supply and hours of usage
1.3.2 Desk Research:
The desk research involved sourcing documents from various departments from the web to get
an overview of the following information:
Data Perused from the Web
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DEPARTMENT TYPE OF INFORMATION
Uttar Pradesh Renewable Energy
Development Agency (UP-NEDA)
neda.up.nic.in
Programmes for Renewable Energy Promotion for
the district of Moradabad
Achievements achieved so far in Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency Promotion and
installations
Future Programmes if any
Details on the Proposed Solar City plan for
Moradabad
Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam
Limited (The Electricity Distribution
Utility for Moradabad Circle)
www.pvvnl.org/
Details of Electricity Supply for the last 5-7 years
Category wise Consumers and supply for the last
5-7 years
A T & C Loss data
Revenue collection data from electricity supply to
various category of consumers
Office of the Director General Census,
New Delhi (censusindia.gov.in)
www.censusindia.gov.in
2001 and 2011 cencus
District Agriculture office
moradabad.nic.in/
Land utilisation pattern of the District/blocks,
cropping pattern and crop yields of different
crops, soil data, rainfall details
Animal husbandry office, Chief
Veterinary Officer
moradabad.nic.in/
Live stock population of the District/blocks
District Supply Office
moradabad.nic.in/
Number of LPG, Petrol, Kerosene dealers, PDS
shops and monthly/annual quantity supplied
Department of Industries, Uttar Pradesh
moradabad.nic.in/
List of industries
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(www.bee-india.nic.in)
Status of implementation of Bachchat Lamp
Yojana
Planning Commission, Government of
India
(www.planningcommission.nic.in)
State Plan for 2009, 2010 and 2011
Tentative plan prepared by the state for 2012
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State Planning Commission
planning.up.nic.in/
Sector wise and district wise plan outlay for 2011
and 2012
1.3.3 One on One Meetings:
One on one meetings was held with
a) Collector and Chief Development Officer, Moradabad District (Shri. Hari Om (initially)
and later on Shri Sanjay Kumar, District Maigstrate (Collector) and M Ali Sarwar, CDO,
Moradabad
b) Project office in charge for Moradabad District of Uttarpradesh Renewable Energy
Development Agency (Shri. Saroj)
c) Agriculture Extension Officer, Moradabad District (Shri Narendra Kumar, Land Records
Officer and Shri. Yashraj Singh, District Agriculture Officer)
d) District Veternary Officer: (Dr. R K Gupta)
e) Representations of Bronze and sheet metal industry association
f) Visit to a number of artisans and small home bronze industry and discussion with the
artisans and workers
g) Chief Engineer, Pashimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited (Shri. Anup Kumar Verma,
Chief Engineer, Circle I)
h) Visits to villagers and interaction with community members
i) Visit to one Brass Polish chemical manufacturing unit and discussion with the owners
j) Visit to a sugarmill and discussion with owners
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CHAPTER – 2
PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
2.1 Physiography and Climate Profile of Moradabad:
District Profile of Moradabad
A. Physiography and Climate Profile of Moradabad-
Moradabad is located in the western part of Uttar Pradesh, and forms a part of the Gangetic
alluvial plains. The district is bounded on the North by Bijnore and Nainital districts on the
East by Rampur district and on the South by Badaun. The Ganga forms its natural boundary
on the West and separates it from the district Bulandshahr and Meerut.
The climate is arid/sub-humid and is characterised by a hot summer, a bracing cold season
and general dryness except in the south-west monsoon season. About 86% of rainfall takes
place from June to September. The average annual rainfall is 967.3 mm. During monsoon
surplus water is available for deep percolation to ground water. In May, the mean daily
maximum temperature is about 400C and mean daily minimum temperature about 25
0C and
maximum temperature rises upto over 450C. With the advancement of the monsoon in June
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there is a appreciable drop in day temperature. January is generally the coldest month with
mean daily maximum temperature at about 210C and the mean daily minimum is about 8
0C.
The district is drained by river Ramganga and its tributaries namely Dhela Nadi, Koshi Nadi,
Gangan Nadi, Aril Nadi and Sot Nadi.
Moradabad District is divided into 6 Tehsils & 13 Blocks. Total no. of Nyaya Panchayats in
the district are 87 while Gram Sabhas are 883. The total inhabited villages are 1555 (out of a
total of 1793 villages).
The Tehsils and Blocks of the district are as follows:
Tehsils-
(i) Kanth
(ii) Moradabad
(iii) Thakurdwara
(iv) Bilari
(v) Sambhal
(vi) Chandausi
Blocks-
(1) Thakurdwara
(2) Bilari
(3) Chhajlet
(4) Asmauli
(5) Sambhal
(6) Panvasa
(7) Magatpur Tanda
(8)Moradabad
(9) Munda Pande
(10) Deengarpur
(11) Baniyakheda
(12) Bahjoi.
The district headquarters is the city of Moradabad, situated at the bank of the River Ram
Ganga (a tributary of the Ganges). It was founded in 1600 and was named after Mughal
Emperor Shah Jahan’s son Murad Bux. The city is famous for its huge export of brass
handicrafts.
2.2 Area and Population (Demographic characteristics)-
The geographical area of the Moradabad District is 3759 Sq. Km. Its Total population is 47,
73, 138 out of which males are 25,08,299 and females are 22,64,839. Of the total population,
31,97,475 constitute the rural population and the rest i.e. 15,75,663 makes the urban
population. (Census 2011) The population density of Moradabad is 967 persons per sq. Km.
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Table 1: Demographic Profile of Moradabad District
Particulars Census 2001 Census 2011
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Total HH 573,063 396,512 176,551
Total Population
3,810,98
3
2,647,29
2
1,163,69
1
4,773,13
8
3,197,47
5
1,575,66
3
Total Male 2,032,30
2
1,415,42
5 616,877
2,508,29
9
1,682,78
9 825,510
Total Female
1,778,68
1
1,231,86
7 546,814
2,264,83
9
1,514,68
6 750,153
Population below 6
yrs. 773,996 577,589 196,407 763,000 549,730 213,270
Literate population
1,358,93
5 811,080 547,855
2,352,92
4
1,468,62
8 884,296
Illiterate population
1,678,05
2
1,258,62
3 419,429
1,657,21
4
1,179,11
7 478,097
Working population
1,181,99
6 869,418 312,578
Nonworking
population
2,628,98
7
1,777,87
4 851,113
(Source- http://censusindia.gov.in/)
2.3 Economic Profile of Moradabad:
The economy of the district is agrarian while the economic base of the city is small and
medium scale enterprises. Moradabad is known for its brass work, and there are about 600
export units and 5000 industries in the district.
2.4 Land use Pattern:
In the district, of the total reporting area, 84.4 per cent of the area is the net area sown; 10.5
per cent of the land is put to non-agricultural uses; and 2.2 per cent of the area is fallow.
Forest and grazing lands in the district are 0.2 per cent and 0.3 per cent respectively.
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Figure 1: Land Use Pattern of Moradabad District
Source: http://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20Contingency%20Plan/UP/UP23-Moradabad-
30.10.12.pdf
2.5 Agriculture trends and practices in Moradabad District:
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The principal crops in the Moradabad district are: (i) wheat, (ii) paddy, (iii) sugarcane, (iv)
bajra, and (v) urd. Other crops grown in the district are (i) barley, (ii) jowar, (iii) maize, (iv)
moong, (v) arhar, (vi) gram, and (vii) potato. Private tubewells are found to be the major
source of irrigation in the district. The table below shows the percentage share of irrigation by
major sources-
Table 2: Sources of Irrigation
Source of irrigation Percentage share
Canal 3.68
Government Tubewell 1.00
Private Tubewell 73.18
Other Sources 22.14
Net Irrigated Area 100.00
(Source- Statistical Bulletin–2006, District Moradabad, Statistical Diary, 2006, U.P.,
Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow)
The following table indicates the percentage share of area of cultivationof the various crops
in the cropping pattern of the district-
Table 3: Cropping pattern in Moradabad District, 2003-04
Name of Crop Percentage Share of total
Paddy 25.24
Wheat 38.90
Barley 0.04
Jowar 0.10
20
Bajra 7.13
Maize 0.49
Total Cereals 71.90
Urad 2.24
Moong 0.09
Arhar 0.29
Gram 0.01
Other Pulses 0.93
Total Pulses 3.55
Total Foodgrains 75.45
Sugarcane 10.87
Potato 1.78
(Source-Statistical Bulletin–2006, District Moradabad, Statistical Diary, 2006, U.P.,
Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, Uttar Pradesh)
Productivity of crops such as rice, wheat, barley, urad, and potato is high in the district.
Table 4: Average yield of the principal crops in the district: 2004-05
Name of Crop Yield (Quintal per hectare)
A. Cereals
Paddy 23.60
Wheat 25.74
Barley 21.14
Jowar 10.00
Bajra 8.94
Maize 13.33
B. Pulses
Urad 7.69
Moong 2.86
Arhar 7.99
Gram 9.23
C. Sugarcane 631.32
D. Potato 281.62
(Source- Statistical Bulletin–2006, District Moradabad, Statistical Diary, 2006, U.P.,
Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, Uttar Pradesh)
21
2.6 Livestock Population and Trends of the district
Table 5: Livestock status
Livestock Total
Non descriptive cattle (local
low yielding)
365897
Improved Cattle and
crossbred cattle
60835
Non descriptive buffaloes 609102
Descriptive buffaloes 261043
Goat 162916
Sheep (Indegenous + Exotic) 6041
Others (Camel, Yak, Pig) 1140380
Poultry Status
Poultry Total
Commercial 1 Farm with 50000 birds
Backyard 92030 birds
Source: District Veternary Hospital, Moradabad
2.7 Waste Generation in Moradabad
The waste generated from the city includes household waste, commercial waste, bio-medical
waste and industrial waste. Following are the major sources of generation of waste at city
level:
• Residential establishments,
• Commercial establishments,
• Hotels & Restaurants,
• Bazaar and vegetable markets,
• Industrial establishments,
• Hospitals and dispensaries,
• Slaughter houses,
• Street sweeping,
• Drain silt and
• Construction debris
About 336 MT of solid waste is generated every day in the city, which comes out to be about
400 grams per capita per day. For the purpose of solid waste management the city is divided
into 9 sanitary wards/circle. Presently there are 8 Sanitary Inspectors managing the sanitary
wards.
The sector wise generation of waste is as follows:
Table 6: Waste Generation Details:
Sector Waste in quantity
Residential Area 95 MT/ day
Street Sweeping 128 MT/ day
Hotels/ Restaraunts/ Dhaba/ Guest Houses/ 28 MT/ day
22
Banquets/ Marriage Halls
Source: UP NEDA, 2010
2.8 Industry Profile
Moradabad district is rich both in agriculture produce as well as industrial output. It is world
known for the brass work. Besides Brass, Moradabad also has several other handicrafts like -
Jewellery made out of bones and horns, Kitchen ware, Combs and Wooden sticks 4. Printing
on cloths is done at many places in the district, but development blocks like - Thakurdwara,
Kanth and Amroha are the main centers. District administration has established a Handicraft
Corporation depot in Thakurdwara. There are about 6000 people involved in the profession.
Apart from the brass and handicraft industries there are about 7182 other small scale
industrial units, prominent among these are –
Mentha oil.
Rice Mills
Sugar Mills
Cement and Building material
Agricultural Instruments
Animal Feed
Brick kilns
Oil Mills
There are about 44 units of Medium and Large Scale Industries, which includes Distillery,
Sugar Mills, Pulp & Paper, Pharmaceutical & Chemical Industries etc. These industrial units
provide jobs to about 40000 people.5 Recently other products like Iron Sheet Metalwares,
Aluminium Artworks and Glassware's have also been included as per need of the foreign
Buyers. Mentha is also exported in several crores from Moradabad. These products are very
popular in foreign market and are being exported in thousand of crores every year. Due to
increase of exports and popularity in foreign especially in Europe, America, Italy and other
countries, a large No. of exporters are establishing their units and started their export.
Moradabad exports goods worth Rs. 2200 crore every year. Out of the seven industrial
corridors declared by the State Govt. in Industrial Policy 1999-2002, Moradabad is one of
them.6
Brass Industry of Moradabad-
4 ibid
5 http://moradabad.nic.in/Industry.htm
6 http://moradabad.nic.in/Industry.htm
23
Moradabad is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche for itself in the handicraft
industry throughout the world. The modern, attractive, and artistic brass ware, jewellery and
trophies made by skilled artisans are the main crafts. The attractive brasswares are exported
to countries like USA, Britain, Canada, Germany and Middle East Asia. There are about 600
export units and 5000 industries in the district.
In 2001, the export of different types of metal artefacts from Moradabad was close to
Rs.4000 Crore (USD 1 billion), whereas according to 2006 figures, the export has dropped to
Rs.3000 Crore (USD 750 million). Artisans and small household brassware units have a
major contribution in the inflow of this foreign exchange. Approximately 25,000 such units
of the formal and informal sector are engaged in this industry.7
( Source - CSR Perceptions and Activities of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in
seven geographical clusters Survey Report commissioned by UNIDO in the year 2008)
Factories represent the formal sector of the brass industry, while the household units form the
bulk of the unorganized or informal sector. Almost 80-90% of the production is outsourced
either to sub-contractors or small manufacturers called ‘karkhandars’. The sub contractors
usually pass on the work to small household units or karkhanas. Such units are mainly
involved in doing casting work. Karkhandars hire people to work on daily basis whereas they
themselves get paid for the work by contractors on piece rate or weight basis. There is a
variety of work done at these household units which ranges from casting. moulding of
brassware to ancillary works like polishing, scrapping, welding, grinding and engraving.
There are about 25000 such small units reported in Moradabad and each such unit employs
minimum 4 persons. These units employ people in the range of 4 to 20 in numbers who get
paid on daily basis. In turn the Karkhandar gets paid by the sub contractor on piece or weight
basis.
Sugar Cane Industry
Moradabad district has about 13 sugar mills that together produce 18.03 Lakh Quintals of
sugar annually. If the sugar mills in surrounding areas such as Rampur and J P Nagar are
factored in, the total sugar production is 36.42 Lakhs Quintals annualls.
Besides producing sugar, Sugar Mills have huge potential for generating electricity by
cogeneration8 method. The total availability of surplus bagasse from the millions without co-
generation units is estimate at 38.60 lakh quintals. Of the 13 sugar mills in Moradabad
district, only 4 have co-generation units. Therefore, on a conservative side, only 50% of the
total surplus bagasse has been estimated as available for future co-generation projects that
could potentially be set up in the district.
7 http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/PSD/CSR/CSR_ConsolidatedReport.pdf
8 Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine
[1] or a power station
to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.
24
Case Study: Dhampur Sugar Mill Limited, Moradabad
Dhampur Sugar Mills Limited9 is a very old established Sugar Mill of Uttar Pradesh which is
located in village Asmoli, Tehsil Sambhal of Moradabad district. The mill has a capacity of
9000 Metric Tonnes of Sugarcane per day, Distillery capacity of 1,00,000 litres per day and
produces Sugar, Power, ENA, Ethanol, Rectified Bio fertilizer and By products like
Molasses, Press Mud and Bagasse. In 1994, Dhampur was the first sugar company in India to
start eco-friendly cogeneration at one of it’s units using Bagasse10
, with a low project outlay
as compared to conventional power plants. Conventionally, this was restricted to providing
captive power in order to meet the energy requirements of the sugar factory. However,
realizing the tremendous potential it had towards reducing the power deficit by supplying to
the grid, the mill started contributing to the bio-energy effort undertaken by the country.
Today, the Group’s combined co-generation capacity stands at 145 MW with 80 MW of grid
interactive power covering not just Moradabad district but neighbouring districts as well
Dhampur is the first in the world to install 105 kg.cm2 boiler and turbine in its sugar division,
which has increased efficiencies in bagasse usage. Dhampur additionally installed energy
saving devices which would further increase bagasse savings. This saving would enable the
company to run its power plants without external bagasse purchases. Power generation in
non-sugar season as well, will result in consistent cash inflows.
Dhampur was the first sugar company in Uttar Pradesh, which was allowed export of power
under ‘Open Access’ (during off-season), from 1st October, 2009, resulting in higher
realizations.
India one of the leading sugarcane producers in the world realizing the potential of bagasse, a
by-product of the sugar industry, for power generation, has come up with various programs
and incentives to boost the sector. India produces nearly 40 million metric tonne (MMT) of
bagasse, which is mostly used as a captive boiler fuel other than its minor use as a raw
material in the paper industry. Sugar mills in the country especially in the private sector have
invested in advanced cogeneration systems by employing high pressure boilers and
condensing cum extraction turbines. These sugar mills have been able to export power in the
season as well as in the off-season by using bagasse or any other locally available biomass
and to some extent coal. Off-season operation has been more lucrative by exporting power
which otherwise earlier was non-existent except some operation and maintenance work. High
technology has made these sugar mills efficient by improving the economic viability of the
mills in terms of higher production of units of electricity per unit of bagasse.
9 Website : www.dhampur.com; E-mail : [email protected]
10 BAGASSE, the residual fiber of sugarcane after crushing and extraction, is a valuable by-product generated during the
sugar manufacturing process. It has high calorific value and is therefore used to generate steam and thereby electricity, which
is a conventional thermal alternative and eliminates emission of green house gases. An additional benefit of using bagasse is
that it is a renewable source of fuel and does not contribute to Greenhouse gasses as the sugarcane plantation consumes
more carbon dioxide than that generated in burning bagasse.
25
26
2.9 Electricity Sector Overview of Moradabad:
Moradabad comes under the area of Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited. PVVNL
came into existence in July, 2003 as subsidiary company of UPPCL. PVVNL covers in its
jurisdiction the areas of District Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Gutambudh Nagar,
Bulandshahar, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Bijnor, Moradabad, J.P. Nagar and Rampur.
The Peak electricity demand of Moradabad is around 240MW which is being met from
different Central/State generating stations. The district of Moradabad has 63 MW Renewable
energy generating capacity of its own including captive consumption of various industries in
the region.
The connected load of the Moradabad is reported as 203.MW; while the maximum demand is
approximately 240 MW
The per capita consumption of electricity of the entire district is currently 400 kWh,
while for Moradabad city, it is 480 kWh. There has been a steady increase in the per-
capita consumption of electricity in the district, from 300 kWh in 1990-91 to the current level
of 400 kWh, while for Moradabad city, the per-capita consumption has increased from 361
kWh in 1990-91 to the current levels of 480 kWh.
The major energy consuming categories are residential, commercial/institutional (offices and
shops), municipal services, industrial and transport as far as the city is concerned, while for
the rural areas, it is primarily lighting load with a small quantum of electricity being used for
irrigation pumpsets.
In the energy baseline study, all the above sectors except transportation have been
considered. Within the selected sectors i.e. residential, commercial and municipal services,
the major energy sources are electricity, LPG and Kerosene. The petroleum products are
mainly used in transportation sector followed by industries and a small quantum is used for
lighting purposes to supplement electricity supply in rural areas and for meeting the
requirement of irrigation pumpsets.
