moore v. millennium

8/17/2019 Moore v. Millennium

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_D@YOI XYJYOX I@XYU@HY HK_UY

BKU YCO OJXYOUD I@XYU@HY KB HJF@BKUD@J

UKDJFI LKKUO,

Wfj`dt`bb,

v.

L@FFOD@_L JHZ_@X@Y@KDX, FFH, jdiY@LOFOXX @DROXYLODYX, @DH. iejJUHK JL/WL #39:>2

Iobodijdts.

Dk. :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE

KUIOU NUJDY@DN @D WJUY JDIIODP@DN @D WJUY WFJ@DY@BB–XX_LLJUP A_INLODY LKY@KD

(Ikh. Dks. ?:, ?8, ??)

Yc`s ljttor hjlo eobkro tco hkurt kd Ajdujry :0, 57:2, bkr cojr`dn kb pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd

bkr sulljry auinlodt. Jttkrdoy Yjdyj O. Lkkro jppojroi kd eocjfb kb tco pfj`dt`bb jdi

jttkrdoy Cji` Mcjrjz` jppojroi kd eocjfb kb tco iobodijdt. Krjf jrnulodt wjs cojri jdi

pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd wjs tjmod udior suel`ss`kd.

Bkr tco rojskds sot bkrtc eofkw, pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt w`ff eo nrjdtoi

`d pjrt jdi iodòi `d pjrt.

EJHMNUK_DI

Wfj`dt`bb Ukdjfi Lkkro `s j Hjf`bkrd`j rosìodt wck cjs usoi j wcoofhcj`r bkr lke`f`ty

s`dho 577?. (Ikh. Dk. ??-9 jt 2.) Co hkllodhoi tc`s jht`kd kd Xoptoleor 0, 57:9, pursujdt tk

Y`tfo @@@ kb tco Jlor`hjds w`tc I`sje`f`tòs Jht, 95 _.X.H. §§ :5:3 ‘ :5:30 (JIJ), tco Hjf`bkrd`j

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno : kb 5?


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_druc H`v`f U`ncts Jht, Hjf. H`v. Hkio § ?:, (_druc Jht), jdi Hjf`bkrd`j Cojftc & Xjboty Hkio

§ :00??, soom`dn jd `daudht`kd udior tco JIJ jdi $9,777 `d stjtutkry ijljnos udior tco _druc

Jht. Wfj`dt`bb jffonos jhhossè`f`ty v`kfjt`kds jt jd JUHK JL/WL njs stjt`kd fkhjtoi `d Brosdk,

Hjf`bkrd`j, jdi cjs erkunct tc`s lkt`kd soom`dn sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr.

FONJF XYJDIJUIX

Xulljry auinlodt `s jpprkpr`jto wcod tco lkv`dn pjrty ‟sckws tcjt tcoro `s dk nodu`do

i`sputo js tk jdy ljtor`jf bjht jdi tco lkvjdt `s odt`tfoi tk auinlodt js j ljttor kb fjw.‒ Boi. U.

H`v. W. ?2(j).

Kd j lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt, tco lkv`dn pjrty ‟`d`t`jffy eojrs tco euriod kb

prkv`dn tco jesodho kb j nodu`do `ssuo kb ljtor`jf bjht.‒ @d ro Krjhfo Hkrp. Xohur`tòs F`t`njt`kd,

25> B.8i 8>2, 83> (0tc H`r. 57:7) (h`t`dn Hofktox Hkrp. v. Hjtrott , 9>> _.X. 8:>, 858 (:032)).

Yco lkv`dn pjrty ljy loot `ts euriod ey ‟h`t`dn tk pjrt`hufjr pjrts kb ljtor`jfs `d tco rohkri,

`dhfui`dn iopks`t`kds, ikhulodts, ofohtrkd`hjffy stkro `dbkrljt`kd, jbbìjv`ts kr iohfjrjt`kds,

st`pufjt`kds (`dhfui`dn tckso ljio bkr purpksos kb tco lkt`kd kdfy), jil`ss`kd, `dtorrknjtkry

jdswors, kr ktcor ljtor`jfs‒ kr ey sckw`dn tcjt suhc ljtor`jfs ‟ik dkt ostjef`sc tco prosodho kb j

nodu`do i`sputo, kr tcjt tco jivorso pjrty hjddkt prkiuho jil`ssèfo ovìodho tk suppkrt tco

bjht.‒ Boi. U. H`v. W. ?2(h)(:)(J), (E). @b tco lkv`dn pjrty wkufi eojr tco euriod kb prkkb kd jd

`ssuo jt tr`jf, tcjt pjrty lust ‟jbb`rljt`vofy iolkdstrjto tcjt dk rojskdjefo tròr kb bjht hkufi b`di

ktcor tcjd bkr tco lkv`dn pjrty.‒ Xkrolomud v. Ycr`bty Wjyfoss, @dh., ?70 B.8i 0>3, 039 (0tc H`r.

577>). @d suhc j h`rhulstjdho, sulljry auinlodt sckufi eo nrjdtoi, ‟sk fkdn js wcjtovor `s

eobkro tco i`str`ht hkurt iolkdstrjtos tcjt tco stjdijri bkr odtry kb sulljry auinlodt . . . `s

sjt`sbòi.‒ @i. jt 858.

@b tco lkv`dn pjrty loots `ts euriod, tco euriod tcod sc`bts tk tco dkd-lkv`dn pjrty tk

iolkdstrjto tco ox`stodho kb j nodu`do `ssuo kb ljtor`jf bjht. Xoo Ljtsusc`tj Ofoh. @dius. Hk. v.

Qod`tc Uji`k Hkrp., 9>? _.X. ?>9, ?32 (:032). Yco kppks`dn pjrty lust sckw tcjt tco bjht `d

hkdtodt`kd `s ljtor`jf, `.o., kdo tcjt l`nct jbboht tco kuthklo kb tco su`t udior nkvord`dn fjw, soo

Jdiorskd v. Fèorty Fkeey, @dh., 9>> _.X. 595, 593 (:032)= Y.^. Ofoh. Xorv., @dh. v. Wjh`b`h Ofoh.

Hkdtrjhtkrs Jss‐d, 370 B.5i 252, 287 (0tc H`r. :03>). Yco kppks`dn pjrty lust jfsk sckw tcjt

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno 5 kb 5?


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tco i`sputo `s nodu`do, `.o. tcjt tco ovìodho prkvìos nrkudis bkr j rojskdjefo aury tk roturd j

vori`ht bkr tco dkd-lkv`dn pjrty. Xoo ^kkf v. Yjdiol Hklputors, @dh., 3:3 B.5i :988, :982

(0tc H`r. :03>). @d loot`dn tc`s euriod, tco dkd-lkv`dn pjrty ljy dkt rofy upkd tco jffonjt`kds

kr iod`jfs kb `s pfoji`dns, eut `s roqu`roi tk kbbor ovìodho kb spoh`b`h bjhts `d tco bkrl kb

jbbìjv`ts, jdi/kr jil`ssèfo i`shkvory ljtor`jf, `d suppkrt kb `ts hkdtodt`kd. Xoo Boi. U. H`v. W.

