mora v. city of gait hers burg 462 f.supp.2d 675

8/3/2019 Mora v. City of Gait Hers Burg 462 F.supp.2d 675

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United States District Court,D. Maryland,

Southern Division.

Anthony M. MORA Plaintiff

v.

CITY OF GAITHERSBURG, et al., Defendants

No. PJM 05-1993.

Sept. 29, 2006.

Background: Owner of firearms brought 1983

and state law claims against city, members of the

city police department, and members of the countypolice department and the county sheriff's depart-

ment, alleging that his firearms and other property

were unlawfully seized after he had called counsel-

ing service and indicated that he was suicidal and

had weapons in his apartment and that city unlaw-

fully refused to return the firearms and other prop-

erty seized from him. City and members of its po-

lice department moved for summary judgment.

Holdings: The District Court, Messitte, J., held

that:

(1) city was preempted under Maryland law from

imposing requirements in addition to those that

owner was required to meet under state and federal

law;

(2) at all times owner had recourse to Maryland's

circuit courts and/or its district courts to secure re-

turn of his property, and thus, owner was not denied

procedural due process; and

(3) statutory immunity protected city police depart-

ment from liability for its actions, so long as there

was no ill will, improper motive or the like behind

its improper assertion of authority.

Motion granted.

West Headnotes

[1] Constitutional Law 92 4460

92 Constitutional Law

92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(G) Particular Issues and Applica-

tions

92XXVII(G)23 Search, Seizure, and Con-

fiscation

92k4460 k. In general. Most Cited

Cases

(Formerly 92k319.5(1))

To state a claim for violation of procedural due

process, owner of firearms, who alleged that his

firearms and other property were unlawfully seized

after he called counseling service and indicated that

he was suicidal and had weapons in his apartmentand that city unlawfully refused to return the fire-

arms and other property seized from him, had to

show (1) that he had a property interest in his fire-

arms and related items, (2) that the city deprived

him of that interest, (3) and that it did so without

due process of law. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.



92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(G) Particular Issues and Applica-tions


fiscation


Cases


To state a claim for violation of substantive due

process, owner of firearms, who alleged that his

firearms and other property were unlawfully seized

after he had called counseling service and indicated

that he was suicidal and had weapons in his apart-

ment and that city unlawfully refused to return the

firearms and other property seized from him, had to

show (1) that he had property interest in his fire-

arms and related items, (2) that the city deprived

him of that interest, and (3) that the city's action fell

so far beyond the outer limits of legitimate govern-

mental authority that no process could cure the de-

Page 1

462 F.Supp.2d 675

(Cite as: 462 F.Supp.2d 675)

2011 Thomson Reuters. No Claim to Orig. US Gov. Works.
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ficiency. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.


92 Constitutional Law92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(B) Protections Provided and

Deprivations Prohibited in General

92k3892 Substantive Due Process in Gen-

eral

92k3895 k. Reasonableness, rational-

ity, and relationship to object. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k251.2)

Constitutional Law 92 3912

92 Constitutional Law92XXVII Due Process



92k3912 k. Duration and timing of

deprivation; pre- or post-deprivation remedies.

Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k251.2)

Substantive due process is a narrower concept

than procedural due process; it covers only those

actions so arbitrary and irrational, so unjustified by

any circumstance or governmental interest, as to be

literally incapable of avoidance by any pre-

deprivation procedural protections or of adequate

rectification by any post-deprivation state remedies.

U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.

[4] Statutes 361 214

361 Statutes

361VI Construction and Operation

361VI(A) General Rules of Construction

361k213 Extrinsic Aids to Construction


Cases

Statutes 361 217.4

361 Statutes



361k213 Extrinsic Aids to Construction

361k217.4 k. Legislative history in

general. Most Cited Cases

Statute is itself the best evidence of its mean-

ing, and therefore, where statutory language is clear

and unambiguous, according to its ordinary and

commonly understood meaning, a court must so

construe the statute, rather than resort to legislative

history or other extraneous considerations to arrive

at a contrary construction.

[5] Statutes 361 188

361 Statutes



361k187 Meaning of Language


Cases

Statutes 361 208

361 Statutes



361k204 Statute as a Whole, and Intrinsic

Aids to Construction

361k208 k. Context and related

clauses. Most Cited Cases

A dictionary is a starting point in the work of

statutory construction, but not necessarily the end,

and it cannot always be counted on to give the com-

plete answer to a problem of interpretation; it re-

quires careful study of the context of a word.