27
2.10 Overview of electricity consumption pattern:
Figure 2: 5 years Annual Electricity Consumption Trend, Moradabad
In the last
eight years,
the total
electricity
consumption
of the district
has increased
from 298.
Million
Units as on
2004-05 to
487 Million
Units as of
2011-12.
This is
clearly
shown in the
figure alongside. Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
Correspondingly, the number of consumers connected to the grid has also increased
substantially over the last five years, particularly, in the domestic consumer category.
Figure 3: Consumer Wise Electricity Consumption
In Mordabad city, the
largest consumers and
consumption of electricity
was the Domestic sector,
consuming a total of 74%
of the total electricity
distributed for the city.
The commercial sector
followed a far second,
recording just 8% of the
total electricity
consumption, followed by
Heavy and Small
industries, each consuming
5% of the total electricity
distributed for the town,
while the others, which
includes the public lighting
and water works and
28
government buildings consumed the
balance of 8% of electricity consumed in the town
Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
The situation in the whole of the district also was similar, though, the agricultural sector,
particularly for irrigation, consumed a total of 4% of electricity, while the medium industries,
which are largely rice mills, sugar mills etc, consumed a total of 4% of the electricity
consumption of the district.
Figure 4: Category Wise Electricity Consumption Pattern in Moradabad District, 2011
Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
29
2.10 Other energy consumption patterns and overview:
The other energy consumption in Moradabad are primarily:
f) Coal, predominantly used by the Brass Industry for making brass handicrafts
g) Diesel for transportation and as back up power primarily for the domestic industrial
activities such as polishing, brazing etc.
h) Kerosene is largely used as a back up for lighting in Moradabad town, while it is used
predominantly for lighting in unelectrified households in the rest of the district
i) LPG is primarily used for cooking in Moradabad city and towns within the
jurisdiction of the district
j) Firewood is the predominant cooking fuel in rural households of Moradabad district.
A detailed consumption pattern for each of the other energy consumed is given in the next
chapter.
30
CHAPTER – 3
DETAILED ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF MORADABAD DISTRICT
3.1 A Bird’s Eye View of Electricity Consumption Pattern of the district as a whole
The district’s electricity consumption has grown steadily over the last 8 years, with an
average annual increase of consumption being in the region of 50-75 Million units.
This is largely due to an increase in the consumption pattern of the residential sector and in
the last 3 years, due to increase in the number of industries that have been set up in the
district.
The district being one of the largest base for brass handicraft industries has also contributed
to an increase in the electricity consumption pattern, primarily due to increase in exports of
the brass handicrafts.
The following figure, gives an broad overview of the district’s annual electricity consumption
over the last 8 years.
Figure 5: Last 8 years Electricity Consumption Trend of Moradabad District
31
Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
3.2 Domestic Electricity Consumption pattern of Moradabad District.
The residential sector of Moradabad is the major consumer of electricity with a consumption
of approximately73% of the total electricity distributed in the district. The residential sector
comprises of not just domestic consumption but a number of home industries, particularly
brass and sheet metal industries also enjoy domestic electricity supply. These include small
polishing units, units which perform specialized functions such as punching, threading,
drilling, electroplating etc. These home industries typically use 1 or 2 small machinery which
range from 1 Horse Power to 2 Horse Power capacity. These use domestic connection.
According to a survey done by the Moradabad Nagar Nigam, of the total of 150,000 houses
in the Moradabad city, approximately 90 percent of these are permanent dwellings, while 7
percent are semi-permanent structures and only 3 percent of these are temporary houses.
However, the situation in the rest of the district, particularly in rural areas is not the same. In
rural Moradabad, 70% of the houses are kutcha houses, while 30% of them are pucca or
permanent structures.
It has been noticed that residential sector comprises 76.12 percent houses of the city followed
by 8.65 percent by commercial category and 6.3 percent by industrial category. Remaining
buildings are used for school & colleges, hospitals & dispensary, hotel, lodges, guest houses
and place of worship.
The residential houses of the Moradabad city are almost fully electrified, though there are
conflicting views on hours of supply. While residents in certain localities claim, that power
outages range from 8-10 hours a day, the electricity board officials claim that there is only a 4
hours power scheduled power outage, which may go up to 6 hours during peak summers.
In rural areas, there are 406 unelectrified villages and close to 40 percent of the rural
households do not have access to electricity. 11
Despite all of this, the domestic sector of Moradabad is the highest consumer of electricity
and this has been growing steadily over the last 8 years.
11
http://rggvy.gov.in/rggvy/rggvyportal/dcovered.jsp?stcd=09
32
Figure 6: Last 8 Years Electricity Consuimption Pattern in the Residential Sector
Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
Analysis of the electricity consumption pattern of the domestic sector indicates clearly that
the major source of consumption is for lighting purposes, which includes television and other
small aplliances usage, which would predominantly be mobile chargers. Consumption of
electricity for space cooling comes next, accounting to approximately 30 percent of the total
electricity usage in the district.
This ofcourse is the combined picture of rural and urban Moradabad.,
33
Figure 7: Electricity Consumption Pattern in the Domestic Sector
Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
The rural consumption pattern of electricity is different, with lighting consuming close to
65% of the total electricity, followed by irrigation pump sets, which consume 20% of
electricity and all other appliances including fans, consuming 15% of the total electricity
consumed.
In terms of appliance purchase and usage a survey with some appliance shops indicate that
most people tend to purchase non-star rated appliances, as they are cheaper. However, over
the last five years, people have started to purchase energy efficient lighting appliances.
Though fans, air-conditoners, desert coolers and other appliances are predominantly unstar or
energy in efficient appliances.
Even the lighting sector has immense potential to shift to energy efficient sector, by almost
30%.
34
3.3 Electricity Consumption Pattern of the Commercial Sector of Moradabad:
The Commercial sector of Moradabad is largely shops that sell bronze artifacts, export
houses, and other business and commercial establishments.
By and large, the commercial sector has been fairly prudent in its electricity consumption
patterns, largely due to the saving potential by way of electricity bills. Most commercial
establishments have opted for energy efficient lighting systems, whether it is CFL to Slim
and Electronic Tube Lights.
Most of the commercial establishments are also noticed to minimize the use of air-
conditioners and space cooling appliances and use it only when necessary.
The per capita electricity consumption pattern of the commercial sector makes very
interesting study, as the consumption has steadily reduced in the last three years, despite the
increase in the number of consumers.
Figures 8 and 9 give an overview of the steady rise in the number of consumers and
connected load, while showing a stead decline in the total consumption of electricity, which
indicates, lower consumption of electricity by individual business estalbishments.
Figure 8 and 9 (Number of Consumers and Total Electricity Consumption of the Commercial
Sector
Source: Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam limited, 2012
Likewise, the percapita elelctricity consumption of the commercial segment which was in the
region of 2000 kWh as on 2007-08, as of 2011-12, was in the region of 1200 kWh.
3.4 Electricity Consumption Patterns and Trends in the Large and Medium Industry
category:
35
As on 2011, there were 13 large and medium industries registered in Moradabad, which
primarily were large sugar mills, large foundaries and Brass Units that manufactured brass
artifacts for the export market.
Sugar mills in Moradabad have their own co-generation unit which is both grid interactive as
well as for captive use.
The electricity consumption in the large and medium industry put together accounts to 5% of
the total electricity consumed in the district.
Since the industry categories in Moradabad are not covered under the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency’s Perform Trade and Achive (PAT) scheme, the energy efficiency potentials of
these industries or units has not been assessed.
However, considering that the general trend in the brass industry is follow the conventional
furnace system, there is a potential for saving of energy to the tune of 15 to 20 percent.
3.5 Electricity Consumption pattern and trends in the Small Industries Segement
The small industries largely comprises of bronze handicrafts units, small food processing
units, such as rice mills etc and other odds and ends home untis such as textiles, repair units
and so on.
The brass industry has a number of specialized operations and normally, these operations are
independently undertaken by small units. These operations include, polishing, smoothing and
threading, electroplating, cutting the edges, drilling and punching operations amongst others.
Most of these are either performed under one roof or performed as independent units, which
is mostly the case in Moradabad. There are very few units which have all oeprations under
one roof.
Since most of these units with the exception of electroplating which would perhaps require 5-
10 HP of power, use anywhere between 1 and 2 HP power, usually tend to use domestic
power supply.
Therefore, while technically the small industries’ consumption of electricity is just around
5% of the total electricity consumed in the state, translating to roughly 25-30 Million Units
per annum, much of their consumption gets into the domestic electricity consumption
category.
However, it needs to be noted here that the micro industries of Moradabad, largely operate
from homes and hence are connected to the domestic electricity supply. While exact
quantum of consumption of the home industries is difficult to arrive it, it has been estimated
that the consumption of the home industries was in the region of 80-90 Million kWh in the
year 2011-12. It has also been estimated that the consumption patterns of the home industries
has been growing at a steady rate of 7 percent per annum in the last five years.
3.6 Overview of the Electrticity Consumption of Government and Public Buildings of
Moradabad District:
36
The Government and Public Buildings which include Government Schools and Colleges
consumed close to 4% of the electricity consumed in the district, which accounts to an
average of 30 Million Units per annum. This does not include Municipal Street Lighting,
Village Street Lights and Public Water works, but only electricity consumed in Government
and Pulbic offices and establishments.
Most of the office buildings are in Moradabad city with a few field centres and sub-divisional
offices in the sub-divisions. There are also Panchayat Buildings and Government schools and
colleges in Moradabad district.
The major consumption of electricity in Governmetn buildings is largely for lighting and fans
with some consumption of electricity for air-conditioning and room heating for winters.
By and large, most office buildings of Moradabad have not completely shifted to energy
efficient lighting, though, light fittings which were fixed recently are near energy efficient.
Most of the other office appliances like air-conditoners, room heaters, fans are not energy
efficient.
3.7 Overview of Electricity Consumption for Street Lighting and Public Water Worls:
Public Water Supply
The main water supply to Moradabad town is by way of tube wells and for other areas is a
combination of tube wells, open wells and other public water sources. The tube wells in
village areas have hand pumping systems.
For Moradabad town, there are a number of water pumping stations which are under the
Nagar Nigam. The total connected load for these water pumping systems is around 1300 kW.
The City also has a water treatment plant, which is primarily to soften the hard water.
The motors used for pumping water are usually booster pumps to ensure piped water supply
for the city.
Most of the motors used in is around 12. 5 Horsepower, though for booster pumps, they also
have large horsepower betweent the range of 50-90.
The total energy consumption for water supply for Moradabad district in 2011-12 was
roughly 23 Million units and this has been the average consumption of electricity for the
period 2008-2012.
Street Lighting:
37
The total consumption of electricity for street lighting for Moradabad town in 2011-12 was
around 17 Million Units and for the entire Moradabad district was around 19 Million units.
The street lighting systems of Moradabad town is managed by the Nagar Nigam, while it is
with the district administration for maintaining the street lights for the rest of the district.
There is a huge potential for implementing energy efficiency in the municipal street lighting
segment, as the town conitues to have substantial number os sodium vapoour lamps and
energy in-efficient tube lighting fittings.
A rough estimate indicates that close to 3 Million units of electricity can be conserved by
converting all the street lights to energy efficiency lighting systems.
3.8 Detailed overview of other Energy Consumption pattern of Moradabad District:
The following table gives an overview fo the diesel, kerosene and petrol consumption of
Moradabad district.
Figure 10: Other Energy Consumption Pattern, Moradabad District, 2012
Source: Data from Oil Companies and District Food and Civil Supplies Department, 2011
As can be seen from the graph above, the usage of Kerosene has marginally dropped between
the year 2005-06 and therafter. This is primarily due to the Rajiv Gandhi Rural
Electrification programme. However, it may be noted, that the usage of Kerosene has only
38
marginally dropped, which indicates a continued usage of Kerosene, which is largely for
lighting purposes. However, as per the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidytikaran Yojana, there are
406 villages in Moradabad district where rural electrification process is still being carried out.
These are a combination of (un?)electrified villages or de-electrified villages, for which re-
electrification is being carried out. 12
There has been a steep increase in the usage of Petrol and Diesel from 2006-07 onwards.
This is largely due to the increase in exports and industrial development in the district.
Diesel consumption has been more or less static from 2007-08. It must be notes here that the
use of diesel in 2009-10 and 2010-11 has shown a slightly more upward trend, largely due to
its increased usage in the brass industries, due to increased power outages.
LPG
LPG is largely used in Moradabad town and is the primary source for cooking. The number
of connections fo LPG gas has been growing at approximately 6% over the last five years.
However a vast majority, close to 90 percent of the LPG connection are in urban pockets of
Moradabad town and other tehsil head quarters, while a small percentage of LPG connection
are in few rural pockets, which are close to the towns.
Figure 11 below, gives the growth rate of LPG over the last 7 years
Figure 11: LPG Growth Trend over the last 7 years
12
http://rggvy.gov.in/rggvy/rggvyportal/dcovered.jsp?stcd=09
39
Source: Food and Civil Supplies Department and information collected from Gas Agencies
The growth of number of LPG cylinders sold in the year 2009-10 and 2010-11 has remained
static, largely due to the new rule of the Government of India, restricting one cylinder per
family. Therefore, while the number of new connections have increased, in terms of absolute
numbers of cylinders sold, the growth seems static.
Coal
Coal is another fuel which is the main source of fuel for the brass industry. Depending on the
size of the foundry, the daily consumption of coal averages between 30 Kgs to 200 Kgs
primarily used in the the moulding process.
For a small industry which produces close to 50 Kgs of brass artifacts, the consumption of
coal is roughly 30 Kgs. The larger export oriented industry use a combination of coal and
furnace oil and they use roughly 200 Kgs of coal/furnace oil a day.
As per 2010, there were close to 25000 organised and unorganized brass industry, with the
unorganized sector, largely in the home industry category. The home industry usually
operates with one chullah or a melting furnace, which is approximately 40-70 Cm wide and
15-60 cm deep. The ones which are 40 cm wide and 15 cm deep, is usually able to produce
50 Kgs of aritifacts a day, while the one which is 70cm wise and 60 cm deep, is able to
produce close to 80 Kgs of artifacts a day.
Since the furnace is used for melting copper and zinc, the temperature in the furnace is in the
reigon of 950C.
While there is no exact figure of how much coal is used, it is estimated that the daily
consumption of coal would be in the region of 250 tonnes every day. This is arrived on the
40
basis of assuming that 5000 units were primarily foundry units that consumes an average 50
Kgs of coal per day.
Firewood
Moradabad has a total of 1559 habited villages. Most of the households in villages do not
have access to LPG or prefer not to have LPG connection due to costs. They most depend on
fire wood for cooking purposes. It is estimated that on an average, a household requires 10-
15 Kgs of fire wood every day, which increases in winter months.
3.9 Case Studue of the Brass Industry and its Energy Consumption Pattern:
Brass Lamp Moulding Unit, Netaji Colony, Moradabad
A small Brass Lamp Moulding Unit shows a daily consumption of 50 kgs of raw material
(brass) for making brass lamps. Lamps are made by putting hot molten brass into required
moulds and the whole mould is then completely covered with mud. After some time the
mould is opened and the structure taken out and cleaned. A coal furnace is used to melt the
metal and on any routine day such a furnace consumes about 30 kgs of coal. Such a unit
usually employs 3 artisans. Total coal consumption in such a unit over a period of a month
comes to around 780 kgs costing about Rs. 23000/- .
Discussion with women’s group at Netaji Colony
Netaji Colony is a very densely housed unplanned settlement largely inhabited by families
belonging to low income group. The settlement does not have proper roads, lanes, drainage
system, provision for waste management, and looks largely uncared for. The houses usually
are very small with very poor ventilation, the reason being that the houses are built in a very
congested manner in haphazardly laid lanes and by lanes.
41
Discussion with a group of women living in Netaji Colony reveals that almost all the houses
in the locality have metered connection for electricity and households usually have about 2
fans, CFL for lighting, cooler, a TV and an inverter too. Some houses also have washing
machine. Women lamented the fact that there is a lot of power cut that interrupts normal daily
working. As informed by the group the power cut usually occurs in 3 slots – 3 am to 5 am; 10
am – 3 pm and 9 pm till 1 am. On an average each household spends about Rs. 1000/- on
electricity per month. The groups seemed highly dissatisfied with this and complained that
when they are not getting electricity during crucial working hours why are they being charged
such a huge amount.
Women in the group shared their desire to learn some skill and take up some home based
work but considering the fact that the day time is usually spent in near dark situation in the
absence of electricity supply, they are unable to take up such work from home.
Fact Sheet of the Brass Industry:
Principal Products Manufactured in the
Cluster
Brass Ware Cluster Moradabad
Name of the SPV Moradabad Scrap Recycling Ltd.
No. of functional units in the clusters 25,000 (5000 Small & 20,000 Micro)
Turnover of the Clusters Estimate turnover 3500 crore
Value of Exports from the Clusters 2700 Crore
Employment in Cluster 3,50,000
42
Average investment in plant &
Machinery
675 Lakh
Major Issues / requirement Lack of appropriate technology in metal scrap to
convert into ingot ,which is the raw material for Brass
Art ware casting.
Presence of capable institutions There are many departments of Central & State Govt.
to support the artisans of the cluster-
• Handicrafts Marketing & Service Extension
Center, Bareilly O/o The Development
Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of
Textiles, Govt. of India
• District Industries Center, Moradabad
• District Rural Development Authorities
• State Urban Development Authorities
• NABARD
Thrust Areas Technology/ Product/ Market/ Export/ quality etc.
Problems & constraints
• Highly Unorganised Cluster with a a large
number of independent units all competing
with each other
• No design and technology intervention
• No Support from Technology Institutions.
• Tech. to remove impurities in raw material
• Inability to meet large No. of quantity to meet
export orders due to poor & obsolete Tech.
• High Cost Production
• Value addition is not very well done due to
proper knowledge
Areas where improvement thrust is
required Conversion of the traditional furnace which is
energized by coal to bio-mass based furnace
Solar Energy in a cluster for polishing units
Solar Energy for other process units which use
machinery capacity from anywhere between 1-
5 Horse Power
43
CHAPTER – 4
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
4.1 Sources of Electricity Supply for Moradabad District:
The district receives its electricity to a total of 43 substations which power the entire
Moradabad Circle. The Moradabad electricity circle comprises of three subdivisions and
each of the subdivisions have the following power stations.