?2(h)(:)= Ljtsusc`tj, 9>? _.X. jt ?32 d.::. Yco dkd-lkv`dn pjrty dooi dkt ostjef`sc j ljtor`jf

`ssuo kb bjht hkdhfus`vofy `d `ts bjvkr. @t `s subb`hòdt tcjt ‟tco hfj`loi bjhtujf i`sputo eo sckwd tk

roqu`ro j aury kr auino tk roskfvo tco pjrtòs– i`bbor`dn vors`kds kb tco trutc jt tr`jf.‒ Y.^. Ofoh.

Xorv., 370 B.5i jt 28:.

^cod ovjfujt`dn tco ovìodho tk iotorl`do wcotcor tcoro `s j nodu`do `ssuo kb bjht, tco

hkurt irjws ‟jff rojskdjefo `dborodhos suppkrtoi ey tco ovìodho `d bjvkr kb tco dkd-lkv`dn

pjrty.‒ ^jffs v. Hodtrjf Hkstj Hkudty Yrjds`t Jutckr`ty, 2?8 B.8i 028, 022 (0tc H`r. 57::). Yco

kppks`dn pjrty ‟lust ik lkro tcjd s`lpfy sckw tcjt tcoro `s sklo lotjpcys`hjf ikuet js tk tco

ljtor`jf bjhts‒ `d krior tk iolkdstrjto j nodu`do `ssuo. Ljtsusc`tj, 9>? _.X. jt ?3> (h`tjt`kd

kl`ttoi). @t `s tco kppks`dn pjrty–s kef`njt`kd tk prkiuho j bjhtujf proi`hjto brkl wc`hc tco

`dborodho ljy eo irjwd. Xoo U`hcjris v. Dòfsod Bro`nct F`dos, 275 B. Xupp. :559, :599 ‘ 9?

(O.I. Hjf. :03?), jbb‐i , 3:7 B.5i 303, 075 (0tc H`r. :03>). ‟^coro tco rohkri tjmod js j wckfo

hkufi dkt foji j rjt`kdjf tròr kb bjht tk b`di bkr tco dkdlkv`dn pjrty, tcoro `s dk „nodu`do `ssuo

bkr tr`jf.–‒ Ljtsusc`tj, 9>? _.X. jt ?3> (h`tjt`kd kl`ttoi).

JDJFPX@X

Yco JIJ prkvìos tcjt dk `di`vìujf scjff eo i`shr`l`djtoi jnj`dst kd tco ejs`s kb

i`sje`f`ty `d tco buff jdi oqujf odakylodt kb tco nkkis, sorv`hos, bjh`f`tòs, pr`v`fonos, jivjdtjnos,

kr jhhkllkijt`kds kb jdy pfjho kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd ey jdy porskd wck kwds, fojsos, kr

kporjtos j pfjho kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd. 95 _.X.H. § :5:35(j). Coro, pfj`dt`bb–s boiorjf hfj`l

jr`sos udior Y`tfo @@@ kb tco JIJ, wc`hc prkcè`ts i`shr`l`djt`kd jnj`dst i`sjefoi `di`vìujfs `d

jdy pfjho kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd.

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Yk ljmo kut j pr`lj bjhò hjso udior Y`tfo @@@ kb tco JIJ, tco pfj`dt`bb lust sckw tcjt (:)

co `s i`sjefoi w`tc`d tco lojd`dn kb tco JIJ= (5) tco iobodijdt `s j pr`vjto odt`ty tcjt kwds,

fojsos, kr kporjtos j pfjho kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd= jdi (8) tco pfj`dt`bb wjs iodòi puef`h

jhhkllkijt`kds ey tco iobodijdt eohjuso kb c`s i`sje`f`ty. Lkfsm` v. L.A. Hjefo, @dh., 93: B.8i

>59, >87 (0tc H`r. 5773) (h`t`dn 95 _.X.H. § :5:35(j) ‘ (e))= soo jfsk Mkcfor v. Eoi, Ejtc &

Eoykdi kb Hjf`bkrd`j, FFH , >37 B.8i :527, :528 (0tc H`r. 57:?). Kdo wjy tcjt j pfj`dt`bb hjd

sckw iod`jf kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kds `s ey ostjef`sc`dn tcjt j puef`h bjh`f`ty wjs dkt prkporfy

jhhossèfo tk i`sjefoi porskds. Bkr bjh`f`tòs eu`ft jbtor Ajdujry 52, :008, j pfj`dt`bb hjd sckw

iod`jf kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kds ey iolkdstrjt`dn jd odhkudtor w`tc jd JIJ-prkcè`toi ejrròr

w`tc`d tco bjh`f`ty. Hcjpljd v. Wòr : @lpkrts (_.X.) @dh., 28: B.8i 080, 099 (0tc H`r. 57::) (od

ejdh)= soo jfsk Lkkro v. Ikffjr Yroo Xtkros, @dh., 3? B. Xupp.8i ::>2, ::38 (O.I. Hjf. 57:?).

‟@d j hjso pursuoi udior tco JIBJ, j hkurt . . . „ljy jffkw tco provj`f`dn pjrty . . . j rojskdjefo

jttkrdoy–s boo.–‒ Ajdmoy v. Wkkp Iohm , ?8> B.8i ::55, ::50 (0tc H`r. 5773). Xoo jfsk Kf`vor v.

Ujfpcs Nrkhory Hk., 2?9 B.8i 078, 07? (0tc H`r. 57::) (‟Yco JIJ hfj`l prkvìos bkr jttkrdoys–

boos jdi hksts bkr provj`f`dn pfj`dt`bbs].\‒).

Yk ljmo kut j pr`lj bjhò hfj`l udior Hjf`bkrd`j–s _druc Jht, j i`sjefoi pfj`dt`bb hjd

iolkdstrjto j v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ, kr sckw tcjt tco rofovjdt bjh`f`ty ikos dkt hklpfy w`tc tco

Hjf`bkrd`j Hkio kb Uonufjt`kds (HEH). W`hmord v. Eost ôstord Y`leor Hkvo Fkino Ljr`dj

Uoskrt , Dk. H@R. X-77-:28> ÊX IJI, 5775 ^F 575995, jt *3 ‘ 0, 5775 _.X. I`st. FOS@X

:>70, jt *5: (O.I. Hjf. Ajd. :3, 5775)= soo jfsk Xtrkdn v. ^jfnrood Hk., Dk. 70hv2:: ^ZC

(^RN), 57:8 ^F ??05935, jt *: (X.I. Hjf. Kht. :7, 57:8). Ycus, j pfj`dt`bb w`tc j vjfì JIJ

hfj`l jfsk cjs j vjfì _druc Jht hfj`l, jdi `s odt`tfoi tk jd jwjri kb ijljnos udior stjto fjw.

Lkfsm`, 93: B.8i jt >8:= ^`fskd v. Cjr`j jdi Nkrnr` Hkrp., 9>0 B. Xupp.5i. ::5>, ::9: (O.I.