[6] Counties 104 24

104 Counties

104II Government

104II(A) Organization and Powers in Gener-

al

104k24 k. Legislative control of acts,

rights, and liabilities. Most Cited Cases

Municipal Corporations 268 592(1)

268 Municipal Corporations

Page 2

462 F.Supp.2d 675


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268X Police Power and Regulations

268X(A) Delegation, Extent, and Exercise of

Power

268k592 Concurrent and Conflicting Ex-

ercise of Power by State and Municipality

268k592(1) k. In general. Most Cited

Cases

Weapons 406 104

406 Weapons

406I In General

406k102 Constitutional, Statutory, and Regu-

latory Provisions

406k104 k. Power to regulate. Most Cited

Cases

(Formerly 406k3)

Weapons 406 133

406 Weapons

406III Registration, Licenses, or Permits of

Owners and Purchasers

406k133 k. License to own or possess gun;

owner identification cards. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 406k4)

Literally applied, Maryland statute providing

that the State preempts the right of a county or mu-

nicipal corporation to regulate the purchase, sale,

taxation, transfer, manufacture, repair, ownership,

possession, and transportation of a handgun, rifle,

or shotgun precluded city and its minions from im-

posing, by any method, rule, principle, policy, or

practice, its own requirements with regard to owner

of firearms, who had called counseling service

provided by his health insurer and indicated that he

was suicidal and had weapons in his apartment,

from having and holding firearms that the federal

and state government had licensed him to have and

hold. West's Ann.Md.Code, Criminal Law, 4-209.

[7] Municipal Corporations 268 592(1)




Power




Cases

Weapons 406 104

406 Weapons

406I In General


latory Provisions


Cases

(Formerly 406k3)

Maryland state law has so thoroughly and per-

vasively covered the subject of firearms regulation

and the subject so demands uniform state treatment

that any non-specified regulation by local govern-

ments is clearly preempted, and that includes city's

efforts to add its own informational requirements to

the requirements that the state and federal authorit-

ies already impose on possession of firearms.

West's Ann.Md.Code, Criminal Law, 4-209.

[8] Weapons 406 203(3)

406 Weapons

406IV Offenses

406IV(C) Possession, Use, Carrying, or Per-

sonal Transport

406k198 Defenses in General; Justifica-

tion or Excuse

406k203 Persons or Places Exempted

406k203(3) k. Law enforcement of-

ficers and security guards. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 406k4)

Maryland statute providing that the subtitle

Regulated Firearms does not affect sale, rental,

transfer, or the use of a regulated firearm by a per-son authorized or required to do so as part of the

person's duties as a member of official police force

or other law enforcement agency deals with the

sale, rental or transfer of firearms by law enforce-

ment personnel, not regulation of the possession of

firearms by law enforcement agencies; there is no

Page 3

462 F.Supp.2d 675


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5/30

mention in statute of law enforcement agencies in

general. West's Ann.Md.Code, Public Safety,

5-103.

[9] Weapons 406 183

406 Weapons

406IV Offenses

406IV(C) Possession, Use, Carrying, or Per-

sonal Transport

406k183 k. Possession by chemically de-

pendent or mentally disabled persons. Most Cited

Cases

(Formerly 406k4)

Under Maryland statute providing that person

may not possess a regulated firearm if the person is

a habitual drunkard or drug user, the authorities are

not left to their subjective judgment as to whether a

person is habitual drunkard or drug user, and in-

stead, they are confined to determining whether the

person has been convicted of certain alcohol and

drug offenses, and thus, a person cannot be disqual-

ified from owning or possessing a firearm even if

the state police subjectively believe that he drinks

too much or is quirky or irresponsible or untrust-

worthy. West's Ann.Md.Code, Public Safety,

5-133(b).

[10] Criminal Law 110 1222.1

110 Criminal Law

110XXVII Prevention of Crime

110k1222 Prevention and Investigation of

Crime

110k1222.1 k. In general. Most Cited

Cases

(Formerly 406k16)

There is no catch-all provision under Maryland

law for detaining otherwise duly licensed firearms

based on generalized concerns about publicsafety, particularly insofar as local governments

are concerned. West's Ann.Md.Code, Public Safety,

5-133, 5-134.