Table 8: Details of Substation receiving power to Moradabad
Sl. No. Name of 33/11 KV
Sub-Station
Nos. of T/F
Installed
(in MVA)
Total
Capacity
(in MVA)
1 132 KV, Manjhola
(66/11)
2×5
10
2 132 KV, Manjhola 1×5 5
3 Sitapuri (37.5) 2×10 20
4 Transport Nagar (37.5) 1×5 5
5 Pital Basti (37.5) 2×10 20
6 Deihi Road 5+10 15
7 Mandi Smati 2×5 10
8 Taxi Stand 1×8 8
9 Galshahid 2×10 20
10 Katghar 2×5 10
Total Capacity 123
Sl. No. Name of 33/11 KV
Sub-Station
Nos. of T/F
Installed
(in MVA)
Total
Capacity
(in MVA)
1 Town Hall 2×8 16
44
2 Doulat Bagh 3×5+3 18
3 Jigar Colony 2×5 10
4 PTC 2×5 10
5 MDA 2×5 10
6 Vivakanand 2×5 10
7 GIC 2×5 10
8 Loco Shad 2×5+3 13
9 Pili Kothi (Proposed) 1×8 8
Total Capacity 105
Sl. No. Name of 33/11 KV
Sub-Station
Nos. of T/F
Installed
(in MVA)
Total
Capacity
(in MVA)
1 Ratanpur (37.5) 1×3
3
2 Taharpur (37.5) 1×3
3
3 Mainather (37.5) 1×3
3
4 Growth Center 1×5 5
5 Choudrpur 2×5 10
6 Agwanpur 2×5+1×3 13
7 Bhikanpur 3+5 8
8 Kanth 5+5 10
9 Dalpatpur 1×5 5
10 Garhi 2×3 3
11 Bilari 5+8 13
12 Kundarki 3+5 8
13 Safilpur 3+5 8
14 Sahaspur 1×5 5
15 Thakurdwara 2×5 10
16 Surjannagar 1×3 3
17 Jhangirpur 1×5 5
18 Dilari 1×3 3
19 Shyoudara 1×3 3
20 Darni 1×3 3
45
21 Budanpur (Proposed)
22 Pepalsana (Proposed)
23 Nanpur (Proposed)
24 Jargoan (Proposed)
Total Capacity 124
Source: PVVNL, 2012
The sources of power supply is varied, though, it is largely from coal fired power plants,
which supply power to the PVVN thorugh the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited
(UPPCL)
The district also has 63 MW of renewable energy generating capacities of its own which
includes electricity generation for captive consumption of various industries in the region.
These are primarily co-generation from sugar mills and a few wood based boilers which are
primarily for captive consuimption.
4.2 Supply – Demand Gap:
The Peak electricity demand of Moradabad is around 240MW which is being met from
different Central/State generating stations. At present, the city is receiving its power through
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL). The connected load of the Moradabad is
reported as 203MW; while the maximum demand is approximately 240 MW.
For the district as a whole, the connected load is apprxomately 250 MW, while the maximum
demand is 300 MW.
So, on an average, the town of Moradabad faces a peak supply deficit of 40 MW, while it is
50 MW for the entire district.
46
CHAPTER – 5
RANGE OF GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND CONVERSION OPTIONS
AVAILABLE
5.1 Full Range of Green Energy Technologies and Conversion Options available
SL.
APPLICATION AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGIES, DEVICES
Costs Status of
Application
1. Cooking and
associated
domestic activities
Use of Improved chulhas
Use of biogas plants
Use of pressure cookers
Use of high efficiency burners
with LPG
Use of solar cookers
Use of solar water heaters
Use of rice husk for chullahs
Rs. 1000
Rs. 15,000
Rs. 1000
Rs. 1000
Rs. 2000
Rs. 14,000
Rs. 1/- a
Kg
All of these
are mature
technologie
s, tried and
tested and
available in
the market
easily
2. Domestic Lighting Move from kerosene to
electricity
Move from incandescent lamps
to fluorescent lamps/CFL/LEDs
Electronic ballast in place of
electro-magnetic ballast.
Rs. 75 to
Rs. 500
Rs. 50/-
All of
these
are
mature
technolo
gies,
tried
and
tested
and
availabl
e in the
market
47
easily
3. Irrigation Move from diesel pumpsets to
electric motor pumpsets.
Rectifications of existing pump
set installations for improved
efficiency and energy
conservation.
Biomass gasifiers based
pumping systems.
Water pumping windmills.
Solar PV pump sets.
Biogas based pumping systems.
Use of UPVC and HDPE pipes.
Improved pipe bends having
low friction and bend losses.
Rs. 2000/-
Rs. 500/-
Mature
technologie
s available
5. Industry and
Artisans Improved biomass conversion
systems for thermal energy
needs.
Increased availability of
electricity.
Small rice-husk or baggase
based /gasifier systems for
furnace
A complete range of
technologies and devices based
on various renewable resources.
7. Basic
amenities/facilities Increased rural electrification
facilities in case unelectrified
District/remote hamlets to cover
all basic amenities, the
following are applicable:
PV street lights
PV powered TV sets/radio
PV pumpsets for drinking water
supply.
Biomass gasification systems.
Solar water heating system.
Solar stills for water
purification.
Community solar cookers for
mid day meal schemes.
8. Power generation Biomass gasifiers options
Biogas engine-gensets.
PV power mini-grids/ Home
Lighting systems/ Solar
Thermal Applications/
48
Small hydro power plants
9. Renewable
resource Biogas generation
CHAPTER-6
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS FOR MORADABAD DISTRICT
6.1 Solar Radiation- Grid and Off-grid solutions and applications
Uttar Pradesh has high solar potential, as it is endowed with high solar radiation with around
300 days of clear sun. With radiation in the range of 3.5 to 4.5 kWh/ sq. meter, the state
presents several ideal locations for installing solar based power projects. The map of India
below shows the solar potential.
Figure 12: Map of India, indicating solar radiation levels across the country
49
Moradabad is one such place which has a average to good solar radiation rates as is indicated
in the figure below.
Figure 12: Monthly Solar Radiation Levels in Moradabad District:
50
Source: Global Solar Atlas, IRENA
Table 9: Daily and Monthwise Solar Radiation Levels for Moradabad district:
Source: Global Solar Atlas, IRENA
As can be seen from the graph and table above, the solar radiation levels for Moradabad
district, range from a low of 3.5 kWh/m2 to a high of 6.5 kWh/m2. This indicates a very huge
potential for Solar Systems, whether it is Photovoltaic based or CSP based systems.
51
6.2 Bio-Sources:
The total bio-mass power potential for Moradabad district has been estimated to be 49.2
MW13
which is based on agriculture – soft bio-mass and forests and waste land – woody bio-
mass.
Table 10: Taluk-wise Biomass Data - State : Uttar Pradesh ; District : Moradabad ;
Year : 2000-04 ; Considering All Biomass Class : All
Taluk
Area
(kHa)
Crop
Production
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Generation
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Power
Potential
(MWe)
Biomass
Class
Asmoli 52.8 1497.4 220.4 39.1 5.3 Agro
Bahjoi 0.058 NA 0.079 0.053 0.007 Forest &
wasteland
Bahjoi 0.31 0.18 0.33 0.064 0.008 Agro
Bania khera 3.69 3.92 9.7 1.96 0.25 Agro
Bhagtpur tanda 2.20 6.8 12.3 2.10 0.28 Agro
Bilari 17.3 39.6 67.4 21.2 2.48 Agro
Chhajlet 1.65 3.67 6.8 1.16 0.16 Agro
Dilari 0.24 NA 0.33 0.22 0.031 Forest &
wasteland
Dilari 70.7 181.7 319.3 69.5 8.8 Agro
Kundarki 0.20 0.45 0.79 0.14 0.019 Agro
Moradabad 0.50 NA 0.67 0.45 0.063 Forest &
wasteland
Moradabad 21.1 51.0 89.2 22.9 2.79 Agro
Munda pandey 31.9 204.8 140.5 31.7 3.97 Agro
Pavansa 0.39 NA 0.53 0.36 0.050 Forest &
wasteland
Pavansa 122.5 2304.3 491.6 108.3 13.8 Agro
Sambhal 46.9 96.4 191.7 34.4 4.54 Agro
Thakur dwara 49.5 135.1 237.5 53.8 6.7 Agro
Total 421.9 4525.3 1789.2 387.5 49.3
13
Source: Bio-mass atlas data of Indian Institute of Sciences and cross checked with the
agricultural productivity pattern as on 2011-12.
52
Agro-Total 420.7 4525.3 1787.6 386.4 49.2
F & W-Total 1.19 0.000 1.61 1.08 0.15
Source: bio-mass atlas data prepared by Indian Institute of Science
(http://lab.cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/atlas/Tables/Tables.aspx
6.3 Bio-Gas Potential estimates:
Cow Dung to Gas Conversion:
1Kg of Cow Dung can generally produce 1.4 Cubic feet (Cft) of gas
Average Gas Requirement per adult:
10 Cft of gas per day for 3 times cooking
Average Dung Yield per Cow:
Low Cows: 10-15 Kgs per day or 5 Kgs if it is only
night dung
Bullocks: 15 Kgs per day, or 6-7 Kgs if is only night
dung.
Buffaloes: 15-18 Kgs per day. 6-7 kgs if it is only night
dung
Jersey Cows: 25 Kgs per day (if fed with cow feeds etc)
Average Gas requirement per family:
50 to 70 Cft for a family between 5 and 7 members
30-40 Cft for a family of 3-4 members
Average Cow Dung required per family per day
35-50 Kgs of cow dung for a family of 5 and 7 members
21-30 Kgs of cow dung for a family of 3-4 members
Roughly 7Kgs of cow dung to produce gas for cooking 3 meals for an adult
per day
The biogas potential for Moradabad district is calculated in the below chart
Table 11: Bio-gas Potential for Moradabad District:
Dairy Animal
Population
(2005)
Population
(In
Numbers)
Estimated
Dung
Yeild Per
Annum
(Assuming
only night
dung)
(In
Assumin
g only
30% of
the dung
is
available
for bio-
gas
Average
Gas
Yield
Per
Annum
(In
Cubic
Average
Gas
Requirem
ent per
household
per year
(in Cubic
Feet)
Potential
Number
of
Househol
ds that
can have
Bio-gas
plants
53
Tonnes) generati
on
(In
Tonnes)
Feet) (In
Tonnes)
(In
Tonnes)
(in
Numbers)
Local Low
Milk Yielding
Cows
365897 667,762 200,328 143,091 25.55 5600
Improved
Cattle and
crossbred
cattle
60835 222,047 66,614 47,581 25.55
1862
Local
buffaloes
609102 15,56,255 466,876 333,482 25.55 13,052
Crossbreed
buffaloes
261043 11,43,368 343,010 245,007 25.55 9,589
Total Number
of Households
that can be
supplied with
Bio-Gas per
annum
30,103 Households
(Thirty Thousand, one hundred and three households)
Source: Animal Population Data from Animal Hunsbandry Department and calculation
based on thumb rule estimation.
However, if the bio-gas can be converted to a combination of electricity generation with
gas, a total of 5 MW of electricity can be generated, in addition to providing gas to
20,000 households.
6.4 Co-Generation potentials from Sugar Mills
There are 150 sugar mills in Uttar Pradesh, of which 13 sugar mills are in and around
Moradabad district itself. The total sugar produced in just Moradabad district is close to
18.03 Lakh quintal per annum. However, if the sugar mills in surrounding areas such as
Rampur and J P Nagar are factored in, the total sugar production is 36.42 Lakhs Quintals
annualls.
Besides producing sugar, Sugar Mills have huge potential for generating electricity by
cogeneration14
method.
The total availability of surplus bagasse from the millions without co-generation units is
estimate at 38 lakh quintals. Of the 13 sugar mills in Moradabad district, only 4 have co-
generation units.
14
Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine[1]
or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.
54
Assuming that only 50% of the surplus bagasse is available for co-generation, this accounts
to 11 Lakh Quintals of baggase per year.
With 110,000 Tonnes of surplus bagasse available per annum in Moradabad district
alone, this would sufficint to generate 15 MW of power during season for both self
consumption as well as supply to the grid.
6.5 Potential for Micro-Hydel Energy Generation for Moradabad:
The district of Moradabad lies within the great Gangetic plain and is demarcated into three
subdivisions by the rivers Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane
country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous
streams descending from the Himalayas. The central portion consists of a level central plain
descending at each end into the valleys of the Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a
gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank
of the great river.
The river Ramganga has a mean annual flow of 17789 BCM15
, as per the status report of the
Ganga, which is available on the website of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
In a recent study conducted by the Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development
Agency to identify potential micro-hydro sites, one of the sites investigated for setting up of a
micro-hydro include the Ram Ganga Canal, on the river Ram Ganga, between the districts of
Moradabad and Bijnor. The potential for generation of electricity estimated at that site was
8000 kW or 8 MW.16
Further, there have been a number of identified sites on the Upper Ganga River Basin, which
are as follows:
1) Upper Ganga Canal Project with a potential for 4 MW in Bulandshar district,
2) Upper Ganga Canal Project with a potential of 11 MW in Meerut District
3) Upper Ganga River in Gaziabad district, with an estimated potential of 20 MW
4) Ram Ganga Basin Project at Bijnor district, with an estimated potential of 8 MW
These projects when commissioned would have a total installed capacity of 43 MW and
would benefit the districts of Meerut, Gaziabad, Bulandshar, Moradabad and Bijnor district.
The estimated share of electricity for Moradabad district could be 8 MW from the
micro-hydel projects.
6.6 Electricity Generation Potential from Stand Alone Renewable Energy Systems:
1. Roof Top Solar:
15
http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Status%20Paper%20-Ganga.pdf
16 http://neda.up.nic.in/programmes/MHPROG.pdf
55
Moradabad city is one of the cities earmarked under the “Solar City” programme of the
National Solar Mission and is likely to be taken up under the Phase – II implementation plan
of the “Solar City” slated for the period 2012-2017.
As per the Solar City Programme, it is proposed to install roof-top solar systems on
Government and Public Buildings and select commercial buildings.
A survey conducted by the Moradabad Nagar Nigam, indicates that installing solar roof top
systems on just the Commissioners Office , Town Hall and the Moradabad development
Authority alone can have an installed capacity of 100 kW.
Further, in Moradabad city alone, there are 106 schools17
, of which, 15 are Government
schools and establishment. The Nagar Nigam estimate for potential roof top system on these
schools is roughly 100 kW.
So, roof top solar systems alone can generate close to 200 kW in Moradabad city alone,
which is a very conservative estimate.
However, for the entire district, the total number of Government buildings in Moradabad
district account to 85. The Moradabad Nagar Nigam in association with the Uttar Pradesh
New and Renewable Energy Department has estimated the total potential for total roof top
generation from Government and Public Buildings to be 396 MW or 0.72 Million units
of electricity per year.18
6.7 Waste to Energy Generation Potential for Moradabad District:
In Moradabad city alone 400 tones of MSW is generated per day, while the figure for the rest
of the district is estimated to be in the region of 550 tonnes per day.
It is possible to convert 30% of the total MSW into refuse derived fuel, which then can be
converted into electricity.
Further, every 1 MW of electricity generation from waste, would required 28 tonnes of refuse
derived fuel.
Assuming that out of the total of 550 tonnes of MSW, 165 tonnes of refused derive fuel is
available, the total electricity capacity of the waste to energy plant for Moradabad is
estimated to be 5 MW.
However, transporting MSW from across the district might be difficult and hence in the first
phase, it would make sense to have a waste to energy plant only for Moradabad town.
Given that the town generates a waste of 400 Tonnes day, and of which 120 tonnes is
available as refuse derived fuel, the installed capacity for a generation plant from waste
to energy for Moradabad is estimated to be 4.2 MW
17
Statistical Department, Moradabad
18 Uttar Pradesh Renewable Energy Development Agency estimate for roof top solar
56
6.8 Summary of Renewable Energy Generation Potential for Moradabad District:
The district has huge potential for solar generation and this alone can not only meet the
district’s electricity requirements but also potential to export electricity to other districts as
well.
The other key potentials for renewable energy generation for Moradabad is:
Bio-mass: 49. 2 MW (Based on the agricultural productivity and estimated crop residue)
Co-generation: 15 MW (Based on the baggase generation)
Roof-Top Solar: 396 MW (Based on estimation by the Authors of this report – largely on the
GIS data of roof top and estimating that only 10% of it is conducive for roof top – this figure
can vary, with some estimates even factoring in 30% of roof top area being conducive for
roof top solar generation)
Micro-Hydro: 8 MW (Based on the estimates of UP NEDA and the study on run of the river
potentials. These are not hydro power plants located in Moradabad district but in
neighbouring districts and the district’s share of micro hydro is estimated to be 8 MW)
Bio-gas Electricity Generation: 5 MW (Based on the estimation of animal husbandry
population)
Waste to Energy Generation: 4.2 MW (Based on solid waste generation estimates for the
district)
Total: 477 MW
57
CHAPTER-7
ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIALS FOR MORADABAD DISTRICT
7.1 T & D Loss Reduction:
The current Transmission and Distribution loss as per the data of the PVVNL is in the region
of 24% per annum. The losses are largely distribution losses, with technical losses in the
region of 10%. The distribution losses are primarily by way of theft and the use of domestic
electricity or domestic connected load for home industries. There is an ample scope to bring
down the distribution losses to zero and to also reduce the technical losses marginally. With
a proper demand side management programme, the losses can be brought down to 10% in the
first year itself.
58
So, the current electricity demand for Moradabad district is 480 kWh. However, the total
billed electricity supply to Moradabad district is only 365 kWh and the actual payment
received for electricity consumption is only around 300 kWh19
Since, only around 36 kWh of
electricity is lost by way of technical losses, bulk of the remaining 79 kWh forms the
component of distribution losses, while the loss to the exchequer or the electricity board
works to close to 180 kWh.
While the actual Transmission and Distribution loss is around 115 kWh, the total
Commercial loss is 180 kWh.20
The potential to bring down the transmission and distribution losses to 10% is extremel high,
as it would have to require tightening of distribution systems.
7.2 Energy Efficiency Potential for the Domestic Sector
The residential sector of Moradabad is the major consumer of electricity. The electricity
consumption of the residential sector in 2011-12 was 350 Million Units.
The pattern of electricity consumption is as below:
Figure 13: Electricity Consumption Pattern of the Domestic Sector of Moradabad
19
PVVNL Data, 2012
20 Based on the discussion with Shri. Anup Kumar Verma, Chief Engineer, Moradabad Circle I
59
The Major areas where energy can be conserved are as follows:
a) Repleace of incandescent lamps to CFL and Conventional T-12 (40 Watt) Lighting
systems to T-5 (28 Watt – electronic ballast tube lights). The estimated potential of
savings would be around 40%. This translates to a saving of 15 Million units of
electricity annually.
b) Replacing conventional ceiling fans which consumer (70 Watt) of electricity with
energy efficient fans (consumes only 50 Watt). The savings by just this shift would
be 37% per fan. In terms of the total saving potential of electricity in Moradabad
district by shifting to energy efficient fans is estimated to be 12 Million Units fo
Electricity annually
c) 95% of the air-conditioners currently used in Moradabad are energy inefficient air-
conditioning system. If these air-conditioning systems where shifted to even a 3 star
labeled air-conditioning system of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, the total
electricity saved is estimated to be in the region of 5 Million Units annually.
d) Water Pumping systems and irrigation pumping systems used in Moradabad are again
in-efficient or zero star rated systems, as per the Bureau of Energy Efficiency;s
efficiency standards. The saving potential by shifting these water pumping systems to
energy efficient water pumping systems is estimated to be in the region of 20%
savings. This translates to a possible saving of 10 Million Units per annum.
e) The total saving from other appliances such as refrigerators, desert coolers and
switching off the television when not in use, is estimated to save close to 5% of the
total electricity consumed for that segment.This is estimated to be in the region of 3
Million Units annually.