Hjf. 577>)

Coro, `t `s udi`sputoi tcjt tco njs stjt`kd `d quost`kd wjs j pfjho kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd

jdi tcjt `t wjs eu`ft jbtor :008. Iobodijdts jfsk ljmo dk jrnulodts rofjtoi tk pfj`dt`bb–s stjto

fjw hfj`ls ̀ d tco`r kppks`dn pjpors. @dstoji, `d kppks`dn pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry

auinlodt, iobodijdts jivjdho kdfy bkur jrnulodts1 (:) pfj`dt`bb–s JIJ hfj`l `s lkkt iuo tk



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f`mofy hkdioldjt`kd prkhooi`dns jnj`dst tco njs stjt`kd prkporty ey tco Hjf`bkrd`j C`nc Xpooi

Uj`f Jutckr`ty= (5) pfj`dt`bb–s JIJ hfj`ls jro pjrt kb wcjt iobodso hkudsof hcjrjhtor`zos js j

‟f`t`njt`kd shcolo‒ rodior`dn tckso hfj`ls `dvjfì= (8) pfj`dt`bb cjs dk stjdi`dn tk rj`so c`s hfj`ls

eohjuso co `s dkt i`sjefoi w`tc`d tco lojd`dn kb tco JIJ= jdi (9) pfj`dt`bb wjs dkt iodòi puef`h

jhhkllkijt`kds eohjuso co iì dkt odtor tco njs stjt`kd bjh`f`ty `d quost`kd.

@. Wfj`dt`bb‐s JIJ Hfj`ls

j. Lkktdoss

_dior Jrt`hfo @@@ kb tco Hkdst`tut`kd, j boiorjf hkurt ljy kdfy jiaui`hjto jhtujf, kdnk`dn

hjsos kr hkdtrkvorsòs. Ckd`n v. Iko, 939 _.X. 87?, 8:> (:033)= W`tts v. Yorrèfo Corest, @dh.,

2?8 B.8i :73:, :732 (0tc H`r. 57::). Boiorjf hkurts cjvo dk aur`si`ht`kd tk iohìo lkkt hjsos,

jdi ‟jro w`tckut pkwor tk iohìo quost`kds tcjt hjddkt jbboht tco r`ncts kb f`t`njdts `d tco hjso

eobkro tcol.‒ IoBud`s v. Kionjjri , 9:2 _.X. 8:5, 8:2 (:0>9).

J hjso `s lkkt `b tcoro `t ikos dkt `dvkfvo j f`vo i`sputo. Jfvjroz v. Xl`tc, ??3 _.X. 3>,

05 (5770)= W`tts, 2?8 B.8i jt :732 (‟J hjso eohklos lkkt „wcod tco `ssuos prosodtoi jro dk

fkdnor „f`vo– kr tco pjrtòs fjhm j fonjffy hknd`zjefo `dtorost `d tco kuthklo– kb tco f`t`njt`kd.‒)

(qukt`dn Wkwoff v. LhHkrljhm , 80? _.X. 932, 902 (:020)). Ycus, ‟j i`sputo skfofy jekut tco

lojd`dn kb fjw, jestrjhtoi brkl jdy hkdhroto jhtujf kr tcrojtodoi cjrl, bjffs kutsìo tco shkpo kb

tco hkdst`tut`kdjf wkris „Hjsos– jdi „Hkdtrkvorsòs.–‒ Jfvjroz , ??3 _.X. jt 05. Eut j su`t w`ff

rolj`d aust`h`jefo iosp`to tco prkspoht kb `ll`dodt lkktdoss. Xoo _d`toi Xtjtos v. Xcjrpo, 9>7

_.X. 2>?, 235 d.5 (:03?) (iohf`d`dn tk b`di j nkvordlodt–s jppojf brkl j ioh`s`kd rovors`dn

hr`l`djf hkdv`ht`kds tk eo lkkt, wcod tcoro wjs j prkspoht kb lkktdoss `b tco bun`t`vo iobodijdts

woro dkt rohjpturoi). Yco spohufjt`vo pkssè`f`ty tcjt j hjso w`ff eo rodioroi lkkt ̀ d tco buturo `s

tcus dkt subb`hòdt tk iolkdstrjto tcjt j hjso `s hurrodtfy lkkt. Eukdk v. Dkrtkd, 8>: B.8i ?98,

?9? ‘ ?92 (0tc H`r. 5779) (b`di`dn j hjso aust`h`jefo wcod j lkkt`dn ovodt ‟hkufi tjmo js fkdn js

twk yojrs tk hklpfoto‒).

Coro, iobodijdts jrnuo tcjt pfj`dt`bb–s hfj`ls jro lkkt eohjuso iobodijdt `s ckp`dn tk soff

tco njs stjt`kd jdi/kr `t ljy eo tco sueaoht kb hkdioldjt`kd prkhooi`dns jdi w`ff f`mofy eo

iostrkyoi. (Ikh. Dk. ?8 jt >.) @d suppkrt kb tc`s jssort`kd, iobodijdts kbbor j iohfjrjt`kd brkl j

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno ? kb 5?


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ljdjnor kb L`ffodùl Jhqu`s`t`kds, FFH, wck stjtos lorofy tcjt tco hklpjdy ‟`s hurrodtfy `d

donkt`jt`kds w`tc tco C`nc Xpooi Uj`f Jutckr`ty tk soff tco prkporty,‒ jdi tcjt ‟hfksuro kb Jrhk

JL/WL `s tcorobkro `ll`dodt.‒ (Ikh. Dk. ?8-? jt 5.) Ckwovor, iobodijdts cjvo prosodtoi dk

ovìodho tcjt tco njs stjt`kd `s hurrodtfy hfksoi jdi tco`r hkudsof hkdhoioi jt krjf jrnulodt tcjt

tco njs stjt`kd rolj`ds kpod bkr eus`doss. Iobodijdts ik dkt ovod kbbor ovìodho kd sulljry

auinlodt ronjri`dn tco stjno kb tco jffonoi donkt`jt`kds tk soff tco prkporty kr tco oxpohtoi ijto

kb sjfo. Jesodt suhc ovìodho, iobodijdts– jssort`kds hkdst`tuto loro spohufjt`kds js tk pktodt`jf

lkktdoss. Xuhc spohufjt`kd `s hfojrfy ̀ dsubb`hòdt jdi ikos dkt rj s̀o j nodu`do `ssuo kb ljtor̀ jf

bjht prohfui`dn sulljry auinlodt `d bjvkr kb pfj`dt`bb.

e. Wfj`dt`bb‐s Jffonoi ‖F`t`njt`kd Xhcolo“

Y`tfo @@@ kb tco JIJ prkvìos tcjt jdy porskd sueaohtoi tk i`shr`l`djt`kd kd tco ejs`s kb

i`sje`f`ty `d v`kfjt`kd kb tco jht ljy `dst`tuto j h`v`f jht`kd bkr `daudht`vo rofòb. Xoo 53 H.B.U.