92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(A) In General

92k3843 Relationship to Other Sources of

Law


Cases

(Formerly 92k251)

Violation of state law, without more, does not

amount to a due process violation. U.S.C.A.

Const.Amend. 14.





Power




Cases

Weapons 406 104

406 Weapons

406I In General


latory Provisions


Cases

(Formerly 406k3)

City was preempted under Maryland law from

imposing requirements in addition to those that

owner of firearms, who alleged that city unlawfully

seized his firearms after he called counseling ser-

vice and indicated that he was suicidal and had

weapons in his apartment and that city unlawfully

refused to return seized firearms, was required to

meet under state and federal law, including requir-ing owner of firearms to answer the questionnaire

city had formulated which asked, among other

things, whether owner attended substance abuse

meetings. West's Ann.Md.Code, Criminal Law,

4-209.

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6/30



92XXVII Due Process



92k3878 Notice and Hearing


Cases

(Formerly 92k278(1.1))

Procedural due process, insofar as deprivation

of property is concerned, requires notice of the pro-

posed official action and a reasonable opportunity

to contest it, and this means an opportunity to be

heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful

manner. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.



92XXVII Due Process



92k3875 k. Factors considered; flexibility

and balancing. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k251.5, 92k251.1)

Due process is flexible and calls for such pro-

cedural protections as the particular situation de-mands. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.



92XXVII Due Process



92k3867 k. Procedural due process in


(Formerly 92k251.5)

Procedural due process is a guarantee of fair

procedure, and whether the deprivation was erro-

neous is beside the point. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend.

14.

[16] Civil Rights 78 1315

78 Civil Rights

78III Federal Remedies in General

78k1314 Adequacy, Availability, and Ex-

haustion of State or Local Remedies

78k1315 k. In general. Most Cited Cases



92XXVII Due Process



92k3867 k. Procedural due process in


(Formerly 92k251.5)



92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(F) Administrative Agencies and

Proceedings in General

92k4025 k. In general. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k318(1))

When a complainant alleges violations of pro-

cedural due process and asserts that those violations

are cognizable under 1983, the existence of state

remedies becomes highly relevant, and reviewing

court must therefore examine the procedural safe-

guards built into the statutory or administrative pro-

cedure effecting the deprivation, and any remedies

for erroneous deprivations provided by statute or

tort law. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14; 42 U.S.C.A.

1983.



92XXVII Due Process


tions

92XXVII(G)12 Trade or Business

92k4262 k. Licenses, permits, and cer-

tifications in general. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k287.1)

Availability of judicial review is especially sa-

lient consideration in situations where permits and

Page 5

462 F.Supp.2d 675


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7/30

licenses have been denied or revoked by state or

local authorities in alleged derogation of procedural

due process. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.



92XXVII Due Process


tions


fiscation


Cases


Searches and Seizures 349 84

349 Searches and Seizures

349I In General

349k84 k. Disposition of property seized.

Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 406k16)

Although city exceeded its authority under

Maryland law in refusing to return firearms which

were seized from owner after he called counseling

service and indicated that he was suicidal and had

weapons in his apartment, at all times owner had

recourse to Maryland's circuit courts and/or its dis-

trict courts to secure return of his property, and

thus, owner was not denied procedural due process.

U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.



92XXVII Due Process




eral

92k3895 k. Reasonableness, rational-

ity, and relationship to object. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k251.2)



92XXVII Due Process




eral

92k3896 k. Egregiousness; shock the

conscience test. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k251.2)

The fact that a governmental decisionmaker

may misapply state law and even make demands

which exceed its authority under relevant state stat-

utes does not necessarily implicate substantive due

process; more is needed, and the action must be ar-

bitrary and irrational or egregiously unacceptable,

outrageous or conscience-shocking. U.S.C.A.Const.Amend. 14.



268V Officers, Agents, and Employees

268V(B) Municipal Departments and Of-

ficers Thereof

268k179 Police

268k189 Rights, Duties, and Liabilities

of Policemen

268k189(1) k. In general. MostCited Cases

Searches and Seizures 349 67.1


349I In General

349k67 Weapons; Protective Searches

349k67.1 k. In general. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 406k16)

Municipal police have a right, indeed a duty, to

seize firearms when the possessor, even if fully li-

censed, acts in a threatening manner, and they mayalso detain the firearms for a reasonable period

thereafter, at least until criminal charges or some

sort of commitment of the individual come about.