Therefore the total estimated potential for savings of electricity in the domestic
sector annually is in the region of 12 percent or 45 Million Units annually in the
short and immediate period. It can go up to 20% by 2020.
7.3 Conventional Electricity Saving Potential from the Brass Industry:
60
As is mentioned earlier in the report, the brass industry involves multiple operations and
with the exception of a few units, most of these operations are performed by independent
units, which function as home units or micro units.
Typically, in the brass industry, the following are the various operations involved from
coverted the brass slab into a finished product which is ready to be marketed or exported,
as the case may be.
Steps The Process Energy used for the
Operation
First Step Melting of the Brass Slab or Alloy Slab Coal in a Furnace at very high
temperatures
Second Step Puring of the Melted Alloy into a Mould Baking it in a Furnace
Third Step Cutting and cleaning Manual
Fourth Step Other Operations such as Threading,
Punching Holes etc
Electricity
Fifth Step Clean or Brazing it (blunting the edges) Electricity
Sixth Step Polishing Electricity
Alternate
Sixth Step
Electroplating Electricity
With the exception of the first three steps, all the other steps would require electricity.
All these operations with the exception of the electroplating machine requires machinery
which is not more than 1 to 2 Horse Power and each unit has anywhere between 2-3
machines.
There are a total of 20,000 micro enterprises in Moradabad district and usually all these
units are in clusters. There are ofcourse many clusters, but generally to reduce
transportation costs and for ease of logistics, each cluster is a homogenous cluster, which
has foundries or furnace units, polishing units and cleaning units as part of one
homogenous cluster.
For instance in Netaji Colony, which is a myraid of a few dozen lanes and cross-lanes,
one finds a cluster of polishing units, cleaning and electroplating units, foundries and
units catering to threading, punching holes etc.
Out of these 20,000 micro units, a broad survey indicates that close to 100 units can form
one cluster, of which 70 units can form a cluster for electricity consumption.
For each of these cluster of say 70 units, if a 200 kWp solar roof top systems could be
installed, it would cater to the needs of the entire cluster, while saving close to 200 kW of
electricity generation.
In the entire town of Moradabad, 200 such clusters can come up.
The total 200 such cluster would required, 40,000 kWp of solar roof top systems or
40 MW of Solar Roof top systems. In terms of electricity saved from conventional
power systems, this would translate to 12 Million units annually.
61
7.4 Energy Efficiency Potential from Municipal and Government Buildings, Public
Water Works and Street Lighting Segement
a) Municipal and Government buildings:
There are 85 Government and Municipal buildings including Panchayat Bhawans in the
whole of Moradabad district.
Most of these buildings have conventional lighting systems, which are usually the 40 Watt
Tube light systems. All the appliances currently affixed in the Government buildings such as
fans, air-conditioners, room heaters, occasional water filters, water coolers, desert coolers are
all conventional systems and are not rated for their efficiency levels. In fact most of them can
be categorise under energy in-efficient systems.
The total electricity consumption by all government buildings of Moradabad district in 2011-
12 was in the region of 20 Million Units.
Assuming a very modest saving potential of just 15% in the next 5 years, the total
energy that can be saved from just Municipal and Government buildings is 3 Million
units annually.
b) Street Lighting:
The total consumption of electricity for street lighting for Moradabad town in 2011-12 was
around 17 Million Units and for the entire Moradabad district was around 19 Million units.
The street lighting systems of Moradabad town is managed by the Nagar Nigam, while it is
with the district administration for maintaining the street lights for the rest of the district.
There is a huge potential for implementing energy efficiency in the municipal street lighting
segment, as the town conitues to have substantial number os sodium vapoour lamps and
energy in-efficient tube lighting fittings.
In terms of actual numbers, the following is the total number of street lights and type of
fitting in Moradabad town:
Table 12: Summary of Street Light fittings in Moradabad
Sl No Type of Lights and Wattage Numbers Alternatives
1 High Mast Tower Light (400 Watts) 77 125 W LEDs
2 Sodium Vapour Lamps (140 Watts) 3960 28 W LEDs
3 Other Sodium/Mercury Vapous
Lamps (140 Watts)
3100 28 W LEDs
4 Tube Lights (40 Watts –
Conventional ballast)
10,020 T – 5- 28 W
Thin Tube
Lights
5 CFL Tube and Bulbs 3756 Retain as it is
Source: Moradabad Nagar Nigam
62
Assuming that all the High Mast Tower Light are converted into LED lamps and similarly
all the Sodium vapour lamps of 70 W each are conveted into LED lamps of 28 Watts and
if all the tube lights, which currently use the 40 W ordinary ballast are converted into 28
Watts electronic ballast, the total savings is expected to be in the region of 5 Million
units per year.
c) Public Water Supply
The main water supplyto Moradabad town is by way of tube wells and for other areas is a
combination of tube wells, open wells and other public water sources. The tube wells in
village areas have hand pumping systems.
For Moradabad town, there are a number of water pumping stations which are under the
Nagar Nigam. The total connected load for these water pumping systems is around 1300 kW.
The City also has a water treatment plant, which is primarily to soften the hard water.
The motors used for pumping water are usually bosster pumps to ensure piped water supply
for the city.
Most of the motors used in is around 12. 5 Horsepower, though for booster pumps, they also
have large horsepower betweent the range of 50-90.
The total energy consumption for water supply for Moradabad district in 2011-12 was
roughly 23 Million units and this has been the average consumption of electricity for the
period 2008-2012.
Most of the water pumping systems are old and conventional system and could be replaced
by a combination of solar water pumping systems and energy efficient booster pumping
systems.
Further, most of the water pumping systems do not have water sensors or timers and many a
times, water pumping to over head tanks lead to over flow of water, as these pumps are
switched off manually.
A combination of these could estimate in a saving of 20% of electricity annually or in
absolute numbers, close to 5 Million units per annum.
In short the Government Buildings, Municipal buildings, street lights and public water
works together has a saving potential of 13 Million units annually.
63
7.5 Summary of Energy Efficiency Potential for Moradabad District:
Table 13: Summary of Energy Efficiency Potential for Moradabad District
Sl No Sector Electricity Saving
Potential
(in Million Units)
1 T & D Loss Reduction 12 Million Units
2 Domestic Sector 45 Million Units
3 Bronze Industry Sector (Micro Enterprises 12 Million Units
4 Government Buildings, Street Lights and Public
water works
13 Million Units
Total Saving Potentials 82 Million Units
Source: Compiled by the Consultant
64
CHAPTER-8
OTHER ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIALS FOR MORADABAD DISTRICT
(LPG, COAL, DIESEL, KEROSENE)
8.1 Saving Potentials from the Use of Coal from Brass Industry by Shifting to
Alternate Fuels:
Coal is another fuel which is the main source of fuel for the brass industry. Depending on the
size of the foundry, on an average anywhere between 30 Kgs to 200 Kgs of coal is consumed,
primarily in the moulding process.
For a small industry which produces close to 50 Kgs of brass artifacts, the consumption of
coal is roughly 30 Kgs. The larger export oriented industry use a combination of coal and
furnace oil and they use roughly 200 Kgs of coal/furnace oil a day.
As per 2010, there were close to 25000 organised and unorganized brass industry, with the
unorganized sector, largely in the home industry category and it was estimated that out of
these 25,000 units, 5000 units were primarily those that performed the function of creating
the mould or the furnace units so to speak.
Since the furnace is used for melting copper and zinc, the temperature in the furnace is in the
reigon of 950C.
65
While there is no exact figure of much coal is used, it is estimated that the daily consumption
of coal would be in the region of 250 tonnes every day. This is arrived on the basis fo 5000
foundry units at an average consumption of 50 Kgs per day.
Instead of using coal, rice husk based furnace units can be used. A detailed working of this is
in the techno-commercial viability section. The following table gives a comparative picture
of a coal based furnace Vs. a rick husk based furnace.
8.2 Saving Potential from the use of Kerosene through 100% Electrification of Rural
Moradabad:
Moradabad has a total of 1559 inabited villages and in the last count, 406 villages had no
electricity connection.
Approximately 40% of the rural households do not have electricity connection and the 60%
of the rural households that have electricity connection, the electricity supply varies from a
hight of 14 hours a day to a low of 6 hours a day.
Even the town of Moradabad has frequent power outages, with conflicting reports coming
from the Electricity Officials of PVVNL, who claim that the daily power outage for the town
was only 4 hours, while the citizens claim that the supply of electricity is only for 8 hours a
day.
66
Nevertheless, the main backup of electricity for lighting is Kerosene and in 2011-12, a total
of 20,000 Kilo Litres of Kerosene was consumed. The average Kerosene consumption over
the last five years has been in the region of 22,000 Kilo litres, having dropped from 25,000
Kilo litres in 2007-08, due to a number of villages being electrified.
As per 2011-12, a total of 30,000 households were using Kerosene for meeting their entire
lighting needs and a further 30,000 households were using Kerosene for lighting as a back up
for electricity.
With 100% rural electrification, through micro-grid decentralsied renewable energy systems
for the 406 villages, the total Kerosene consumption of 20,000 households can be reduced
completely. Further, with 24 x 7 supply, all the 30,000 households that use Kerosene can
shift to modern and clearn sources of lighting supply.
The electricity equivalent of 20,000 Kilo Litres is approximately 230 Million Units. So,
if the district were to augment just 230 Million Units of renewable energy supply, 50,000
tonnes of Co2 can be avoided.
8.3 Saving Potential from the use of Kerosene and Firewood through bio-gas and LPG
Supply in Rural Moradabad:
80% of the total households of Moradabad use fire wood and this amounts to 7,63,702
households.
The total bio-gas potential for Moradabad is 30,000 households.
The potential for rice-husk based small bio-mass systems for cooking needs is approximately
200,000 households.
The total LPG access currently is for 120,000 househols.
Therefore, if in a phased manner, bio-gas and husk based bio-mass cooking systems are
brought in with a combination of solar cookers, there is a potential to reduce the use of
firewood from the current level of 763,000 households to half its number, through a
combination of 300,000 households with LPG Connection, 30,000 households with bio-gas
connections, 200,000 households with ricehusk based connections and roughly 50,000
households through solar cookers..
With 580,000 households off firewood, close to 87,00,000 Kgs of firewood can be avoided a
day, translating to 31,75,500 tonnes. This will be equivalent to conserving 5000 hectares of
tree plantations.
Diesel:
As of 2011-12, 33,000 kilo litres of diesel was consumed in Moradabad district. It has been
estimated that roughly 10% of the total diesel is for back up generators by the Brass and sheet
metal industries, particularly in peak season.
67
Therefore, the total diesel consumption as back up power supply is estimated to be in the
region of 2500-3000 Kilo litres per annum.
With a proposal to install 40 MW of solar roof top systems for just the brass and sheet metal
industry clusters, this entire requirement of 2500-3000 Kilo Litres of Diesel could be
avoided.
CHAPTER - IX
ESTIMATION OF FUTURE ENERGY DEMAND
9.1 Introduction and Assumptions
The estimation of future demand for electricity is based on the following parameters.
1. Population Growth: The trends of population growth in the past have been factored in
to estimate the future growth of population of Moradabad. The approximate decadal
growth of population was in the region of 28.52 % between 1991 and 2001 and
25.25% between 2001 and 2011. We have therefore assumed that the decadal
population growth will be 24% between 2011 and 2021. On the basis of this, the
annual Population Growth has been assumed at 2.30%
Table 14: Population Estimate in Million
Population 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
4.77 4.88 5.02 5.14 5.32 5.45 5.57 5.67 5.75 5.86 5.99
2. Per Capita Increase in Electricity Consumption: The current domestic consumption of
electricity of Moradabad district is 348 Million Units with a per-capita electricity
consumption fo 400 kWh. As of now, 406 villages are un electrified and close to
50,000 households do not have access to electricity, Assuming that all households in
Mordabad district are connected to electricity at a minimum of 1 kWh per day ?? of
electricity, the requirement of electricity for the domestic sector for Moradabad
district would increase by 18.25 Million Units.
Further, close to 300,000 households get electricity supply of less than 8 hours a day.
If the supply of electricity for these households were to increase to 24 hours and so for
the remaining 600,000 households, the electricity consumption for entire district
factoring in 24 x 7 supply with 100% electrification would be approximately, 384
Million Units per year from 2015, factoring in a 2.4% increase in population and a 8%
GDP growth rate.
Therefore from the base year 2015, a 6% increase in domestic consumption of
electricity is assumed
Table 15: Electricity Consumption in the Domestic Sector in Million kWh
68
Electricit
y
Consump
tion in
Million
kWh
2012-
13
Curre
nt
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
100%
Electr
ificati
on
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
348.0
0
355.0
0
367.0
0
384.0
0
407.0
0
431.0
0
456.0
0
483.0
0
512.0
0
543.0
0
This would increase the annual percapita consumption of the domestic sector from the current
level of 400 kWh to 900 kWh by 2021.
3. The Energy Consumption growth of 3% has been factored in for the commercial
sector, which factors in energy efficiency improvements. For the industrial sector, a
4.5% growth has been assumed. This is largely due to the fact that some fo the micro
enterprises currently with domestic load is likely to be shifted to small industries
connected load.
Table 16: Electricity Consumption in the Industrial (Small and Large Industries combined)
and Commercial Sector in Million kWh
Electricit
y
Consump
tion in
Million
kWh
2012-
13
Curre
nt
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
100%
Electr
ificati
on
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Industrial 48.70 50.89 53.18 55.57 58.08 60.69 63.42 66.27 69.26 72.37
Commerc
ial 44.00 45.32 46.68 48.08 49.52 51.01 52.54 54.11 55.74 57.41
4. Government Buildings:
In a phased manner, it is assumed that energy efficiency measures will be implemented in all
Government and public buildings. Further, it is also assumed that the number of Government
buildings will more or less remain static for the period of 2012-13 to 2021.22. Therefore, we
have assumed an annual reduction of electricity consumption by 3 percent for the next 5
years and then 1 percent from them on until 2021.
Table 17: Electricity Consumption for Government Buildings in Million kWh
Electricity
Consumpti
on in
Million
kWh
2012
-13
Curr
ent
2013
-14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
15%
effici
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
20%
effici
69
ency ency
Governmen
t Buildings
20.0
0
19.4
0 18.82 18.25 17.71 17.53 17.35 17.18 17.01 16.84
5. Street Lights and public water works
We have factored in street lights in all villages and for all streets of the towns of Moradabad
District. This would increase the electricity consumption by 10%. However, right now, the
street lights are largely Sodium or halogen lamps with old tube lights. If these are converted
to CFLs, there is a potential to save 25% of electricity consumption and if it were to be
converted to LEDs, there is a saving potential of 40%. We have taken in a mix of both CFLs
and LEDs at an 80:20 ration while working on the projected demand for electricity for street
lights.
Based on this, we have factored in only a 4% increase in electricity consumption for the
lighting sector.
Similarly, we have factored in a 15% increase in public water works, as the piped drinking
water facility would slowly have to be implemented in the entire district. Right now, it is
only Moradabad which largely has piped drinking water.
However, with a proposed combination of solar water pumping systems and energy efficient
water pumping systems, we estimate that an increase in electricity consumption factoring in
energy efficiency for the public water supply segment would be 3% annually.
Table 18: Electricity Consumption for Street Light and public water works in Million kWh
Electricit
y
Consump
tion in
Million
kWh
2012-
13
Curre
nt
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Street
Lights 19.00 19.76 20.55 21.37 22.23 23.12 24.04 25.00 26.00 27.04
Public
Water
Works 23.00 23.69 24.40 25.13 25.89 26.66 27.46 28.29 29.14 30.01
70
9.2 Demand and Supply Projections for Moradabad District
9.2.1 Electricity Demand Projections for Moradabad District
Table 19: Demand Projections
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Energy
Consumptio
n – in MU
Domestic 348.0
0
355.0
0
367.0
0
384.0
0
407.0
0
431.0
0
456.0
0
483.0
0
512.0
0
543.0
0
Industrial 48.70 50.89 53.18 55.57 58.08 60.69 63.42 66.27 69.26 72.37
Commercial 44.00 45.32 46.68 48.08 49.52 51.01 52.54 54.11 55.74 57.41
Government
buildings 20.00 19.40 18.82 18.25 17.71 17.53 17.35 17.18 17.01 16.84
Public Water
Works 19.00 19.76 20.55 21.37 22.23 23.12 24.04 25.00 26.00 27.04
Street Lights 23.00 23.69 24.40 25.13 25.89 26.66 27.46 28.29 29.14 30.01
Total
Consumption
502.7
0
514.0
6
530.6
3
552.4
2
580.4
2
610.0
1
640.8
1
673.8
6
709.1
4
746.6
8
T & D Loss 24% 22% 20% 18% 15% 14% 13% 12% 11% 10%
T & D Loss
in Million
kWh
120.6
5
113.0
9
106.1
3 99.44 87.06 85.40 83.31 80.86 78.01 74.67
Total
Electricity
Requirement
for
Moradabad
in Million
Units
623.3
5
627.1
6
636.7
6
651.8
6
667.4
9
695.4
1
724.1
2
754.7
2
787.1
5
821.3
4
Peak Load
requirement
(MW) 241 242 246 252 258 268 280 291 304 317
71
9.2.2 Electricity Supply Projections from Renewable Energy Sources:
The total renewable energy potentials for Moradabad is as follows:
Bio-mass: 49. 2 MW Co-generation: 15 MW Roof-Top Solar: 396 MW
Micro-Hydro: 8 MW Bio-gas Electricity Generation: 5 MW
Waste to Energy Generation: 4.2 MW Grid Connected Solar: 2000 MW
Total: 2477 MW
Note: Energy Efficiency measures already factored in while computing demand
projections
There is also an existing 64 MW Renewable Energy Generation, but this is largely for captive
consumption and very small quantities is sold to the grid.
Based on the above estimation of renewable energy potentials, four broad options or basket
of renewable energy mix has been worked out.
Option 1, is based on just matching total estimated energy demand for Moradabad with a
basket of supply options, just factoring in a small buffer, in case the demand increases the
supply of electricity provisioned for. This option factors in a phased renewable energy
generation implementation programme and up to 2017-18, the district will still be dependent
on the state grid to meet its electricity requirements, though the dependence would reduce
gradually from year 1. From 2019-20 onwards, the district will have its own renewable
energy generation which along with energy efficiency savings would meet the projected
electricity demand requirements with a small buffer to cater to a possible spyke in electricity
consumption patterns.
This option tends to minimize or optimize the capital expenses in electricity generation
capacity addition, though, while it is a revenue model, the revenues would primarily through
sale of electricity for the district’s own consumption.
Option 2 provides for a very aggressive deployment and exploitation of the huge solar
generation potential for the district. In this option, the state would have its own renewable
energy generation capacities from 2017-18, which would not only meet the electricity
requirements of the district but also generate enough to be sold through the sale grid and the
open electricity market. This model, will start earning revenues for the state through not only
sale of electricity for its own market but also through sale of electricity to the state grid. The
capital expenses would be high, but, this option looks at optimizing the status of Moradabad
as Solar City as envisaged in the National Solar Mission, which by default gives the town of
Moradabad higher allocation of solar generation projects.