§ 82.?7:(j) (‟Jdy porskd wck `s eo`dn sueaohtoi tk i`shr`l`djt`kd kd tco ejs`s kb i`sje`f`ty `d

v`kfjt`kd kb tco Jht kr tc`s pjrt kr wck cjs rojskdjefo nrkudis bkr eofòv`dn tcjt suhc porskd `s

jekut tk eo sueaohtoi tk i`shr`l`djt`kd `d v`kfjt`kd kb soht`kd 878 kb tco Jht kr suepjrt I kb tc`s

pjrt ljy `dst`tuto j h`v`f jht`kd bkr provodt`vo rofòb, `dhfui`dn jd jppf`hjt`kd bkr j porljdodt kr

tolpkrjry `daudht`kd, rostrj`d`dn krior, kr ktcor krior.‒). Yco D`dtc H`rhu`t cjs rohknd`zoi tcjt

`di`vìujfs ljy prkporfy er`dn luft`pfo hklpfj`dts udior tco JIJ jnj`dst i`bborodt pfjhos kb

puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd, jdi tcjt ‟`t ljy `diooi eo dohossjry jdi ios`rjefo bkr hkll`ttoi

`di`vìujfs tk er`dn sor`jf f`t`njt`kd‒ tk jivjdho stjtutkry jdt`-i`shr`l`djt`kd nkjfs. Lkfsm` v.

Ovornrood Iydjsty Hkrp, ?77 B.8i :79>, :725 (0tc H`r. 577>). Xoo jfsk I‐ F`f v. Eost ^. Odh`dj

Fkino & Xu`tos, ?83 B.8i :78:, :797 (0tc H`r. 577>) (‟wo hjddkt jnroo tcjt ]pfj`dt`bb–s\ pjst

JIJ f`t`njt`kd wjs prkporfy usoi tk `lpund cor hroiè`f`ty‒)= Mkcfor v. Uoidjp, @dh., >09

B.Xupp.5i :70:, :702 (H.I. Hjf. 57::)= Lkkro v. Jdjyj, Dk. :1:5-hv-77770-J^@-LAX, 57:5

^F :2?>57?, jt *5 (O.I. Hjf. Ljy :7, 57:5). Burtcorlkro, `d tco sulljry auinlodt hkdtoxt, `t

cjs eood rohknd`zoi tcjt j pjrty hjddkt hrojto j i`sputoi `ssuo kb ljtor`jf bjht ey ‟s`lpfy

quost`kd`dn tco hroiè`f`ty kb j w`tdoss.‒ Ekiott v. HkxHkl, @dh., 822 B.8i >82, >97 d.8 (0tc H`r.

5779) (h`t`dn Xt. Ljry‐ s Ckdkr Htr. v. C`hms, ?70 _.X. ?75, ?70 (:008)). Xoo jfsk Jffod v.



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Uopuef`h X`fvor Xtjtos I`spksjf, @dh., Dk. 51:7-HR-35> AHL (RHB), 57:5 ^F 9?3950, jt *? (I.

Dov. Boe. :7, 57:5) (‟Wfj`dt`bbs keaoht tk tco hkdtodt kb tco jbbìjv`ts suppkrt`dn iobodijdt–s

lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt, hjff`dn tcol „bjfso jdi bjer`hjtoi– kr „j eudifo kb fòs– ]eut\ cjvo

dkt hkdtrji`htoi tco suestjdho kb tcoso jbbìjv`ts tcrkunc spoh`b`h bjhts kr ovìodho iolkdstrjt`dn

j nodu`do `ssuo kb bjht].\‒)

Iobodijdts jrnuo tcjt pfj`dt`bb–s hfj`ls jro `dvjfì eohjuso tcoy jro pjrt kb j sor`jf JIJ

f`t`njt`kd shcolo. Iobodijdts ljmo twk jssort`kds ̀ d tc`s ronjri. B`rst, iobodijdts hkdtodi tcjt

pfj`dt`bb cjs jd oxtods`vo f`t`njt`kd c`stkry, prkbbor`dn j f`st kb WJHOU sojrhc rosufts bojtur`dn

hjsos b`foi ey pfj`dt`bb–s jttkrdoy. (Ikh. Dks. ?8-: jt :7= ?9-9.) Xohkdi, iobodijdts jrnuo tcjt

pfj`dt`bb–s oxport `s udqujf`bòi, dkt`dn tcjt tco oxport–s Hjf`bkrd`j Hort`bòi Jhhoss Xpoh`jf`st

(HJXp) hort`b`hjt`kd cjs eood suspodioi. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt :7 ‘ ::.) @d suppkrt kb tc`s fjttor

hkdtodt`kd iobodijdts suel`t j hkpy kb tco oxport–s hort`b`hjt`kd suspods`kd dkt`ho. (Ikh. Dk.

?9-?.)

Iobodijdts– ovìodho hkdhord`dn pfj`dt`bb–s c`stkry kb odnjn`dn `d JIJ f`t`njt`kd cjs

jeskfutofy dk eojr`dn kd tco vjfì`ty kb pfj`dt`bb–s jhhossè`f`ty hfj`ls prosodtoi `d tc`s jht`kd.

Lkfsm`, ?77 B.8i jt :725= I‐F`f , ?83 B.8i jt :797= soo jfsk Mkcfor , >09 B.Xupp.5i jt :702=

Lkkro, 57:5 ^F :2?>57?, jt *5. Lkrokvor, iobodijdts– jttjhm kd tco qujf`b`hjt`kds kb

pfj`dt`bb–s w`tdoss ikos dkt roeut jdy ovìodho udiorfy`dn pfj`dt`bb–s hfj`ls kr kbboroi ey pfj`dt`bb

`d suppkrt kb c`s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt. Jhhkri`dnfy, iobodijdts– jrnulodts hkdhord`dn

pfj`dt`bb–s `dvkfvolodt `d wcjt iobodso hkudsof hcjrjhtor`zos js j ‟f`t`njt`kd shcolo‒ s`lpfy bj`f

tk rj`so jdy nodu`do `ssuos kb ljtor`jf bjht prohfui`dn tco nrjdt`dn kb sulljry auinlodt `d bjvkr

kb pfj`dt`bb w`tc rospoht tk c`s hfj`ls prosodtoi `d tc`s jht`kd.

h. Xtjdi`dn

Yk er`dn j hfj`l udior tco JIJ, j pfj`dt`bb lust cjvo Jrt`hfo @@@ stjdi`dn. Hcjpljd,

28: B.8i jt 099= Xmjbb v. Lorìòd Dkrtc Jlor`hj Eovorfy C`ffs, FFH , ?72 B.8i 385, 38> ‘ 83 (0tc

H`r. 577>). J pfj`dt`bb hjd sckw stjdi`dn ey iolkdstrjt`dn tcoro ̀ s ‟`daury `d bjht‒ jdi j hjusjf

hkddoht`kd eotwood tco `daury jdi tco hkdiuht jffonoi. Ikrjd v. >-Ofovod, @dh., ?59 B.8i :789,

:780 (0tc H`r. 5773)= Xmjbb , ?72 B.8i jt 383. Yk sckw `daury `d bjht, j pfj`dt`bb lust iolkdstrjto

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno > kb 5?