Page 6

462 F.Supp.2d 675


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8/30


92XXVII Due Process


tions

92XXVII(G)12 Trade or Business

92k4266 Particular Subjects and Regu-

lations

92k4298 k. Weapons and firearms.

Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274(2))

Weapons 406 352

406 Weapons

406VI Forfeitures and Penalties

406k352 k. Proceedings. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 406k16)

Local police officials may entertain under-

standable continuing concerns about public safety

when the possessor of the firearms has manifested

questionable dependability with respect to the pos-

sible use of the firearms in the past, and, in the sub-

stantive due process context, requiring such an indi-

vidual to answer questions probing his continuing

dependability to possess the firearms is not arbit-

rary, unreasonable, egregiously unacceptable, out-

rageous, or conscience-shocking, even if it happens

that the local police department lacks the authorityto insist that answers be given. U.S.C.A.

Const.Amend. 14.



92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(A) In General

92k3843 Relationship to Other Sources of

Law


Cases(Formerly 92k251)



92XXVII Due Process



92k3908 Mental State

92k3910 k. Purpose or intent. Most

Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k251)

Even bad faith refusal to follow state law in

local matters simply does not amount to a depriva-

tion of due process where the state courts are avail-

able to correct the error. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14

.



92XXVII Due Process


tions


fiscation


Cases


Criminal Law 110 1222.1

110 Criminal Law

110XXVII Prevention of Crime

110k1222 Prevention and Investigation of

Crime

110k1222.1 k. In general. Most Cited

Cases

(Formerly 406k16)

Searches and Seizures 349 67.1


349I In General

349k67 Weapons; Protective Searches

349k67.1 k. In general. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 406k16)

Owner of firearms, who alleged that city un-

lawfully seized his firearms after he called counsel-

ing service and indicated that he was suicidal and

had weapons in his apartment and that city unlaw-

fully refused to return the seized firearms, was not

Page 7

462 F.Supp.2d 675


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9/30

deprived of substantive due process by actions of

city police department; police department had a

right, indeed a duty, to seize firearms when owner,

even if fully licensed, acted in a threatening man-

ner, police could detain firearms for reasonable

period thereafter, and police could entertain under-

standable continuing concerns about public safety

when owner had manifested questionable depend-

ability with respect to the possible use of the fire-

arms in the past. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.

[24] Municipal Corporations 268 724


268XII Torts

268XII(A) Exercise of Governmental and

Corporate Powers in General

268k724 k. Governmental powers in gen-

eral. Most Cited Cases

Municipal Corporations 268 725


268XII Torts



268k725 k. Corporate powers in general.

Most Cited Cases

Under Maryland law, city has governmental

immunity and is only liable for tortious conduct

which occurs in the exercise of a proprietary or

private function as opposed to a governmental func-

tion.



268XII Torts



268k723 k. Nature and grounds of liabil-

ity. Most Cited Cases

Maryland Local Government Tort Claims Act

contains no specific waiver of governmental im-

munity when a governmental entity is sued in its

own capacity. West's Ann.Md.Code, Courts and Ju-

dicial Proceedings, 5-301 et seq.


268 Municipal Corporations268XII Torts

268XII(B) Acts or Omissions of Officers or

Agents

268k745 k. Application of principle of

agency to municipalities. Most Cited Cases

Under Maryland law, insofar as the municipal-

ity may be liable under the doctrine of respondeat

superior for the tortious conduct of its employees

which occur in the scope of their employment,

since the municipality's liability is derivative, im-

munity of the employee precludes recovery from

the employer-municipality.

[27] Officers and Public Employees 283 114

283 Officers and Public Employees

283III Rights, Powers, Duties, and Liabilities

283k114 k. Liabilities for official acts. Most

Cited Cases

Government employees in Maryland enjoy

their own limited statutory immunity from liability

for what, if non-government employees were in-

volved, would be actionable tortious contact. West's

Ann.Md.Code, Courts and Judicial Proceedings,

5-507(b)(1).



268XII Torts

268XII(B) Acts or Omissions of Officers or

Agents

268k747 Particular Officers and Official

Acts

268k747(3) k. Police and fire. Most

Cited Cases

Under Maryland law, the operation of a police

force is quintessentially a governmental function,

and accordingly, city, insofar as it has been sued

directly, possesses governmental immunity as to

common law tort claims based on torts committed

Page 8

462 F.Supp.2d 675


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