72
Option 3 is also a solar dominant supply option scenario, though, does not look at a
aggressive deployment of solar generation projects, but takes a moderate approach and is the
middle option between option 1 and 2.
Option 4 is a bio-mass and other renewable technology dominant option and plays down on
solar generation potential. The idea behind this option is to keep the costs of generation ver
low, though in the long run, given the trend of fall in the prices of solar, the costs of
generation while being low in the short to medium run, will match the price of solar between
the medium to long run period and thereafter may even exceed the price of solar.
The various options are given below:
Option 1: Solar dominant Options but matching demand with supply
Table 20: Electricity Supply Projections – Option 1 – Solar Dominant but
conservative growth
Sources of
Renewabl
e Energy
(In MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
2 5 15 30 50 75 100 120 120 125
Solar
Large
Grids
2 5 25 50 75 100 125 144 150 160
Bio-mas 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 10 15 15
Co-
generation
2 2 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8
Micro-
hydro
1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Total
Electricity
Generatio
n through
Renewabl
e Energy
10 18 54 96 142 195 252 291 304 317
Demand
for
Moradaba
d 241 242 246 252 258 268 280 291 304 317
Quantum
to be 231 224 192 156 116 73 28 0 0 0
73
purchased
from the
state grid
RE
Potential
Tapped (in
%)
0.40
%
0.73
%
2.18
%
3.88
%
5.73
%
7.87
%
10.17
%
12.31
%
14.45
%
16.67
%
Note: The micro hydro potential is as per the estimate of the Uttar Pradesh
Renewable Energy Development Agency and therefore factored in.
Option 2: Aggressive Solar Options (Cumulative)
This option looks at tapping the renewable energy potential for the district and generating
excess electricity over and above its requirement to be supplied to the grid for revenues.
This option would make Moradabad a renewable energy surplus generator from the year
2016-17, though, it would have to make initial heavy capital investments or investment flows.
Table 21: Electricity Supply Projections – Option 2 – Solar Dominant Option
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016
-17
2017
-18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
10 20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Solar
Large
Grids
10 50 100 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Bio-mas 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Co-
generation
(new)
2 2 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8
Micro-
hydro
1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Total
Electricity
Generation
through
Renewable
Energy
26 78 164 216 317 420 527 630 733 838
74
Demand
for
Moradaba
d 241 242 246 252 258 268 280 291 304 317
Quantum
to be
purchased
from the
state grid 215 164 82 36 -59 --152 -247 -339 -429 -521
RE
Potential
Tapped (in
%)
1.04
%
3.14
%
6.62
%
8.72
% 12.79 16.96
35.68
%
25.43
%
29.59
%
33.83
%
Note: The micro hydro potential is as per the estimate of the Uttar Pradesh
Renewable Energy Development Agency and therefore factored in.
Option 3: Solar Dominant but with very conservative Generation Capacity
Addition
This option continues to be a solar dominant option, though, opts for a conservating capacity
addition This option would make Moradabad a renewable energy surplus generator from the
eyar 2019-20, and will have a relatively less capital investment flows in the initial years.
Table 22: Electricity Supply Projections – Option 3 – Solar Dominant but
conservative growth
Sources of
Renewabl
e Energy
(In MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
2 5 15 30 50 75 100 125 150 175
Solar
Large
Grids
2 5 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Bio-mas 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Co-
generation
2 2 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8
Micro-
hydro
1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Total
Electricity
Generatio
n through
Renewabl
10 18 54 96 142 195 252 305 358 413
75
e Energy
Demand
for
Moradaba
d 241 242 246 252 258 268 280 291 304 317
Quantum
to be
purchased
from the
state grid 231 224 192 156 116 73 28 -14 -54 -96
RE
Potential
Tapped (in
%)
0.40
%
0.73
%
2.18
%
3.88
%
5.73
%
7.87
%
10.17
%
12.31
%
14.45
%
16.67
%
Note: The micro hydro potential is as per the estimate of the Uttar Pradesh
Renewable Energy Development Agency and therefore factored in.
Option 4: Bio-Mass, Co-Gen and Hydro Dominant but with very conservative
Generation Capacity Addition
This options further reduces the capacity addition from solar based projects, but instead
maximizes the estimated potential from Bio-Mass, Bagasse based co-generation and micro-
hydro projects. The investments for this option would be the lowest amongst the other two
options given above.
In this option too, Moradabad can start selling surplus electricity generated to the grid from
the year 2019-20.
Table 23: Electricity Supply Projects – Option 3: Bio-mass and other Energy Source
Dominant
Sources of
Renewabl
e Energy
(In MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
2 5 10 20 30 50 75 100 125 150
Solar
Large
Grids
2 5 10 20 30 50 75 100 125 150
Bio-mass 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 45
Co-
generation
3 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15
Micro-
hydro
1 2 2 3 5 5 5 8 8 8
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Bio-gas 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
76
Electricity
Total
Electricity
Generatio
n through
Renewabl
e Energy
15 29 45 72 104 149 206 265 325 375
Demand
for
Moradaba
d 241 242 246 252 258 268 280 291 304 317
Quantum
to be
purchased
from the
state grid 226 213 201 180 154 119 74 26 -21 -72
RE
Potential
Tapped (in
%)
0.61
%
1.17
%
2.22
%
3.71
%
5.81
%
8.03
%
10.34
%
12.72
%
15.14
%
17.16
%
Note: The micro hydro potential is as per the estimate of the Uttar Pradesh
Renewable Energy Development Agency and therefore factored in.
77
9.3 Energy Projections up to 2020
The major sources of energy currently being used for heating, cooking and lighting purposes
are Kerosene, Firewood and LPG.
Kerosene is primarily used for lighting purposes, while firewood and LPG is used for heating
purposes.
With 100% electricity needs being met, we believe that Kerosene use in Moradabad would
decline and in all our costing, this is an assumption being made.
As far as firewood is concerned, it is being used in a 30:70 ratio for heating water and
meeting cooking needs.
In view of the above, we project the energy supply needs for cooking and heating as below:
Table 24: Energy Supply for Cooking and Heating: Projections
Base
year
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
Number of
Households
having bio-
gas plants 0 3000 5000 7000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Husk Based
Bio-Gas
plant for
cooking and
heating 0
30,000 60,000 80,000
100,00
0
125,00
0
150,00
0
200,00
0
200,00
0
Number of
Houses
having LPG
Connection21
120,00
0
140,00
0
150,00
0
175,00
0
200,00
0
225,00
0
250,00
0
300,00
0
350,00
0
Total
Households
with clean
120,00
0
173,00
0
215,00
0
262,00
0
310,00
0
365,00
0
470,00
0
525,00
0
580,00
0
21
We can either have bio-gas plants or bottling plant, due to the limited availability of fresh dung in
Moradabad district.
The average firewood consumption in Moradabad is approximately 11,455 tonnes aapproximately tonnes a day, or approximately 41,81,075 tonnes per year, which is equivalent to using trees covering an area of 16,724 hectares per year. It is to be noted here that the fire wood requirement for the district is sources not just from
the district sources but also comes from outside the district.
78
cooking
fuels
Households
that would
still not be
covered
with clean
sources of
cooking
fuel
780,00
0
727,00
0
685,00
0
638,00
0
590,00
0
535,00
0
430,00
0
375,00
0
320,00
0
Other options for clean cooking fuel could include Solar Thermal Applications and Solar
Cooker applications, which could potentially reduce the number of households that do not
have access to clearn energy cooking and heating requirements.
Other Heating Energy Applications:
Table 25: Supply Projections for other Heating Sources of Energy
Base
year
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
Solar Water
Heating
Systems 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
79
CHAPTER- X
TECHNO-COMMERICAL FEASIBILITY AND VIABILITY FOR VARIOUS
POSSIBLE OPTIONS AND SUB-SECTOR INITIATIVE
10.1 Techno-Commerical Feasibility for Option 1: Dominant Solar Generation
Option with Aggressive Electricity Generation Capacity Addition:
Moradbad does not have its own electricity generation with the exception of a 64 MW
Renewable Energy Generation Installed Capacity, which is largely for captive consumption
of the various industries of Moradabad and very little quantum of electricity is sold to the
grid.
Even the quantum that is sold to the grid is largely seasonal, during the sugar cane season,
when the sugar mills are in full operation. Therefore, the first option, which is a dominant
solar generation option also explores the possibility of aggressive electricity generation
capacity addiitons.
The techno commercial feasibility primarily looks at the following:
a) The Capital Cost of setting up the generation plants
b) The various options of investments for setting up the generation plants
c) The cost implications on tariffs to consumers – primarily factoring in a possible
increase in tariff to consumers if the actual cost of generation is passed on to the
consumers. It must be noted here that, in a business as usual scenario, the actual cost
of generation is not usually passed on to the consumers. For instance, the current cost
of electricity from coal fired power plants, cost the electricity distribution companies
close to Rs. 5/- per kWh, though, the average price charged from electricity
consumers ranges from Rs. 3/- a kWh to Rs. 7 a kWh, depending on the category of
consumers.
d) It also weighs the advantages and disadvantages from a technical and commercial
stand point of the various options.
80
10.1.1 The Capital Cost for option 1
Table 26: The Capital Cost Implications for option 1
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
2 5 15 30 50 75 100 120 120 125
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
40 60 100 300 400 500 500 400 0 100
Solar Large
Grids
2 5 25 50 75 100 125 144 150 160
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
40 60 400 500 500 500 500 380 120 200
Bio-mas 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 15
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
4 4 8 4 4 8 8 8 12 0
Co-
generation
2 2 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
8 0 4 0 0 0 12 0 0 0
Micro-hydro 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
4 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
5 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Capital
Cost (Rs. In
Cr)
103 128 517 806 904 1012 1030 788 132 300
Cumulative Total of the ten year investment: Rs. 5720 Cr
Average Annual Capital Investment: Rs. 572.00 Cr
Cost to the Government on account of Viaibility Gap Funding Option preferred for Solar
Generation (40%)
Rs. 2240 Cr
Or
An Annual Investment of Rs. 224 Cr
10.1.2 Cost Implications on Tariffs to Consumers
Table 27: The Cost Implication to the consumer for option I
81
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MU
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar at 3.33 8.32 24.97 49.93 83.22
124.8
3
166.4
4
208.0
5
208.0
5
208.0
5
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
every year
(In Million
Rupees)
42 100 287 549 874 1248 1581 1872 1872 1872
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
20 50 150 300 499 749 999 1248 1248 1248
Solar
Large
Grids
3.33 8.32 41.61 83.22 124.8
3
166.4
4
208.0
5
249.6
6
249.6
6
249.6
6
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
(In Million
Rupees)
42 100 479 915 1311 1664 1976 2247 2247 2247
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
20 50 250 499 749 999 1248 1498 1498 1997
Bio-mas 6.13 12.26 24.53 30.66 36.79 49.06 61.32 73.58 91.98 122.6
82
4
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
34 67 135 169 202 270 337 405 506 675
Co-
generation 12.26 12.26 30.66 30.66 30.66 30.66 49.06 49.06 49.06 49.06
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
67 67 169 169 169 169 270 270 270 270
Micro-
hydro 3.07 6.13 6.13 6.13 6.13 9.20 9.20 9.20 9.20 9.20
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
11 21 21 21 21 32 32 32 32 32
Waste to
Energy 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 17.52 17.52 17.52 17.52
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
15 15 31 31 31 31 61 61 61 61
Bio-gas
Electricity 4.38 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 13.14 13.14 13.14
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees) 15 15 15 31 31 31 31 46 46 46
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees
(Full Tariff
for Solar) 226 387 1137 1885 2638 3445 4289 4933 5513 6077
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees at
Viability
Gap
Funding
tariffs for
solar 183 287 770 1219 1702 2280 2978 3560 4161 4829
The
Difference
586.4
7
523.7
6
495.7
2
390.6
5
368.3
3
257.7
4
203.7
8 96.03 65.33
83
that needs
to be
purchased
from State
Grid in
Million
Units
Cost of the
State
Purchase
in Million
Rupees at
Rs. 5/- per
kWh with
the Rs.
0.50
incrementa
l costs 2932 2881 2974 2539 2578 1933 1630 816 588
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (At
full Solar
Tariff of
Rs. 12.50
3267 4111 4424 5217 5378 5919 5750 6101 6077 3267
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (at
Rs. 6/-
tariff for
solar –
VGF
Mode) 3115 3168 3745 3758 4280 4213 4608 4377 4749 4829
Revenues
earned by
Selling
surplus
Electricity
to state
grid tariff
of Rs. 8.50
per kWh 488
Net Cost of 3267 4111 4424 5217 5378 5919 5750 6101 6077 5589
84
RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid
Net Cost of
RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid 3115 3168 3745 3758 4280 4213 4608 4377 4749 4340
Demand
for
Moradabad
623.3
5
579.8
2
636.7
6
608.7
7
667.4
8
655.4
4
724.1
2
716.2
4
787.1
5
784.3
0
If the
entire
Demand
were to be
bought
from State
Grid at Rs.
5/- per
kWh with
a Rs. 0.50
Increase in
tariff year
on year
3117 3189 3821 3957 4672 4916 5793 6088 7084 7451
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase
for full
Solar
Tariff -41 -78 -290 -467 -545 -462 -126 338 983 1374
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase
in a VGF
Scenario 2 21 76 199 392 703 1185 1711 2335 2622
Red means the cost of RE + Grid is Costlier than full Grid Purchase
85
Green Indicates that the cost of RE is cheaper than full grid purchase and also earns
revenue to the district
In a option where most of the Solar Project Developers opt for no upfront Capital cost or
Viability Gap Funding which is proposed in the draft Phase II policy of the National Solar
Mission and instead opt for full tariff of Rs. 12.50 per kWh, the cost escalation of over all
tariff for the consumers will go up marginally from 2014-15 up to 2018-19 , with the cost
escalation for the year 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 would be Rs.1.50/- a kWh
more than the usual cost they would be paying in a business as usual scenario.
However, if the Solar Project developers opts for a Viaiblity Gap Funding option, which is
provided under the National Solar Mission, the tariff then payable for Solar Generation is
only Rs. 6/- per kWh. In this case, the cost escalation to the consumer in the first year will be
a margine Rs. 0.02 only more than what they would be paying in a business as usual scenario
only for the first year and from the second year onwards, there could be a potential reduction
in tariffs, if the advantage is passed on to the consumers.
10.1.3 The Technical Viaibility for this Option – the Pros and Cons:
Very clearly, in terms of technical viability, this option has a number of advantages. Being a
solar dominant option and considering that Moradabad has one of the best solar radiation and
isolation levels compared to many other districts of Uttar Pradesh, is perhaps one of the best
suited locations for large solar projects.
The district is also well located with land use patterns that indicate that even large scale grid
projects is possible to be set, since the quantum of Government owned land is fairly large.
Due to its geographic location, its proximity to Delhi, its location on the national road grid,
transporting of renewable energy equipments does not pose any logistic problems and
therefore also does not pose any cost escalations issue due to transport and logistics issue.
Its proximity to Delhi also ensures that adequate and appropriately trained human resources is
potentially avaialbe 24 x 7 for maintenance of the systems
Further, the initial investments are also not very high
The Clear disadvantages are:
1) The electricity sector cannot be a major revenue earner for the state in the short to
medium period,
2) In the absence of a strong grid, the question that remain, is the technical feasibility of
actually evacuating the surplus energy generated to the grid. However, the quantum of
supply to the state grid being small, this is a minor disadvantage.
86
10.2.1 The Capital Cost for option 2
Table 28: Cost Projections for Supply Scenario from option 1
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
10 20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 200 200 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Solar Large
Grids
10 50 100 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 200 200 600 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Bio-mass 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 4 4 8 4 4 8 8 8 12 20
Co-
generation
(new)
2 2 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 8 0 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 0
Micro-hydro 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 5 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr) 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
Total Costs 423 410 1225 2006 2000 2012 2030 2010 2012 2020
10 Year Cumulative total 16148 Cr
Annual Average: Rs. 1614 Cr
Assumption:
The cost of a 1 MW PV Grid and Roof Top Solar System has been taken as Rs. 20 Cr
The general cost of a 1 MW bio-mass plant as per MNRE and state Electricity Regulatory
Authority guidelines range from Rs. 3.50 Cr to a maximum of Rs. 4.50 Cr, averaging to Rs. 4
Cr.
For a hydro plant of less than 1 MW, the capital costs are in the region of Rs. 4 Cr per MW.
87
10.2.2 The Option 2 ( in Million kWh)
Table 29: The Electricity Supply Option in million kWh
Sources
of
Renewabl
e Energy
(In MU
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
3.5 8.75 26.25 52.5 87.5 131.25 175 218.75 262.5 306.25
Solar
Large
Grids
3.5 8.75 26.25 52.5 87.5 131.25 175 218.75 262.5 306.25
Bio-mass 30.66 61.32 91.98 122.6
4
153.3
0
183..9
6
214.62 245.28 275.94 275.94
Co-
generation
18.39 30.66 30.66 30.66 61.32 61.32 61.32 61.32 91.98 91.98
Micro-
hydro 3.07 6.13 6.13 9.20 15.33 15.33 15.33 24.53 24.53 24.53
Waste to
Energy 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 17.52 17.52 17.52 17.52
Bio-gas
Electricity 3.5 3.5 3.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 10.5 10.5 10.5
Total
Electricity
Generatio
n through
Renewabl
e Energy 67.00
123.5
0
193.5
4
283.2
7
420.7
2 538.88 665.80 796.66 945.48
1032.9
8
Demand
for
Moradaba
d
623.3
5
579.8
2
636.7
6
608.7
7
667.4
8 655.44 724.12 716.24 787.15 784.30
Quantum
to be
purchased
from the
state grid
556.3
5
456.3
2
443.2
2
325.5
0
246.7
6 116.56 58.32 -80.42
-
158.33
-
248.68
RE
Potential
Tapped
(in %)
0.61
%
1.17
%
2.22
%
3.71
%
5.81
% 8.03%
10.34
%
12.72
%
15.14
%
17.16
%
Assumptions: The Conversion rate for 1 MW in to kWh has been taken at 1 MW x 24 Hours
x 365 x PLF/100
The PLF for Solar is assumed at 19%
88
The PLF for Bio-mass and co-generation is assumed at 70% 22
The PLF for bio-gas plants has been assumed at 40%
The PLF for micro-hydro projects is assumed at 35%23
The PLF for waste to energy projects is assumed at 50%24
The PLF for State Grid Purchase is assumed at 35%
10.2.3 The Cost implication to the consumer for Option 2 ( in Million kWh)
At both Full Feed-in-tariff Rate for solar at Rs. 12.50 per kWh as well as partial feed in
tariff through capital subsidy route (Viability Gap Funding)
Table 30: The Cost Implication to the consumer for option 1
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MU
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar at
3.5 8.75 26.25 52.5 87.5 131.25 175 218.7
5
262.5 306.2
5
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
every year
(In Million
Rupees)
44 105 302 578 919 1313 1663 1969 2231 2450
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
21 53 158 315 525 788 1050 1313 1575 1838
Solar
Large
Grids
3.5 8.75 26.25 52.5 87.5 131.25 175 218.7
5
262.5 306.2
5
22
http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/faq_biomass.htm
23 http://tnerc.tn.nic.in/Concept%20Paper/2010/Consultative%20Paper-Smal%20hydro%20CP%20FC.pdf
24 http://geda.gujarat.gov.in/pdf/Waste%20to%20Energy.pdf
89
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
(In Million
Rupees)
44 109 328 656 1094 1641 2188 2734 3281 3828
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
21 53 158 315 525 788 1050 1313 1575 1838
Bio-mass 30.66 61.32 91.98 122.6
4
153.3
0
183..9
6
214.6
2
245.2
8
275.9
4
275.9
4
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
169 337 506 675 843 1012 1180 1349 1518 1518
Co-
generation
18.39 30.66 30.66 30.66 61.32 61.32 61.32 61.32 91.98 91.98
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
101 169 169 169 337 337 337 337 506 506
Micro-
hydro 3.07 6.13 6.13 9.20 15.33 15.33 15.33 24.53 24.53 24.53
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
11 21 21 32 54 54 54 86 86 86
Waste to
Energy 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 17.52 17.52 17.52 17.52
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
15 15 31 31 31 31 61 61 61 61
Bio-gas
Electricity 3.5 3.5 3.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 10.5 10.5 10.5
90
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees) 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 37 37 37
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees
(Full Tariff
for Solar) 396 765 1343 2086 3127 4083 4982 5808 6670 7108
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees at
Viability
Gap
Funding
for solar 350 660 1054 1561 2339 3033 3757 4495 5358 5883
The
Difference
that needs
to be
purchased
from State
Grid in
Million
Units
556.3
5
456.3
2
443.2
2
325.5
0
246.7
6 116.56 58.32
Cost of the
State
Purchase
in Million
Rupees at
Rs. 5/- per
kWh with
the Rs.