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o`tcor tcjt co `s iotorroi brkl roturd`dn tk j bjh`f`ty `d v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ, kr tcjt co `dtodis tk

roturd tk tco dkdhklpf`jdt bjh`f`ty jdi `s tcus f`mofy tk ro-odhkudtor j i`shr`l`djtkry jrhc`tohturjf

ejrròr. Xmjbb , ?72 B.8i jt 383 & d.8= W`hmord, 508 B.8i jt ::83. J pfj`dt`bb lust jfsk sckw ckw

tckso ejrròrs rofjto tk c`s kwd i`sje`f`ty. Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt 09> d.9 (‟Kb hkurso, j „ ejrròr –

w`ff kdfy jlkudt tk suhc `dtorborodho `b `t jbbohts tco pfj`dt`bb's buff jdi oqujf odakylodt kb tco

bjh`f`ty kd jhhkudt kb c`s pjrt`hufjr i`sje`f`ty.‒)= Ikrjd, ?59 B.8i jt :79? (‟Eohjuso Ikrjd

hcjffodnos kdfy tckso ejrròrs tcjt jbboht c`s spoh`b`h i`sje`f`ty jdi tcorobkro `lp`dno kd c`s

`di`vìujf r`nct tk buffy odaky tco > ‘ Ofovod stkro, tco hjso eobkro us prosodts do`tcor jestrjht

quost`kds dkr quost`kds eottor jdsworoi ey ktcor nkvordlodtjf ekiòs. @d f`nct kb Ikrjd–s

porskdjf ios`ro tk roturd tk tco > ‘ Ofovod stkro jdi tco iotorrodho `lpksoi ey tco ejrròrs w`tc`d

tco stkro, kur `dtorvodt`kd `s dohossjry tk prktoht tco `di`vìujf r`ncts hkdborroi kd Ikrjd ey tco

JIJ.‒)= K‐Hjlpk v. Eoi Ejtc & Eoykdi kb Hjf`bkrd`j, FFH , 2:7 Boi. Jpp–x >72, >73 (0tc H`r.

57:?): (‟Jd JIJ pfj`dt`bb cjs subboroi jd `daury-`d-bjht wcod co odhkudtors „j ejrròr tcjt

iopr`vos c`l kb buff jdi oqujf odakylodt kb tco bjh`f`ty iuo tk c`s pjrt`hufjr i`sje`f`ty.– Yco

pfj`dt`bb lust tcorobkro sckw tco „dohossjr]y\ f`dm] \ tk tco djturo kb c`s i`sje`f`ty– tk prkporfy

pfoji stjdi`dn.‒)= soo nodorjffy Fuajd v. Iobodiors kb ^`fif`bo, ?79 _.X. ??? (:005) (dkt`dn tcjt

Jrt`hfo @@@ stjdi`dn roqu`ros tcjt jd `daury jbboht j ‟pfj`dt`bb `d j porskdjf jdi `di`vìujf wjy‒).

Kdho j pfj`dt`bb ostjef`scos stjdi`dn udior tco JIJ js tk jd odhkudtoroi ejrròr, co ljy jfsk suo

bkr `daudht`vo rofòb js tk udodhkudtoroi ejrròrs rofjt`dn tk c`s i`sje`f`ty. Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt

099= Nrjy v. Hkudty kb Mord, Dk. :1:9-HR-77579-FAK-AFY, 57:? ^F >8?5875, jt *0 (O.I. Hjf.

Dkv. :0, 57:?) (stjt`dn tcjt ‟js fkdn js tco pfj`dt`bb cjs odhkudtoroi kdo ejrròr, co ljy soom

rofòb bkr udodhkudtoroi ejrròrs‒).

J pfj`dt`bb qujf`bòs js i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ `b co iolkdstrjtos tcjt1 (:) co cjs j

pcys`hjf kr lodtjf `lpj`rlodt, (5) tco `lpj`rlodt f`l`ts j ljakr f`bo jht`v`ty, jdi (8) tco

f`l`tjt`kd upkd tcjt jht`v`ty `s suestjdt`jf. Ukcr v. Xjft U`vor Wrkaoht Jnr`hufturjf @lprkvolodt

jdi Wkwor I`str`ht , ??? B.8i 3?7, 3?3 (0tc H`r. 5770)= soo jfsk Hkkds v. Xohrotjry kb _.X.

: H`tjt`kd tk tc`s udpuef`scoi D`dtc H`rhu`t kp`d`kd `s jpprkpr`jto pursujdt tk D`dtc H`rhu`t Uufo82 ‘ 8(e).



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Iopjrtlodt kb Yrojsury, 838 B.8i 3>0, 339 (0tc H`r. 5779) (h`t`dn Ioppo v. _d`toi J`rf`dos, 5:>

B.8i :525, :52? (0tc H`r. 5777)). @d odjht`dn tco JIJ, Hkdnross spoh`b`hjffy prkvìoi tcjt tco

torl ‟i`sje`f`ty‒ sckufi eo hkdstruoi erkjify. 95 _.X.H. § :5:75(9). Fon`sfjt`vo c`stkry jfsk

`di`hjtos tcjt ‟tco quost`kd kb wcotcor jd `di`vìujf–s `lpj`rlodt `s j i`sje`f`ty udior tco JIJ

sckufi dkt ioljdi oxtods`vo jdjfys`s.‒ 95 _.X.H. § :5:7: Dkto, B`di`dns jdi Wurpksos kb JIJ

Jlodilodts Jht kb 5773, Wue. F. ::7-85?, :55 Xtjt. 8??8 (5773).

‟^cotcor j porskd `s i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ `s jd „`di`vìujf`zoi `dqu`ry.‒ Yckrdtkd v.

LhHfjthcy Dowspjpors, @dh., 52: B8i >30, >09 (0tc H`r. 577:) (qukt`dn Xuttkd v. _d`toi J`r

F`dos, @dh., ?5> _.X. 9>:, 938 (:000)). Ckwovor, j pfj`dt`bb wck s̀ udjefo tk wjfm w`tckut tco

uso kb j lke`f`ty jì suhc js j wcoofhcj`r kr j hjdo `s i`sjefoi w`tc`d tco lojd`dn kb tco JIJ.

Xoo Ijueort v. F`disjy _d`bòi Xhckkf I`st., >27 B.8i 035, 039 (0tc H`r. 57:9)= Hcjpljd, 28:

B.8i jt 098 (‟Hcjpljd `s udjefo tk wjfm udjss`stoi, jdi co roqu`ros tco uso kb j lktkr`zoi

wcoofhcj`r wcod trjvof`dn `d puef`h.‒)= K‐Hjlpk, 2:7 Boi. Jpp–x jt >73= ^`fskd, 9>0 B.

Xupp.5i jt ::88 (‟]N\`vod tcjt pfj`dt`bb `s udjefo tk wjfm w`tckut tco uso kb j lke`f`ty jì (o.n.,

wcoofhcj`r kr hjdo), tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt co `s i`sjefoi w`tc`d tco lojd`dn kb tco

JIJ.‒). Kb hkurso, i`sje`f`ty udior tco JIJ ikos dkt roqu`ro porljdodt ̀ dhjpjh`tjt`kd eohjuso

‟]t\co Jht jiirossos suestjdt`jf f`l`tjt`kds kd ljakr f`bo jht`v`tòs, dkt uttor `dje`f`tòs.‒ Erjnikd

v. Jeektt , ?59 _.X. 259, 29: (:003) (‟^cod s`nd`b`hjdt f`l`tjt`kds rosuft brkl tco `lpj`rlodt,

tco iob`d`t`kd `s lot ovod `b tco i`bb`huftòs jro dkt `dsurlkudtjefo.‒)= Culpcroy v. Lolkr`jf

Cksp`tjfs Jsskh., 580 B.8i ::53, ::8? (0tc H`r. 577:) (rovors`dn nrjdt kb iobodijdt–s sulljry

auinlodt lkt`kd jdi, rofy`dn kd Erjnikd, dkt`dn tcjt ‟jd `di`vìujf wck cjs j]d\ `lpj`rlodt

tcjt hjusos c`l tk tjmo `dkri`djtofy lkro t`lo tcjd ktcors tk hklpfoto j ljakr f`bo jht`v`ty `s

suestjdt`jffy f`l`toi js tk tcjt jht`v`ty udior tco JIJ.‒). Jhhkri`dnfy, jd `di`vìujf wck hjd

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hckkso tk wjfm w`tc i`bb`hufty ljy woff st`ff eo i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ.5

@d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr, pfj`dt`bb jrnuos tcjt tco udi`sputoi

ovìodho eobkro tco hkurt ostjef`scos tcjt co `s i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ eohjuso co subbors brkl

cyirkhopcjfus (bfuì eu`fiup `d tco erj`d), ionodorjt`vo i`sh i`sojso, jdi hcrkd`h pj`d sydirklo.

(Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt ? ‘ >.) Wfj`dt`bb hkdtodis tcjt tco ovìodho jfsk ostjef`scos tcjt co usos j

wcoofhcj`r bkr lke`f`ty, jdi wc`fo pcys`hjffy hjpjefo kb wjfm`dn sckrt i`stjdhos, r`sms pj`d jdi

`daury brkl bjff`dn wcod ik`dn sk. ( @i.)8 Yco ovìodho eobkro tco hkurt kd sulljry auinlodt

jdi rofòi upkd ey pfj`dt`bb w`tc rospoht tk c`s pcys`hjf `lpj`rlodts hkds`sts kb pfj`dt`bb –s kwd

iohfjrjt`kd, (Ikh. Dk. ?:-5 jt 5 ‘ 8)= j fottor brkl j ikhtkr hkdb`rl`dn c`s i`jndks`s kb pfj`dt`bb–s

hkdi`t`kds, (Ikh. Dk. ?:-8 jt 9)= j iohfjrjt`kd brkl j ikhtkr jdi loi`hjf oxport hkdb`rl`dn tco

hkdi`t`kds brkl wc`hc pfj`dt`bb subbors jdi stjt`dn c`s kp`d`kd tcjt pfj`dt`bb `s i`sjefoi (Ikh. Dk.

?:-2 jt 8 ‘ 9)= jdi j i`sjefoi porskds pfjhjri `ssuoi tk pfj`dt`bb ey tco Hjf`bkrd`j Iopjrtlodt kb

Lktkr Roc`hfos, (Ikh. Dk. ?:-8 jt 2).

@d kppks`dn pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt, iobodijdts hkdtost pfj`dt`bb–s

i`sjefoi stjtus udior tco JIJ. Iobodijdts jrnuo tcjt pfj`dt`bb hjd wjfm bkr sckrt i`stjdhos, ikos

5

Js kdo auino kb tc`s hkurt cjs kesorvoi ̀ d tco sulljry auinlodt hkdtoxt1

Yco bjht tcjt iobodijdt jssorts tcjt pfj`dt`bb wjs kesorvoi wjfm`dnw`tckut tco jì kb j hjdo kr wcoofhcj`r kd kdo khhjs`kd `s dktsubb`hòdt tk hrojto j nodu`do i`sputo ronjri`dn tc`s `ssuo. ]h`tjt`kdkl`ttoi.\ Xuhc jd ovodt wkufi dkt donjto tco bjht tcjt pfj`dt`bb –sdulorkus loi`hjf hkdi`t`kds dovortcofoss hkdst`tuto j suestjdt`jff`l`tjt`kd kd c`s je`f`ty tk wjfm. Xoo 50 H.B.U. § :287.5(a)(iob`d`dn suestjdt`jf f`l`tjt`kd js o`tcor j tktjf `dje`f`ty tk porbkrlljakr f`bo jht`v`ty kr j s`nd`b`hjdt rostr`ht`kd kd tco sjlo).

^`fskd, 9>0 B. Xupp.5i jt ::88, d.2.

8 Wfj`dt`bb ikos dkt hkdtodi tcjt co ̀ s hklpfotofy udjefo tk wjfm udjss`stoi. Ujtcor, co oxpfj`ds`d c`s iohfjrjt`kd eobkro tco hkurt kd sulljry auinlodt tcjt js j rosuft kb c`s loi`hjf hkdi`t`kdsco `s suestjdt`jffy f`l`toi ̀ d c`s je`f`ty tk wjfm. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-5 jt 8.) Jhhkri`dn tk pfj`dt`bb, iuotk pj`d, ejfjdho prkefols jdi tco r`sm kb bjff`dn, jftckunc ‟sklo ijys jro eottor tcjd ktcors,‒ co

‟sofikl‒ wjfms jdi rofòs upkd j wcoofhcj`r jdi j hjdo bkr lke`f`ty. (@i. jt 8.) B`djffy, pfj`dt`bbroprosodts tcjt co eonjd us`dn c`s wcoofhcj`r `d jrkudi 577? jdi ‟dojrfy jfwjys‒ rofòs kd jwcoofhcj`r wcod trjvoff`dn `d puef`h iuo tk pj`d jdi tk jvkì bjff`dn. (@i. jt 5 ‘ 8.) Iobodijdtscjvo dkt kbbor oi jdy ovìodho robut`dn tcoso roprosodtjt`kds `d pfj`dt`bb–s iohfjrjt`kd.

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno :7 kb 5?


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dkt cjvo j proshr`pt`kd bkr j wcoofhcj`r, jdi kwds j lktkrhyhfo. (Ikh. Dk. ?8 jt 0.) @d suppkrt

kb tco`r kppks`t`kd kd tc`s `ssuo, iobodijdts kbbor tco bkffkw`dn ovìodho1 vìok survo`ffjdho kb

tco pfj`dt`bb sckw`dn c`l khhjs`kdjffy stjdi`dn jdi wjfm`dn (Ikh. Dk. ?8-3 jt 8)= j prkporty

iohfjrjt`kd sckw`dn pfj`dt`bb–s lktkrhyhfo kwdorsc`p, (Ikh. Dk. ?9-:5)= jdi iohfjrjt`kds brkl

pr`vjto `dvost`njtkrs jdi j pr`kr ikhtkr kb tco pfj`dt`bb, Ir. L`ffor. (Ikh. Dks. ?8->, ?8-3.)

Xpoh`b`hjffy, `d c`s iohfjrjt`kd Ir. L`ffor robors tk tco pfj`dt`b b–s wcoofhcj`r js jd ‟jppf`jdho‒ jdi

oxpfj`ds ‟`ts uso wjs dkt loi`hjffy dohossjry.‒ (Ikh. Dk. ?8-> jt 5.)

Wfj`dt`bb i`sputos tco jil`ssè`f`ty kb iobodijdts– vìok survo`ffjdho, prkporty iohfjrjt`kd,

jdi stjtolodts brkl tco pr`vjto `dvost`njtkrs jdi pfj`dt`bb–s bkrlor ikhtkr. (Ikh. Dk. ??.)