0.50
incrementa
l costs 2782 2510 2659 2116 1727 874 467
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (At
full Solar
Tariff of
Rs. 12.50
3177 3275 4002 4201 4854 4957 5449 5808 6670 7108
Total Cost
of 3132 3170 3713 3676 4067 3907 4224 4495 5358 5883
91
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (at
Rs. 6/-
tariff for
solar –
VGF
Mode)
Revenues
earned by
Selling
surplus
Electricity
to state
grid tariff
of Rs. 8.50
per kWh 684 1346 2114
Net Cost
of RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid 3177 3275 4002 4201 4854 4957 5449 5124 5324 4994
Net Cost
of RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid 3132 3170 3713 3676 4067 3907 4224 3812 4012 3769
Demand
for
Moradabad
623.3
5
579.8
2
636.7
6
608.7
7
667.4
8 655.44
724.1
2
716.2
4
787.1
5
784.3
0
If the
entire
Demand
were to be
bought
from State
Grid at Rs.
5/- per
kWh with
a Rs. 0.50
Increase in
tariff year
on year
3117 3189 3821 3957 4672 4916 5793 6088 7084 7451
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy -61 -86 -181 -244 -182 -41 344 964 1760 2457
92
Option and
Grid
Purchase
for full
Solar
Tariff
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase
in a VGF
Scenario -15 19 107 281 606 1009 1569 2276 3073 3682
Red means the cost of RE + Grid is Costlier than full Grid Purchase
Green Indicates that the cost of RE is cheaper than full grid purchase and also earns
revenue to the district
In a option where most of the Solar Project Developers opt for no upfront Capital cost or
Viability Gap Funding which is proposed in the draft Phase II policy of the National Solar
Mission and instead opt for full tariff of Rs. 12.50 per kWh, the cost escalation of over all
tariff for the consumers will go up marginally upto 2016-17, with the cost escalation for the
year 2015-16 and 2016-17 would be Rs.1/- a kWh more than the usual cost they would be
paying in a business as usual scenario.
However, if the Solar Project developers opts for a Viaiblity Gap Funding option, which is
provided under the National Solar Mission, the tariff then payable for Solar Generation is
only Rs. 6/- per kWh. In this case, the cost escalation to the consumer in the first year will be
a margine Rs. 0.05 more than what they would be paying in a business as usual scenario and
from the second year onwards, there could be a potential reduction in tariffs, if the advantage
is passed on to the consumers.
10.2.4 The Technical Viaibility for this Option – the Pros and Cons:
Very clearly, in terms of technical viability, this option has a number of advantages. Being a
solar dominant option and considering that Moradabad has one of the best solar radiation and
isolation levels compared to many other districts of Uttar Pradesh, is perhaps one of the best
suited locations for large solar projects.
The district is also well located with land use patterns that indicate that even large scale grid
projects is possible to be set, since the quantum of Government owned land is fairly large.
Due to its geographic location, its proximity to Delhi, its location on the national road grid,
transporting of renewable energy equipments does not pose any logistic problems and
therefore also does not pose any cost escalations issue due to transport and logistics issue.
93
Its proximity to Delhi also ensures that adequate and appropriately trained human resources is
potentially avaialbe 24 x 7 for maintenance of the systems
The other clear advantages which is a combination of technical and grid related are as
follows:
1) It creates a sense of energy security for Moradabad district by gradually reducing its
dependence on electricity from the state grid and also the Northern Grid
2) Since the Northern Grid has a history of collapsing due to heavy electricity traffic in
the high electricity consuming states, the district having its own electricity generation
can be grid independent to that extent of getting its requirement met.
3) The district by generating surplus electricity can sell it to the grid at a substantially
high prices and in a scenario where “power markets” will be fully functional in India,
it can also sell electricity either by way of Renewable Energy Certificates or
physicially the surplus electricity at the market price. This can be a big revenue
earner for the state and project developers and this revenue can be used for other
developmental activities
4) Moradabad can take advantage of already being designated as “Solar City” and avail
of all the National Solar Mission Policies and Programmes and therefore, achieving
the targets set for solar generation will not be an issue for them. They will not have
serious competition from other districts – primarily due to its status.
5) Being the hub for small and medium enterprises, Moradabad can also ensure that it
creates a show case model for renewable energy generation which can cater to the
30,000 plus Small and Micro Industries and other medium and large industries.
6) The cost to the consumers is very insiginificant, even if full tariff for solar is the most
preferred option for solar project developers. The increase in tariff for consumers is
only for the short period
The Clear disadvantages are:
1) In the absence of a strong grid, the question that remain, is the technical feasibility of
actually evacuating the surplus energy generated to the grid.
2) The issue gets further complicated, considering that the Northern Grid right now has
technical issues
10.3 Techno-Commerical Feasibility for Option 3: Dominant Solar Generation
Option with Conservative Electricity Generation Capacity Addition:
This option is also a solar dominant generation scenario, but looks at a very conservative
capacity addition.
In this option, the initial capital costs would be low and in the initial period, purchase from
the state grid will be high. Further, even the surplus energy generated from the years 2019-
2020 to 2021-22 will not be very substantial for huge revenues, but, it would be sufficient to
showcase the green energy status fo the district.
10.3.1: The Capital Cost Implications for Option 3
Table 32: The Capital Cost Implications for option 3
94
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar
2 5 15 30 50 75 100 125 150 175
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
40 60 100 300 400 500 500 500 500 500
Solar Large
Grids
2 5 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
40 60 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
Bio-mas 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
4 4 8 4 4 8 8 8 12 20
Co-
generation
2 2 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
8 0 4 0 0 0 12 0 0 0
Micro-hydro 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
4 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
5 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
Total Capital
Cost (Rs. In
Cr)
103 128 517 806 904 1012 1030 1010 1012 1020
Cumulative Total of the ten year investment: Rs. 7542 Cr
Average Annual Capital Investment: Rs. 754.20 Cr
Cost to the Government on account of Viaibility Gap Funding Option preferred for Solar
Generation (40%)
Rs. 2800 Cr
Or
An Annual Investment of Rs. 280 Cr
10.3.2 Cost Implications on Tariffs to Consumers
Table 33: The Cost Implication to the consumer for option II
Sources of
Renewable
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
95
Energy (In
MU
Roof-Top
Solar at 3.33 8.32 24.97 49.93 83.22
124.8
3
166.4
4
208.0
5
249.6
6
291.2
7
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
every year
(In Million
Rupees)
42 100 287 549 874 1248 1581 1872 2122 2330
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
20 50 150 300 499 749 999 1248 1498 1748
Solar
Large
Grids
3.33 8.32 41.61 83.22 124.8
3
166.4
4
208.0
5
249.6
6
291.2
7
332.8
8
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
(In Million
Rupees)
42 100 479 915 1311 1664 1976 2247 2476 2663
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
20 50 250 499 749 999 1248 1498 1748 1997
Bio-mas 6.13 12.26 24.53 30.66 36.79 49.06 61.32 73.58 91.98
122.6
4
Cost at Rs. 34 67 135 169 202 270 337 405 506 675
96
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
Co-
generation 12.26 12.26 30.66 30.66 30.66 30.66 49.06 49.06 49.06 49.06
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
67 67 169 169 169 169 270 270 270 270
Micro-
hydro 3.07 6.13 6.13 6.13 6.13 9.20 9.20 9.20 9.20 9.20
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
11 21 21 21 21 32 32 32 32 32
Waste to
Energy 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 17.52 17.52 17.52 17.52
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
15 15 31 31 31 31 61 61 61 61
Bio-gas
Electricity 4.38 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 13.14 13.14 13.14
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees) 15 15 15 31 31 31 31 46 46 46
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees
(Full Tariff
for Solar) 226 387 1137 1885 2638 3445 4289 4933 5513 6077
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees at
Viability
Gap
Funding
tariffs for
solar 183 287 770 1219 1702 2280 2978 3560 4161 4829
The
Difference
that needs
to be
586.4
7
523.7
6
495.7
2
390.6
5
368.3
3
257.7
4
203.7
8 96.03 65.33
97
purchased
from State
Grid in
Million
Units
Cost of the
State
Purchase
in Million
Rupees at
Rs. 5/- per
kWh with
the Rs.
0.50
incrementa
l costs 2932 2881 2974 2539 2578 1933 1630 816 588
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (At
full Solar
Tariff of
Rs. 12.50
3267 4111 4424 5217 5378 5919 5750 6101 6077 3267
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (at
Rs. 6/-
tariff for
solar –
VGF
Mode) 3115 3168 3745 3758 4280 4213 4608 4377 4749 4829
Revenues
earned by
Selling
surplus
Electricity
to state
grid tariff
of Rs. 8.50
per kWh 488
Net Cost of
RE
Generation 3267 4111 4424 5217 5378 5919 5750 6101 6077 5589
98
+ Central
Grid
Net Cost of
RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid 3115 3168 3745 3758 4280 4213 4608 4377 4749 4340
Demand
for
Moradabad
623.3
5
579.8
2
636.7
6
608.7
7
667.4
8
655.4
4
724.1
2
716.2
4
787.1
5
784.3
0
If the
entire
Demand
were to be
bought
from State
Grid at Rs.
5/- per
kWh with
a Rs. 0.50
Increase in
tariff year
on year
3117 3189 3821 3957 4672 4916 5793 6088 7084 7451
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase
for full
Solar
Tariff -41 -78 -290 -467 -545 -462 -126 338 983 1374
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase
in a VGF
Scenario 2 21 76 199 392 703 1185 1711 2335 2622
Red means the cost of RE + Grid is Costlier than full Grid Purchase
Green Indicates that the cost of RE is cheaper than full grid purchase and also earns
revenue to the district
99
In a option where most of the Solar Project Developers opt for no upfront Capital cost or
Viability Gap Funding which is proposed in the draft Phase II policy of the National Solar
Mission and instead opt for full tariff of Rs. 12.50 per kWh, the cost escalation of over all
tariff for the consumers will go up marginally from 2014-15 up to 2018-19 , with the cost
escalation for the year 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 would be Rs.1.50/- a kWh
more than the usual cost they would be paying in a business as usual scenario.
However, if the Solar Project developers opts for a Viaiblity Gap Funding option, which is
provided under the National Solar Mission, the tariff then payable for Solar Generation is
only Rs. 6/- per kWh. In this case, the cost escalation to the consumer in the first year will be
a margine Rs. 0.02 only more than what they would be paying in a business as usual scenario
only for the first year and from the second year onwards, there could be a potential reduction
in tariffs, if the advantage is passed on to the consumers.
10.3.3 The Technical Viaibility for this Option – the Pros and Cons:
Very clearly, in terms of technical viability, this option has a number of advantages. Being a
solar dominant option and considering that Moradabad has one of the best solar radiation and
isolation levels compared to many other districts of Uttar Pradesh, is perhaps one of the best
suited locations for large solar projects.
The district is also well located with land use patterns that indicate that even large scale grid
projects is possible to be set, since the quantum of Government owned land is fairly large.
Due to its geographic location, its proximity to Delhi, its location on the national road grid,
transporting of renewable energy equipments does not pose any logistic problems and
therefore also does not pose any cost escalations issue due to transport and logistics issue.
Its proximity to Delhi also ensures that adequate and appropriately trained human resources is
potentially avaialbe 24 x 7 for maintenance of the systems
Further, the initial investments are also not very high and the surplus electricity generated
that can be evacuated through the UP State Grid for sale else where is also not much.
The other advantage is that, it is also going slow in generation capacity addition and as and
when the Grid strengthening happens and the demand for renewable energy increases,
Moradabad district can immediately take on many more projects, largely due to its experience
in already installing and commissioning Renewable Energy Projects. This is a good way of
“Learning By Doing”.
The Clear disadvantages are:
3) The electricity sector cannot be a major revenue earner for the state in the short to
medium period, though in the long run, it has the potential to be a revenue earner for
the district.
100
4) In the absence of a strong grid, the question that remain, is the technical feasibility of
actually evacuating the surplus energy generated to the grid. However, the quantum of
supply to the state grid being small, this is a minor disadvantage.
10.4 Techno-Commerical Feasibility for Option 4: Bio-Mass and other Technology
dominant option as against Solar:
This option is a bio-mass and other renewable energy technology dominant generation
option, keeping solar generation only to the extent necessary to ensure that the district has a
100% renewable energy source of electricity by 2019-2010.
In this option, the initial capital costs would be low and in the initial period, purchase from
the state grid will be high. Further, even the surplus energy generated from the years 2019-
2020 to 2021-22 will not be very substantial for huge revenues, but, it would be sufficient to
showcase the green energy status fo the district.
10.4.1: The Capital Cost Implications for Option 4
Table 34: The Capital Cost Implications for Option 4
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MW)
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top 2 5 15 30 50 75 100 125 150 175
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
40 60 100 300 400 500 500 500 500 500
Solar Large
Grids
2 5 15 30 50 75 100 125 150 175
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
40 60 200 300 400 500 500 500 500 500
Bio-mas 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 45
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0
Co-
generation
3 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
12 8 0 0 8 0 0 0 20 0
Micro-hydro 1 2 2 3 5 5 5 8 8 8
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
4 4 0 4 8 0 0 12 0 0
Waste to
Energy
1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
Capital Cost
(Rs. In Cr)
5 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
Bio-gas
Electricity
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Capital Cost 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
101
(Rs. In Cr)
Total Capital
Cost (Rs. In
Cr)
123 152 225 426 436 820 1030 1034 1040 1000
Cumulative Total of the ten year investment: Rs. 6286 Cr
Average Annual Capital Investment: Rs. 628.60 Cr
Cost to the Government on account of Viaibility Gap Funding Option preferred for Solar
Generation (40%)
Rs. 2400 Cr
Or
An Annual Investment of Rs. 480 Cr
10.4.2 Cost Implications on Tariffs to Consumers
Table 35: The Cost Implication to the consumer for option 4
Sources of
Renewable
Energy (In
MU
2012-
13
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
Roof-Top
Solar at 3.33 8.32 16.64 33.29 49.93 83.22
124.8
3
166.4
4
208.0
5
249.6
6
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
every year
(In Million
Rupees)
42 100 191 366 524 832 1186 1498 1768 1997
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
20 50 100 200 300 499 749 999 1248 1498
Solar
Large
Grids
3.33 8.32 16.64 33.29 49.93 83.22 124.8
3
166.4
4
208.0
5
249.6
6
Cost at Rs.
12.50 per
kWh with
the tariff
42 100 191 366 524 832 1186 1498 1768 1997
102
reducing
by Rs. 0.50
(In Million
Rupees)
Cost at Rs.
6/- per
kWh static
(In A
Viability
Gap
Funding
Option
Mode)(In
Million
Rupees)
20 50 100 200 300 499 749 999 1248 1498
Bio-mas 30.66 61.32 91.98
122.6
4 153.3
183.9
6
214.6
2
245.2
8
275.9
4
275.9
4
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
169 337 506 675 843 1012 1180 1349 1518 1518
Co-
generation 18.40 30.66 30.66 30.66 61.32 61.32 61.32 61.32 91.98 91.98
Cost at Rs.
5.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
101 169 169 169 337 337 337 337 506 506
Micro-
hydro 3.07 6.13 6.13 9.20 15.33 15.33 15.33 24.53 24.53 24.53
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
11 21 21 32 54 54 54 86 86 86
Waste to
Energy 4.38 4.38 8.76 8.76 8.76 8.76 17.52 17.52 17.52 17.52
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million
Rupees)
15 15 31 31 31 31 61 61 61 61
Bio-gas
Electricity 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Cost at Rs.
3.50 per
kWh (In
Million 3.50 3.50 3.50 7.01 7.01 7.01 7.01 10.51 10.51 10.51
103
Rupees)
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees
(Full Tariff
for Solar) 391 755 1122 1663 2338 3122 4029 4866 5744 6202
Total Cost
In Million
Rupees at
Viability
Gap
Funding
tariffs for
solar 348 655 939 1330 1888 2457 3155 3868 4704 5203
The
Difference
that needs
to be
purchased
from State
Grid in
Million
Units
556.6
9
457.1
8
462.4
4
363.9
3
321.9
0
212.6
2
158.6
6 24.20
Cost of the
State
Purchase
in Million
Rupees at
Rs. 5/- per
kWh with
the Rs.
0.50
incrementa
l costs 2783 2514 2775 2366 2253 1595 1269 206
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central
Grid (At
full Solar
Tariff of
Rs. 12.50
3175 3269 3896 4028 4591 4717 5298 5072 5744 6202
Total Cost
of
Purchase
from RE +
Central 3132 3169 3713 3696 4142 4051 4424 4073 4704 5203
104
Grid (at
Rs. 6/-
tariff for
solar –
VGF
Mode)
Revenues
earned by
Selling
surplus
Electricity
to state
grid tariff
of Rs. 8.50
per kWh
444.8
7
1282.