Ckwovor, ovod jssul`dn tcjt jff kb iobodijdts– ovìodho `s jil`ssèfo, dkdo kb tcjt ovìodho `s

subb`hòdt tk rj`so j i`sputoi `ssuo kb ljtor`jf bjht kd tco `ssuo kb wcotcor pfj`dt`bb subbors brkl

pcys`hjf `lpj`rlodts suestjdt`jffy `lpoi`dn c`s je`f`ty tk wjfm. Ycjt `s, ovod `b jff kb

iobodijdts– ovìodho kd sulljry auinlodt `s hroi`toi, tco udi`sputoi ovìodho eobkro tco hkurt

`s subb`hòdt tk ostjef`sc tcjt pfj`dt`bb–s loi`hjf hkdi`t`kds suestjdt`jffy f`l`t c`s je`f`ty tk wjfm

jdi tcjt co tcorobkro pr`ljr`fy usos j wcoofhcj`r bkr lke`f`ty `d krior tk jvkì pj`d jdi tco r`sm

kb bjff`dn. Dk lkro `s roqu`roi.

Iobodijdts udporsujs`vofy h`to tco ioh`s`kd `d K‐Hjlpk `d jrnu`dn tcjt porskds roqu`r`dn

tco uso kb j hjdo tk wjfm jro dkt i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ. Ckwovor, tco D`dtc H`rhu`t `d

K‐Hjlpk iì dkt sunnost tcjt wjs tco hjso. Ujtcor, tco hkurt ̀ d K‐Hjlpk hkdhfuioi tcjt kdo

wck roqu`roi tco uso kb hjdo tk wjfm wjs i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ, eut kdfy cji stjdi`dn tk

hcjffodno ejrròrs rofjtoi tk tco`r jhtujf, pjrt`hufjr i`sje`f`ty. K‐Hjlpk, 2:7 B. Jpp–x. jt >73.

Jhhkri`dnfy, tco hkurt hkdhfuioi `d tcjt hjso tcjt pfj`dt`bb–s bj`furo tk jffono c`s uso kb j

wcoofhcj`r `d c`s hklpfj`dt prohfuioi c`l brkl hcjffodn`dn ejrròrs odhkudtoroi ey wcoofhcj`r-

ekudi porskds, jdi f`l`toi c`l tk rj`s`dn hcjffodnos tk ejrròrs odhkudtoroi ey tckso roqu`roi tk

uso j hjdo. @i.

Eohjuso pfj`dt`bb coro cjs hklo bkrwjri w`tc ovìodho ostjef`sc`dn tcjt co subbors brkl j

i`sje`f`ty js iob`doi ey tco JIJ, jdi iobodijdts cjvo dkt kbboroi ovìodho hjpjefo kb robut`dn

tcjt pfj`dt`bb `s i`sjefoi udior tco JIJ, dk nodu`do `ssuo kb ljtor`jf bjht rolj`ds js tk wcotcor

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno :: kb 5?


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pfj`dt`bb qujf`bòs js i`sjefoi. Wfj`dt`bb `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr js tk tcjt

`ssuo.

i. Jrhc`tohturjf Ejrròrs

@d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr, pfj`dt`bb jrnuos tcjt co `s odt`tfoi tk jd

`daudht`kd roqu`r`dn tco rolkvjf kb jff jrhc`tohturjf ejrròrs co odhkudtoroi jt iobodijdts– njs

stjt`kd. J pfj`dt`bb er`dn`dn jhhossè`f`ty hfj`ls udior tco JIJ sckws jd `daury `d bjht ey

sckw`dn tcjt tcoy cjvo odhkudtoroi jd jrhc`tohturjf ejrròr tcjt iopr`vos tcol kb buff jdi oqujf

odakylodt kb tco bjh`f`ty iuo tk tco`r i`sje`f`ty. Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt 09?.

@d tco`r kppks`t`kd, iobodijdts roaoht tco ìoj tcjt pfj`dt`bb odhkudtoroi jrhc`tohturjf

ejrròrs jt tco stjt`kd kd twk nrkudis. B`rst, iobodijdts hkdtost tcjt pfj`dt`bb ovor v`s`toi tco

bjh`f`ty. (Ikh. Dk. ?8 jt ?.) Xohkdi, iobodijdts hkdtost tco prosodho kb sklo kb tco jrhc`tohturjf

ejrròrs jffonoi ey pfj`dt`bb w`tc`d tco stjt`kd. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-:.) Eofkw, tco hkurt w`ff eon`d ey

jiiross`dn pfj`dt`bb–s jffonoi v`s`t tk tco stjt`kd eobkro turd`dn tk tco spoh`b`h ejrròrs jt `ssuo.

`. Wfj`dt`bb‐s Njs Xtjt`kd R`s`t

@d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt, pfj`dt`bb cjs hklo bkrwjri w`tc ovìodho tcjt co

v`s`toi tco njs stjt`kd kd Jpr`f 2, 57:9, jdi porskdjffy odhkudtoroi ejrròrs jt tcjt t`lo. (Ikh.

Dks. ?:-5 (iohfjrjt`kd ioshrè`dn ejrròrs odhkudtoroi)= ?:-8 jt 3 (ijtoi roho`pt brkl tco njs

stjt`kd ostjef`sc`dn pfj`dt`bb–s v`s`t)).

Dkdotcofoss, iobodijdts hkdtost tcjt pfj`dt`bb porskdjffy odhkudtoroi jrhc`tohturjf ejrròrs

w`tc`d tco bjh`f`ty. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt ?.) @d suppkrt kb tco`r pks`t`kd, ckwovor, tcoy lorofy kbbor

iohfjrjt`kds jdi iopks`t`kd tost`lkdy kb tco`r olpfkyoos wck purpkrtoify wkrmoi kd tco ijy `d

quost`kd jdi wck tost`bòi tcjt tcoy ik dkt ovor rohjff soo`dn jdy i`sjefoi porskd `dsìo tco njs

stjt`kd. (Ikh. Dks. ?9-:7 & ?9-::= soo jfsk ?8-2.)

Kd sulljry auinlodt pfj`dt`bb cjs kbboroi subb`hòdt jbb`rljt`vo ovìodho tk loot c`s

euriod js tk ektc c`s v`s`t tk tco njs stjt`kd kd tco ijto `d quost`kd jdi tco ejrròrs co

odhkudtoroi. Yco ovìodho kbboroi ey iobodijdts, `d wc`hc tco`r olpfkyoos tost`by lorofy tcjt

tcoy ik dkt rololeor ovor soo`dn j i`sjefoi porskd `dsìo tco stjt`kd, jro hfojrfy `dsubb`hòdt tk

rj`so j ljtor`jf `ssuo kb bjht js tk wcotcor pfj`dt`bb `d bjht v`s`toi tco njs stjt`kd kr odhkudtoroi



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ejrròrs kd tco ijy `d quost`kd. Xoo Fjdnor v. Jir`jt`h Rjhjt`kd Hfue, @dh., OIHR :9-:9?0 ANE

(XWx), 57:? _.X. I`st. FOS@X :98803, jt *9, d.9 (O.I. Hjf. Kht. 5:, 57:?) (nrjdt`dn JIJ

pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt jdi dkt`dn ‟]i\obodijdt h`tos tk tco iohfjrjt`kd kb tco

R`ffj–s ljdjnor . . . js ovìodho tcjt Wfj`dt`bb dovor jhtujffy v`s`toi tco R`ffj kd Boerujry 5:,

57:9. . . . Ckwovor, tco bjht tcjt ]tco ljdjnor\ iì dkt soo Wfj`dt`bb porskdjffy kd tcjt ijto `s dkt

subb`hòdtfy prkejt`vo tk i`shroi`t Wfj`dt`bb –s tost`lkdy dkr tk i`sputo tco bjht tcjt Wfj`dt`bb wjs

jhtujffy tcoro.‒)

``. Ejrròrs ^`tc`d Yco Xtjt`kd

Jd jrhc`tohturjf ejrròr udior tco JIJ `s jdy ofolodt `d j bjh`f`ty tcjt ikos dkt loot kr

oxhooi tco roqu`rolodts kb tco JIJ Jhhossè`f`ty Nuìof`dos (JIJJN). Xoo 53 H.B.U.