5
Net Cost of
RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid 3175 3269 3896 4028 4591 4717 5298 5072 5300 4920
Net Cost of
RE
Generation
+ Central
Grid 3132 3169 3713 3696 4142 4051 4424 4073 4259 3921
Demand
for
Moradabad
623.3
5
579.8
2
636.7
6
608.7
7
667.4
8
655.4
4
724.1
2
716.2
4
787.1
5
784.3
0
If the
entire
Demand
were to be
bought
from State
Grid at Rs.
5/- per
kWh with
a Rs. 0.50
Increase in
tariff year
on year
3117 3189 3821 3957 4672 4916 5793 6088 7084 7451
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase -58 -80 -75 -71 81 199 495 1016 1785 2531
105
for full
Solar
Tariff
The Price
Difference
between
Green
Energy
Option and
Grid
Purchase
in a VGF
Scenario -15 20 108 261 530 865 1369 2015 2825 3530
Red means the cost of RE + Grid is Costlier than full Grid Purchase
Green Indicates that the cost of RE is cheaper than full grid purchase and also earns
revenue to the district
In a option where the biomass, co-generation and micro-hydro;s full potential is tapped and
with solar generation only to add to the basket of energy options to ensure minimum purchzse
from the state grid, the cost to the consumer due to the increased cost of renewables is almost
negligible. It just works to Rs. 0.02 per kWh, which even the poorest of the poor will not be
affected much, since they will also be ensured 100 percent energy and electricity access.
10.4.3 The Technical Viability of this option – The Pros and Cons:
This is also a technically viable option, since the technologies for bio-mass, micro-hydro and
co-generation exists, though the success rate of bio-mass generation projects in India is rather
low.
However, this option could appeal to the district administration as attracting that kind of
investments from a area which is rich in rice, wheat, sugar cane cultivation and therefore
having huge bio-mass potential would be relatively easier.
The cost options for this in terms of getting the investments is also relatively low and the cost
implications to the consumer is almost zero.
However the major diadvantages with this option are:
1) The sustainability of bio-mass inputs is always doubtful.
2) While it can be argued that the area being in the Gangetic Plain will always be fertile
and the potential of it continuing to be the rice, wheat and sugar bowl of India is high.
3) However, since bulk of the bio-mass is agro based and since the agro-based residues
are also used as feed stock for domestic animals, with an increase in animal
population, the quantum of surplus bio-mass could also potentially reduce
4) Further, in a climate constrained world and given the past trend of reduction in
agricultural yield coupled with the proximity of Moradabad to Delhi, there is a
106
possibility of a massive land use pattern, leading to more industrial development and
thereby reduced agricultural activities.
5) In terms of technology, while bio-mass is a proven technology, the fact of the matter
is that there are very few success stories of bio-mass generation in india.
6) These plants require routine maintenance and this is something that may prove to be
difficult in Moradabad
7) As the demand for bio-mass increases, the cost of inputs could also increase. On the
other hand, with increase in the demand of solar panels, the costs are likely to come
down, as it has in the past. This is due to economies of scale.
10.5 Techno-commercial viability for Municipal Street Lighting and public water
works – Options and Costs
Street Lights:
Currently in Moradabad town, the following is a picture of the street light fixtures.
Table 36: Current Iventory of Street Light Fittings in Moradabad
Sl No Type of Lights and Wattage Numbers Alternatives
1 High Mast Tower Light (400 Watts) 77 125 W LEDs
2 High Power Sodium Vapour Lamps
(400 Watts)
3960 70 W LEDs
3 Other Sodium/Mercury Vapous
Lamps (70 Watts)
3100 28 W LEDs
4 Tube Lights (40 Watts –
Conventional ballast)
10,020 T – 5- 28 W
Thin Tube
Lights
5 CFL Tube and Bulbs 3756 Retain as it is
107
Based on the above, we looked at the techno-commerical viaibility for four sub projects,
namely:
a) Conversion of Street Lights on the Main Railway Station Road of Moradabad Town
to Solar PV Powered Street Lights with thin tubes
b) Replacement of High Mast tower Lights of 400 W with LED lights of 125 Watts
c) Replacement of High Power Sodium Vapour Lamps of 250 W with LED lights of 70
W LEDs
d) Replacement of other Sodium Vapour Lamps of 70 Watt to 28 W LED fixtures
The techno Commercial Viability Calculation for each of the projects is as below:
a) The techno-commercial viability of converting all the Street lights on Station Road to
Solar PV Street Lights:
Table 37: Commercial Viaibility Chart for Street Light Conversion in to PV Lights
Description of the Project Value Units
Target No of Street Lights on Station Road 300 Numbers
Replacement of Street Lights with Solar
Panels 300 Numbers
Approximate Cost of One replacement
20,000.00 In Rupees
Total Cost of Replacement
6,000,000.00 In Rupees
MNRE Subsidy Available 50%
Value of MNRE Subsidy
3,000,000.00
Energy Saved through replacement 0.04 Million Units
Cost Saved thereof
500,000.00 per annum
Pay Back Period 6 years
at the constant
price of electrcity
As can be seen from the above, the pay back period for such a project is approximately six
years at a constant price of electricity. However, with increase in the price of electricity, the
pay back period reduces further and possibly end up in full pay back from the fourth year,
This means that the Nagar Nigam starts saving money from the fifth year onwards.
The life of these LED fitted Solar PV Systems are any where from 10-15 years, with the life
span of LED being as much as 25 years.
b) Replacement of High Mast Tower of 400 W with 125 W LED Fixtures:
Table 38: Commercial Viability Chart for replacement of 400 W Sodium Vapour
Fixtures to 125 W LED Fixtures
Particulars 400 W Lamps Replacement
108
of 125 LED
Lamps
Working Hours a day (In Hours) 12 12
Electricity Consumption in kWh per day 4.8 1.5
Annual Power Consumption in kWh 1752 547
Annual Power Saving in kWh 0 1205
Annual Power Consumption of 77 Fixtures in kWh 0 92,785
Life of Lamp (Iun Years) 2 12
Cost of Fixtures (In Rupees) 4500 21000
Replacement costs over the life of the LEDs 27000 0
Total cost of Fixtures over a period of 12 years 3,500 21,000
Annual cost of power savings at Rs. 5/- a kWh 0 6025
Payback period for this replacement 3 1/2 years
c) Replacement of 250 W Sodium Vapour Lamps with 70 Watt LED lamps
Table 39: Commercial Viaibility chart for replacement of 250 W Sodium Vapour Lamps to
70 Watt LED Lamps
Particulars 400 W Lamps Replacement
of 125 LED
Lamps
Working Hours a day (In Hours) 12 12
Electricity Consumption in kWh per day 3 0.84
Annual Power Consumption in kWh 1095 306.6
Annual Power Saving in kWh 0 788.4
Annual Power Consumption of 3960 Fixtures in
kWh
0 31,22,064
Life of Lamp (Iun Years) 3 12
Cost of Fixtures (In Rupees) 2000 20,000
Replacement costs over the life of the LEDs 8000 0
Total cost of Fixtures over a period of 12 years 10,000 20,000
Annual cost of power savings at Rs. 5/- a kWh 0 1.56 Cr
Payback period for this replacement 4 years
d) Replacement of other Sodium Vapour Lamps of 70 Watt to 28 W LED fixtures
Table 40: Commercial Viaibiliity Plan for replacement of 70 W Sodium Vapour
Fixtures to 28 W LED fixtures
Particulars 400 W Lamps Replacement
of 125 LED
Lamps
Working Hours a day (In Hours) 12 12
Electricity Consumption in kWh per day 0.84 0.33
Annual Power Consumption in kWh 306.6 122.60
109
Annual Power Saving in kWh 0 183.96
Annual Power Consumption of 3100 Fixtures in
kWh
0 5,67,300
Life of Lamp (Iun Years) 3 12
Cost of Fixtures (In Rupees) 2000 20,000
Replacement costs over the life of the LEDs 8000 0
Total cost of Fixtures over a period of 12 years 10,000 20,000
Annual cost of power savings at Rs. 5/- a kWh 0 28.36 lakhs
Payback period for this replacement 3 years and 3 months
In short, the total cost of recovery or pay back period for converting all the street lights of
Moradabad is a maximum of 4 years. Since the life span of the new fixtures are 12 years at
the very minimum, the Nagar Nigam can actually use the money saved by way of electricity
bills for development purposes while, it can also keep aside money for the replacement of the
lamps at the end of the 12th
year.
Water Sector:
The main water supplyto Moradabad town is by way of tube wells and for other areas is a
combination of tube wells, open wells and other public water sources. The tube wells in
village areas have hand pumping systems.
For Moradabad town, there are a number of water pumping stations which are under the
Nagar Nigam. The total connected load for these water pumping systems is around 1300 kW.
The City also has a water treatment plant, which is primarily to soften the hard water.
The motors used for pumping water are usually bosster pumps to ensure piped water supply
for the city.
Most of the motors used in is around 12. 5 Horsepower, though for booster pumps, they also
have large horsepower betweent the range of 50-90.
The total energy consumption for water supply for Moradabad district in 2011-12 was
roughly 23 Million units and this has been the average consumption of electricity for the
period 2008-2012.
The proposal therefore is to replace all the 12.5 HP motors into AC solar pumping system.
There are a total of 20 12.5 HP water pumping systems that consume approximately 15 units
per hour of usage of 12 litres of diesel per hours of usage.
The total cost of 12. 5 HP Water pumping system used for 10 hours a day for 250 days a year
would mean a total electricity consumption of 6,00,000 kWh for 20 pumps per annum.
The cost of this at Rs. 5/- per kWh would be Rs. 30,00,000 per annum.
The Capital cost of a 12.5 HP Solar Pumping system will be Rs. 12.5 Lakhs and replacing 20
such pumps with solar pumping system will be Rs. 250.00 Lakhs.
110
Therefore on a back of the envelope calculation, a total saving of electricity bills of Rs.
30,00,000 per annum, will mean a pay back period of 8 years for replacing all of 12.5 HP
pumps to solar water pumping systems at a constant price of electricity. With price
escalation in the cost of electricity, the pay back period is expected to be around 5 years.
10.5 Techno Commercial Viability for Energy Efficiency improvements in the Brass
Clusters – options and cost
10.5.1 Conversion of Coal Furnace into Bio-mass Furnace:
Coal is another fuel which is the main source of fuel for the brass industry. Depending on the
size of the foundry, on an average anywhere between 30 Kgs to 200 Kgs of coal is consumed,
primarily in the moulding process.
For a small industry which produces close to 50 Kgs of brass artifacts, the consumption of
coal is roughly 30 Kgs. The larger export oriented industry use a combination of coal and
furnace oil and they use roughly 200 Kgs of coal/furnace oil a day.
As per 2010, there were close to 25000 organised and unorganized brass industry, with the
unorganized sector, largely in the home industry category and it was estimated that out of
these 25,000 units, 5000 units were primarily those that performed the function of creating
the mould or the furnace units so to speak.
Since the furnace is used for melting copper and zinc, the temperature in the furnace is in the
reigon of 950C.
While there is no exact figure of much coal is used, it is estimated that the daily consumption
of coal would be in the region of 250 tonnes every day. This is arrived on the basis fo 5000
foundry units at an average consumption of 50 Kgs per day.
The following is the commercial viability calculation of converting coal based furnaces into
bio-mass based furnace.
Table 42: Commercial Viaibility Plan for Conversion of Coal Based Furnaces in the Brass
Industry to Rice Husk Based Furnaces
111
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
10.5.2 Clustering of Other Brass Units for Solar Roof top Systems:
There are a total of 20,000 micro enterprises in Moradabad district and usually all these units
are in clusters. There are ofcourse many clusters, but generally to reduce transportation costs
and for ease of logistics, each cluster is a homogenous cluster, which has foundries or furnace
units, polishing units and cleaning units as part of one homogenous cluster.
Out of these 20,000 micro units, a broad survey indicates that close to 100 units can form one
cluster, of which 70 units can form a cluster for electricity consumption.
For each of these cluster of say 70 units, if a 200 kWp solar roof top systems could be
installed, it would cater to the needs of the entire cluster, while saving close to 200 kW of
electricity generation.
In the entire town of Moradabad, 200 such cluster can come up.
112
The commercial viability of such a project is given below:
Sl No Particulars Units/Cost/kWh
1 Setting up of 200 clusters of 200 kWp Solar
Panels
Rs. 800 Million
2 The total electricity Generated by 40,000
kWp in Million Units (19% PLF Assumed)
66.58 Million Units
3 The total cost of procuring 66.58 Million
Units from the Electricity Board at Rs. 3/- per
kWh
Rs. 199.74 Million
The Pay Back Period is Rs. 800 Million / Rs.
332.9 Million
4 Years
Assumption:
Since most of the micro units have domestic connection, we have taken the electricity tariff at
only Rs. 3/- per unit.
Based on this, the total pay back period is 4 years, at a constant electricity tariff
However, the pay back period in real sense will be much lower than 4 years due to the
following:
a) A huge reduction in distribution losses, as theft of electricity from from Solar Roof
Top Systems is not possible
b) With this clustering approach, there is a clear distinction made between domestic
electricity supply and electricity supply to micro enterprises and therefore the tariff
structure could also suitably change
c) The cost of Solar Roof Top System has been taken at Rs. 20 Cr per MW, but with the
prices falling and considering that the entire 40 MW will not come up in one stretch,
the cost of the systems could fall further resulting in a much faster pay back.
113
10.6 Programmes/Projects or Schemes that could contribute to the programme:
Programmes / Projects / schemes Proposed change in direction and scope
in objective(s) of the programmes / projects
a) Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission(JNNSM)
Promotion of Solar PV projects on gird or
stand alone in de-electrified or energy starved
communities through Implementation of SPV
based devices like: lanterns, Home lights,
street lights, water pumps, power plants,
water heaters
b) Small Hydro Project (SHP)
Development of Hydropower projects
c) Biomass Gasifier (BMG)
Promotion of bio-gas, biomass energy
d) National Biogas & Manure Management
Programme (NBMMP)
Promotion of bio-gas, biomass energy
e) Remote Village Electrification (RVE)
Electrifying villages/hamlets not covered
under RGGVY scheme through solar, Wind
and Hydro power projects
f) Wind Energy
Wind Assessment, mapping, implementation
of projects
g) Solar City Programme
Effective Implementation of Solar City which
can become a model for replication to other
town. Reducing grid energy consumption @
2% per year
h). Electrification of new villages/hamlets
/colonies and Village Energy Security
Programme
Power supply to the identified
villages/hamlets etc.
114
i) Installation of Pre- Paid Energy Meter
and/or Internet billing
Accurate billing, avoid pilferage etc and adopt
judicious use of power- Energy Conservation
j)Strengthening / modernization of
Transmission and Distribution network.
Reduce T & D Losses
k) Efficiency Improvement Programme of
BEE
Labeling of appliances and green building
programme
l) National Energy efficiency Mission Promoting efficiency in the industrial sector
Further, it must be pointed out here that, if the District Administration were to opt for a fully
funded scheme, while part funding could come from the Central Government, the state
Government also has sufficient schemes where it could use for funding these projects.
115
CHAPTER - XI
TIME LINES FOR CREATING POLICY FRAMEWORKS
11.1 Introduction
As of any plan, particularly to phase in renewable energy generation for a place which has no
electricity generation of its own, may be relatively easy, but requires a plan.
The plan ranges from preparing and adopting plans, with the involvement of various
departments but also in organizing funds and importantly aligning itself with current state
government projects/programmes and policies and central government projects/programmes
and policies.
By and large, most of the proposed programmes for implementation in this plan can be
dovetailed with existing programmes of the Central Government and State Government,
namely, the National Solar Mission, National Bio-Mass Programme, Remote Village
Electrification Programme, the National Energy Efficiency Mission, the National Sustainable
Habitat Mission and the programmes of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
Further, some programmes can also be dovetailed with the National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, the Rural Development Programme amongst others.
Further, the capital costs for such initiatives would be rather high, but, in a phased
implementation plan, the capital costs would also not seem high.
Therefore, the next section has a detailed phase wise implementation plan, which sets the
tone for policy and plan formulation to actual implementation.
11.2 Time Lines for Policy Framework Creation
Policy Measures
(2012-2013) 2013-2015 2015-2022
116
Plan Acceptance
Acceptance of this plan and
setting up of a coordinating
committee comprising of
District Collector and key
officials of Moradabad to
proceed further to develop a
framework for
implementation
Initiate development of
plan/s for implementing the
“Solar City” project for
Moradabad
Inviting Detailed Proposals
for Projects in line with the
MNRE Solar Mission’s
Phase II Policy and other
renewable energy
programmes and schemes
Commissioning of Projects
and start of generation:
Creating the right policies to
ensure appropriate measures
for distribution and
evacuation of renewable
energy electricity on the grid
POLICY MEASURES FOR SME CLUSTERS
Clustering of SME: Policy
framework that would
cluster SME’s particularly
the various brass industries
to ensure roof top solar
installation for clusters
Policy Framework that
would direct financial flows
(subsidies) for SME’s
wanting to shift from Coal
Based Furnace systems to
Bio-mass based systems.
The policy framewok would
also create a network of
financial institutions that
could finance these projects
MUNICIPAL LEVEL PROGRAMMES
Municipal Level Programmes
a. Detailed Mapping and
auditing of all Government
buildings, AIR, Railways
stations etc… conforming to
the Energy Conservation Act
for Moradabad
a. Detailed Mapping and
auditing of all Government
buildings conforming to the
Energy Conservation Act for
efficiency potentials in all
Government buildings in all
tehsil head quarters of
Moradabad district
a. Detailed Mapping and
auditing of all Government
buildings conforming to the
Energy Conservation Act for
efficiency potentials in all
Government buildings in the
entire length and breadth of
Moradabad district
b. Implementing of finding
of the audit to make the
buildings energy efficient
compliance in accordance
with the Energy
Conservation Act in
b. Implementing of finding
of the audit to make the
buildings energy efficient
compliance in all other
Government buildings and
government buildings in all
b. Implementing of finding of
the audit to make the
buildings energy efficient
compliance in all
Government buildings in the
entire length and breadth of
117
Moradabad district headquarters
accordance with the Energy
Conservation Act
Moradabad
c Detailed Mapping and
auditing of Street lights for
conversion in to CFL/LED
lighting on iconic and key
roads of Moradabad
c. Detailed Mapping and
auditing of Street lights for
conversion in to LED
lighting on all roads tehsil
head quarters
c. Detailed Mapping and
auditing of Street lights for
conversion in to LED lighting
on all major roads of all
villages of Moradabad
d. Initiating the conversion
of Street lights in to
CFL/LED lighting on iconic
and key roads of Moradabad
d. Initiating the conversion of
Street lights in to LED
lighting on all major roads of
Tehsil Head quarters
d. Initiating the conversion of
Street lights in to LED
lighting in all villages of
Moradabad district
Building Norms
a. Drafting new building
bye-laws incorporating
principles of Energy
Conservation and building
code
b. Implementing new
building bye-laws
incorporating principles of
Energy Conservation and
building code
c. Strict enforcement of
building bye-laws
incorporating principles of
Energy Conservation and
building code
Inter-department Pilot Projects
With the Department of
Agriculture and Horticulture
Department:
Setting up a chain of cold
storage using solar based
chilling systems to ensure
storage of agriculture and
horticulture produce for
better marketability of
produce
Setting up small agro-based
units to process fruits and
vegetables grown in
Moradabad for wider market
access with energy from
stand alone renewable
energy applications (Small
canning unit, de-hydration
unit, juicing units….)
With the Department of
Animal Husbandry:
Setting up a chain of cold
118
storage using solar based
chilling systems to ensure
storage of milk and setting
up milk cooperatives (there
is a shortage of milk in many
of the districts and hence
there is rampant use of milk
powder)
CHAPTER – XII
GHG Emission Trajectory for Moradabad District
12.1 Current GHG Emission Profile of Moradabad District – a back of the envelope
calculation
The estimate for GHG emission is primarily a back of the envelope calculation, focused on
energy consumption for lighting and heating and does not include transport emissions.
The key sources of GHG emissions for the heating and lighting sector in Moradabad are
primarily
Conventional Electricity (here the calculation is based on supplies being from coal)
Kerosene for lighting and a limited quantity for pumpsets and heating/cooking
Firewood and traditional bio-mass
LPG for cooking and heating
Diesel for pumpsets
Diesel for back up power in the SME Clusters, particularly the bronze and sheet metal
industry
Use of Coal and Furnance Oil for Brozne mould creation
For conventional electricity, while we believe that the main source of electricity for
Moradabad district is largely from coal fired power plants.
119
The estimated current usage of fossil fuel based sources of energy are as follows:
Conventional Electricity Supply: 240 MW
Traditional bio-mass (Firewood): 41,81,075 tonnes per year
Kerosene: 20000 Kilo Litres per year
Diesel: 3300 Kilo litres of diesel per year.
LPG: 17,000 tonnes of Gas per annum.
Coal for furnace: 91,250 tonnes per annum
In View of this the GHG emission from the usage of above is as below:
Sources of
Energy
GHG
emissions per
unit
Current
Consumption
Convesion
from
Litres/Kg
to Kilo
Joules
Total
Estimated
Carbon
Emission (in
tonnes)
Emissions
in
Kilograms
Conventional
Electricity
Supply
0.82 Tonnes
per Mega
Watt Hour25
480 Million
kWh (480000
MegaWatt
hours)
- 0.39 Million
tonnes
390,000
Kerosene 71.9
tCo2/TJ26
20,000 Kilo
Litres
202650 27
tonnes
Joules
0.015
Million
Tonnes
15,000
Diesel 74.1
tCo2/TJ28
33000 Kilo
Litres
334372
Kilo
Joules29
0.025
Million
Tonnes
25,000
LPG 63.1
tCO2/TJ30
1704 tonnes 172657
Kilo
Joules31
0.01 Million
Tonnes
10,000
Traditional bio-
mass
0.25 Kg Per
tonnes
41,81,075
tonnes
0.001
Million
tonnes
1000
Coal for
Furnace
93.61
tCO2/TJ32
91,250 tonnes 924590
Kilo Joules
0.08 Million
Tonnes
80,000
25
Central Electricity Authorities Emission Factors
26 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
27 http://www.convertunits.com/from/liter+atmosphere/to/kilojoule (Energy conversion calculator used)
28 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
29 http://www.convertunits.com/from/liter+atmosphere/to/kilojoule
30 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
31 http://www.convertunits.com/from/liter+atmosphere/to/kilojoule
32http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
120
Total Emissions 0.521
Million
tonnes
521,000
The All India Emission as on 2007 was 1727.71 Million tonnes, which accounts to 0.02
percent of India’s Emissions.
12.2 Estimate of Projected GHG emission reduction – BAU vs. Proposed plan
In the Proposed plan, the entire electricity will be from Renewable Energy Sources from
2013, which will mean the carbon emission from the electricity sector will be zero. We are
also hoping that with the implementation of this plan, the usage of Kerosene for lighting
purpose will also come to zero, which will mean a zero emission from Kerosene from 2014.
With bio-gas replacing firewood, the emission from firewood would also reduce, though the
penetration of LPG would increase considerably.
Therefore, the projected emissions post 2018, if the plan is fully implemented is likely to be
as follows:
Sources of
Energy
GHG
emissions per
unit
Current
Consumption
Convesion
from
Litres/Kg
to Kilo
Joules
Total
Estimated
Carbon
Emission (in
tonnes)
Emissions
in
Kilograms
Conventional
Electricity
Supply
0.82 Tonnes
per Mega
Watt Hour33
0 - 0
Kerosene 71.9
tCo2/TJ34
0 0
Diesel 74.1
tCo2/TJ35
30000 Kilo
Litres
303975
Kilo
Joules36
0.02 Million
Tonnes
22,524
LPG 63.1
tCO2/TJ37
4,260 tonnes 431644
Kilo
Joules38
0.03 Million
Tonnes
27,236
Traditional bio- 0.25 Kg Per 31,75,500 0.001 1000
33
Central Electricity Authorities Emission Factors
34 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
35 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
36 http://www.convertunits.com/from/liter+atmosphere/to/kilojoule
37 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
38 http://www.convertunits.com/from/liter+atmosphere/to/kilojoule
121
mass tonnes tonnes Million
Tonnes
Coal for
Furnace
93.61
tCO2/TJ39
0 924590
Kilo Joules
0
Convesion
from
Litres/Kg
to Kilo
Joules
Total Emissions 0.051
Million
Tonnes
51,000
Therefore, the emission reduction by 2018, will be reduced by almost 90%, since the entire
electricity is from renewable energy sources and Kerosene and coal for furnace is no longer
being used.
ANNEX 1
KEY CASE STUDIES - THE KEY TAKE AWAYS FOR FURTHER CAMPAIGN
From a campaign perspective, some of the key areas of intervention that we see worthwhile
to purse are:
a) Energy efficiency in Public Electricity Consumption, mainly street lights and public
water works
b) Energy efficiency in the brass industry segement, which is primarily the home
industry segment. This would have two components to it, namely energy efficiency
in the bronze smelting process, which largely uses coal and use of solar roof top
39
http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf
122
systems clustering the various electricity consuming process units within the brass
industry segment such as polishing units, threading and hole making units and so on,
which consumer very low electricity ranging from 1 horsepower to 3 horse power.
c) The irrigation water pumping segment which uses a farily large quantum of electricity
for water pumping and also relies heavily on diesel and kerosene as fuel for the
irrigation pump sets.
The following are specific case studies or techno-commercial viability study for each of the
above targeted areas:
1) Techno Commercial Viability for Energy Efficiency in Public Electricity
Consumption:
a) Street Lights:
Currently in Moradabad town, the following is a picture of the street light fixtures.
Sl No Type of Lights and Wattage Numbers Alternatives
1 High Mast Tower Light (400 Watts) 77 125 W LEDs
2 High Power Sodium Vapour Lamps
(400 Watts)
3960 70 W LEDs
3 Other Sodium/Mercury Vapous
Lamps (70 Watts)
3100 28 W LEDs
4 Tube Lights (40 Watts –
Conventional ballast)
10,020 T – 5- 28 W
Thin Tube
Lights
5 CFL Tube and Bulbs 3756 Retain as it is
Based on the above, we looked at the techno-commerical viaibility for four sub projects,
namely:
e) Conversion of Street Lights on the Main Railway Station Road of Moradabad Town
to Solar PV Powered Street Lights with thin tubes
f) Replacement of High Mast tower Lights of 400 W with LED lights of 125 Watts
g) Replacement of High Power Sodium Vapour Lamps of 250 W with LED lights of 70
W LEDs
h) Replacement of other Sodium Vapour Lamps of 70 Watt to 28 W LED fixtures
The techno Commercial Viability Calculation for each of the projects is as below:
e) The techno-commercial viability of converting all the Street lights on Station Road to
Solar PV Street Lights:
Description of the Project Value Units
Target No of Street Lights on Station Road 300 Numbers
123
Replacement of Street Lights with Solar
Panels 300 Numbers
Approximate Cost of One replacement
20,000.00 In Rupees
Total Cost of Replacement
6,000,000.00 In Rupees
MNRE Subsidy Available 50%
Value of MNRE Subsidy
3,000,000.00
Energy Saved through replacement 0.04 Million Units
Cost Saved thereof
500,000.00 per annum
Pay Back Period 6 years
at the constant
price of electrcity
As can be seen from the above, the pay back period for such a project is approximately six
years at a constant price of electricity. However, with increase in the price of electricity, the
pay back period reduces further and possibly end up in full pay back from the fourth year,
This means that the Nagar Nigam starts saving money from the fifth year onwards.
The life of these LED fitted Solar PV Systems are any where from 10-15 years, with the life
span of LED being as much as 25 years.
f) Replacement of High Mast Tower of 400 W with 125 W LED Fixtures:
Particulars 400 W Lamps Replacement
of 125 LED
Lamps
Working Hours a day (In Hours) 12 12
Electricity Consumption in kWh per day 4.8 1.5
Annual Power Consumption in kWh 1752 547
Annual Power Saving in kWh 0 1205
Annual Power Consumption of 77 Fixtures in kWh 0 92,785
Life of Lamp (Iun Years) 2 12
Cost of Fixtures (In Rupees) 4500 21000
Replacement costs over the life of the LEDs 27000 0
Total cost of Fixtures over a period of 12 years 3,500 21,000
Annual cost of power savings at Rs. 5/- a kWh 0 6025
Payback period for this replacement 3 1/2 years
g) Replacement of 250 W Sodium Vapour Lamps with 70 Watt LED lamps
124
Particulars 400 W Lamps Replacement
of 125 LED
Lamps
Working Hours a day (In Hours) 12 12
Electricity Consumption in kWh per day 3 0.84
Annual Power Consumption in kWh 1095 306.6
Annual Power Saving in kWh 0 788.4
Annual Power Consumption of 3960 Fixtures in
kWh
0 31,22,064
Life of Lamp (Iun Years) 3 12
Cost of Fixtures (In Rupees) 2000 20,000
Replacement costs over the life of the LEDs 8000 0
Total cost of Fixtures over a period of 12 years 10,000 20,000
Annual cost of power savings at Rs. 5/- a kWh 0 1.56 Cr
Payback period for this replacement 4 years
h) Replacement of other Sodium Vapour Lamps of 70 Watt to 28 W LED fixtures
Particulars 400 W Lamps Replacement
of 125 LED
Lamps
Working Hours a day (In Hours) 12 12
Electricity Consumption in kWh per day 0.84 0.33
Annual Power Consumption in kWh 306.6 122.60
Annual Power Saving in kWh 0 183.96
Annual Power Consumption of 3100 Fixtures in
kWh
0 5,67,300
Life of Lamp (Iun Years) 3 12
Cost of Fixtures (In Rupees) 2000 20,000
Replacement costs over the life of the LEDs 8000 0
Total cost of Fixtures over a period of 12 years 10,000 20,000
Annual cost of power savings at Rs. 5/- a kWh 0 28.36 lakhs
Payback period for this replacement 3 years and 3 months
In short, the total cost of recovery or pay back period for converting all the street lights of
Moradabad is a maximum of 4 years. Since the life span of the new fixtures are 12 years at
the very minimum, the Nagar Nigam can actually use the money saved by way of electricity
bills for development purposes while, it can also keep aside money for the replacement of the
lamps at the end of the 12th
year.
b. Water Sector:
The main water supplyto Moradabad town is by way of tube wells and for other areas is a
combination of tube wells, open wells and other public water sources. The tube wells in
village areas have hand pumping systems.
125
For Moradabad town, there are a number of water pumping stations which are under the
Nagar Nigam. The total connected load for these water pumping systems is around 1300 kW.
The City also has a water treatment plant, which is primarily to soften the hard water.
The motors used for pumping water are usually bosster pumps to ensure piped water supply
for the city.
Most of the motors used in is around 12. 5 Horsepower, though for booster pumps, they also
have large horsepower betweent the range of 50-90.
The total energy consumption for water supply for Moradabad district in 2011-12 was
roughly 23 Million units and this has been the average consumption of electricity for the
period 2008-2012.
The proposal therefore is to replace all the 12.5 HP motors into AC solar pumping system.
There are a total of 20 12.5 HP water pumping systems that consume approximately 15 units
per hour of usage of 12 litres of diesel per hours of usage.
The total cost of 12. 5 HP Water pumping system used for 10 hours a day for 250 days a year
would mean a total electricity consumption of 6,00,000 kWh for 20 pumps per annum.
The cost of this at Rs. 5/- per kWh would be Rs. 30,00,000 per annum.
The Capital cost of a 12.5 HP Solar Pumping system will be Rs. 12.5 Lakhs and replacing 20
such pumps with solar pumping system will be Rs. 250.00 Lakhs.
Therefore on a back of the envelope calculation, a total saving of electricity bills of Rs.
30,00,000 per annum, will mean a pay back period of 8 years for replacing all of 12.5 HP
pumps to solar water pumping systems at a constant price of electricity. With price
escalation in the cost of electricity, the pay back period is expected to be around 5 years.
2. Techno Commercial Viability for Energy Efficiency improvements in the Brass
Clusters – options and cost
a. Conversion of Coal Furnace into Bio-mass Furnace:
Coal is another fuel which is the main source of fuel for the brass industry. Depending on the
size of the foundry, on an average anywhere between 30 Kgs to 200 Kgs of coal is consumed,
primarily in the moulding process.
For a small industry which produces close to 50 Kgs of brass artifacts, the consumption of
coal is roughly 30 Kgs. The larger export oriented industry use a combination of coal and
furnace oil and they use roughly 200 Kgs of coal/furnace oil a day.
As per 2010, there were close to 25000 organised and unorganized brass industry, with the
unorganized sector, largely in the home industry category and it was estimated that out of
126
these 25,000 units, 5000 units were primarily those that performed the function of creating
the mould or the furnace units so to speak.
Since the furnace is used for melting copper and zinc, the temperature in the furnace is in the
reigon of 950C.
While there is no exact figure of much coal is used, it is estimated that the daily consumption
of coal would be in the region of 250 tonnes every day. This is arrived on the basis fo 5000
foundry units at an average consumption of 50 Kgs per day.
The following is the commercial viability calculation of converting coal based furnaces into
bio-mass based furnace.
Commercial Viaibility Plan for Conversion of Coal Based Furnaces in the Brass Industry to
Rice Husk Based Furnaces
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
127
B. Clustering of Other Brass Units for Solar Roof top Systems:
There are a total of 20,000 micro enterprises in Moradabad district and usually all these units
are in clusters. There are ofcourse many clusters, but generally to reduce transportation costs
and for ease of logistics, each cluster is a homogenous cluster, which has foundries or furnace
units, polishing units and cleaning units as part of one homogenous cluster.
Out of these 20,000 micro units, a broad survey indicates that close to 100 units can form one
cluster, of which 70 units can form a cluster for electricity consumption.
For each of these cluster of say 70 units, if a 200 kWp solar roof top systems could be
installed, it would cater to the needs of the entire cluster, while saving close to 200 kW of
electricity generation.
In the entire town of Moradabad, 200 such cluster can come up.
The commercial viability of such a project is given below:
Sl No Particulars Units/Cost/kWh
1 Setting up of 200 clusters of 200 kWp Solar
Panels
Rs. 800 Million
2 The total electricity Generated by 40,000
kWp in Million Units (19% PLF Assumed)
66.58 Million Units
3 The total cost of procuring 66.58 Million
Units from the Electricity Board at Rs. 3/- per
kWh
Rs. 199.74 Million
The Pay Back Period is Rs. 800 Million / Rs.
332.9 Million
4 Years
Assumption:
Since most of the micro units have domestic connection, we have taken the electricity tariff at
only Rs. 3/- per unit.
Based on this, the total pay back period is 4 years, at a constant electricity tariff
However, the pay back period in real sense will be much lower than 4 years due to the
following:
d) A huge reduction in distribution losses, as theft of electricity from from Solar Roof
Top Systems is not possible
128
e) With this clustering approach, there is a clear distinction made between domestic
electricity supply and electricity supply to micro enterprises and therefore the tariff
structure could also suitably change
f) The cost of Solar Roof Top System has been taken at Rs. 20 Cr per MW, but with the
prices falling and considering that the entire 40 MW will not come up in one stretch,
the cost of the systems could fall further resulting in a much faster pay back.
3. Techno-commerical viability for Converting Irrigation Pump Sets into Solar
Irrigation Pump Sets:
As per the data of the District Agriculture Department, Moradabad, as on 2008, the total area
of irrigated land in Moradabad was 2685.72 Square Kilometres of which approximately
160.88 Square Kilometres of Land was irrigated by Canals and a further 0.95 Square
Kilometres by Tanks and Ponds. It further states that approximately 100.09 Sq Kilometres of
land was irrigated through other sources, which would largely be rain fed.
The table below gives a broad over view of the sources of irrigation by land area.
Table 43: Sources of irrigation by land area
IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (Areas and Number of Structures)
(Km2
/ Nos)
Dugwells :
Tubewells/Borewells : 1260.62 by 105529 Nos
Tanks/ponds : 0.95 by 276 Nos
Canals : 160.88 by 511 Km length
Other Sources : 100.09 by 13357 Nos
Net Irrigated Area : 2685.72
Gross Irrigated Area : 4890.57
Source: District Agriculture Department, Moradabad.
The distrct data further estimates that a total of 116,250 pump sets are being used to irrigate
the land, through a combination of pump sets on the ground, private tube wells, private bore
wells and public tube wells and bore wells.
While all the public tube wells and bore wells use electricity, most of the private tube wells
and bore wells use diesel generators, due to very poor quality electricity supply in the district.
Therefore, it is estimated that approximately 105,529 pump sets are diesel/kerosene fueld
pump sets, with capacities varying from 4 horse power to as much as 12 horse power.
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The table below gives an overview of the total number of pump sets being used in
Moradabad.
Table 44: Block wise source of irrigation in Moradabad district
Source: District Agriculture Department, Moradabad
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The thumb rule calculation of diesel usage for irrigating 1-2 acres of land for 4 hours a day
for 75 days a year, translating to 300 hours of usage of diesel irrigation pump set in a year is
300 litres. (1 litre per hour x 300 hours).
Therefore, for irrigating 1260 Sq Kilometres of land or 311,352 acres of land for 300 hours a
year, even assuming that only 30% of this is through diesel generators, would result in a total
diesel usage of 140,000 litres per annum. This accounts to close to 46 percent of the total
diesel used in Moradabad per annum.
In terms of cost, the total cost for diesel for irrigation would roughly translate to Rs.
70,00,000/- per annum assuming a rate of Rs. 50/- per litre of diesel.
Even if 30 percent of the deself pump sets of Moradabad were to shift to solar water pumping
systems, the requirement of solar pumping systems would be approximately 10,000 kWp of
pumping systems at approximately Rs. 50,000 per horse power would cost Rs. 50 Cr or Rs.
500 Lakhs.
Assuming a constant price of diesel at Rs. 50/- per litres, the total repayment period for
converting these pump sets to solar water pumping systems would approximately be 9 years.
However, factoring in a 10% increase in the price of diesel every year, as has been the trend
in the last two years, the repayment period could potentially reduce to 5 years.