§ 82.972(j)= 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J= Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt 09?. Wrklufnjtoi ey tco Jttkrdoy

Nodorjf tk `lpfolodt tco JIJ roqu`rolodts, tcoso nuìof`dos ostjef`sc ‟tco tohcd`hjf struhturjf

roqu`rolodts kb pfjhos kb puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd.‒ Bkrtyudo v. Jl. Luft`-H`dolj, @dh., 829 B.8i

:7>?, :737 ‘ :73: (0tc H`r. 5779). Xoo jfsk Mkcfor v. Bfjvj Odtorpr`sos, @dh., >>0 B.8i :7:2,

:7:3 (0tc H`r. 57:?)= Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt 09> (‟Eohjuso tco JIJJN ostjef`scos tco tohcd`hjf

stjdijris roqu`roi bkr ‟buff jdi oqujf odakylodt,‒ `b j ejrròr v`kfjt`dn tcoso stjdijris rofjtos tk

j pfj`dt`bb's i`sje`f`ty, `t w`ff `lpj`r tco pfj`dt`bb's buff jdi oqujf jhhoss, wc`hc hkdst`tutos

‟i`shr`l`djt`kd‒ udior tco JIJ.‒) Bjh`f`tòs eu`ft jbtor Ajdujry 52, :008, lust hklpfy w`tc dow

hkdstruht`kd stjdijris ìodt`bòi `d nkvord`dn JIJJN ronufjt`kds, ronjrifoss kb wcotcor

rolkvjf `s roji`fy jhcòvjefo kr dkt. 95 _.X.H. § :5:38(j)(:)= soo Jdtkd`dott` v. Hc`pktfo

Lox`hjd Nr`ff, @dh., 298 B.8i ::2?, ::>: (0tc H`r. 57:7)= Hurt`s v. Cklo Iopkt _.X.J., @dh.,

Dk.:1:8-HR-::?: J^@ NXJ, 57:? ^F 8?:98>, jt *8 (O.I. Hjf. Ajd. 58, 57:?). Nkvord`dn

ronufjt`kds bkr bjh`f`tòs hkdstruhtoi kr jftoroi eobkro Xoptoleor :?, 57:7, jro tco :00: JIJJN.

53 H.B.U. § 82.972(j)(:).

JIJJN roqu`rolodts jro proh`so jdi `dbfoxèfo. Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt 09?. Bjh`f`tòs

lust hklpfy oxjhtfy w`tc tco tohcd`hjf spoh`b`hjt`kds sot bkrtc `d tco JIJJN, jdi hklpf`jdho

w`tc tco sp`r`t kb tco fjw `s dkt subb`hòdt tk prohfuio JIJ v`kfjt`kds. @i . (h`t`dn Fkdn v. Hkjst

Uoskrts, @dh., 52> B.5i 0:3, 058 (0tc H`r. 577:)). ‟]Y\co i`bborodho eotwood hklpf`jdho jdi



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dkdhklpf`jdho w`tc tco stjdijri ]ostjef`scoi `d tco JIJ\ `s kbtod j ljttor kb `dhcos.‒

Hcjpljd, 28: B.8i jt 09? ‘ 92.

Coro, pfj`dt`bb jffonos tcjt tco njs stjt`kd hkdtj`ds twodty jrhc`tohturjf ejrròrs `d

v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ jdi ejsoi upkd tco ovìodho prosodtoi sooms sulljry auinlodt jdi

`daudht`vo rofòb w`tc rospoht tk ojhc. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt :0 ‘ 5>.) ^c`fo iobodijdts ik dkt i`rohtfy

iody tco ox`stodho kb jdy kb tcoso jrhc`tohturjf ejrròrs, tcoy ik hkdtosts bjhts udiorfy`dn ofovod

suhc ejrròrs jffonoi ey tco pfj`dt`bb. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-:.) Eofkw, tco hkurt w`ff jiiross pfj`dt`bb–s

lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt w`tc rospoht tk ojhc kb tco twodty jffonoi jrhc`tohturjf ejrròrs `d

turd.

:. Oxtor`kr Ujlp

_dior JIJJN § 9.?.5, hcjdnos `d fovof tcjt jro ‟ eotwood ¶ jdi ¼ scjff eo eovofoi w`tc

j sfkpo dk nrojtor tcjd :15.‒ 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.?.5.

Wfj`dt`bb hkdtodis tcjt tco pjrm`dn jroj kb tco stjt`kd cjs j rjlp tcjt v`kfjtos JIJJN

§ 9.?.5. @d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb dktos tcjt tco ekttkl pkrt`kd kb tco rjlp wjs udovod jdi

i`bb`huft tk ljdouvor. (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt 8.) Lkst `lpkrtjdtfy, pfj`dt`bb cjs prosodtoi tco

iohfjrjt`kd kb c`s jhhoss oxport, jfkdn w`tc suppkrt`dn ovìodho, ostjef`sc`dn tcjt tco rjlp `d

quost`kd hrojtos j vort`hjf hcjdno kb ?/:2 tcjt `s dkt eovofoi. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt 9= ?:-? jt > ‘ 0.)

^c`fo `d hkdhfuskry bjsc`kd iobodijdts hcjrjhtor`zo tcoso bjhts js ‟i`sputoi,‒ tcoy bj`f tk

kbbor jdy ovìodho roeutt`dn pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho kr rj`s`dn jdy quost`kd js tk tco lojsurolodts

ljio ey pfj`dt`bb–s oxport. (Xoo Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt :2.) Jhhkri`dnfy, tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo

js tk wcotcor iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd v`kfjtoi tco JIJJN `d tc`s ronjri.

5. Wjrm`dn Jhhoss J`sfo

Yco JIJJN roqu`ros tcjt ‟]p\jrm`dn spjhos jdi jhhoss j`sfos scjff eo fovof w`tc surbjho

sfkpos dkt oxhooi`dn :1?7 (5%) `d jff i`roht`kds.‒ 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.2.8.

@d tc`s hjso pfj`dt`bb jrnuos tcjt tco jhhoss j`sfo `d tco kutikkr pjrm`dn jroj kb iobodijdts–

njs stjt`kd cjs j sfkpo kb ?.?% `d v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJJN. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt :? ‘ :2.) @d suppkrt

kb tc`s hkdtodt`kd kd sulljry auinlodt, pfj`dt`bb kbbors c`s kwd iohfjrjt`kd, js woff js tco

iohfjrjt`kd kb kdo oxport jdi tco iopks`t`kd tost`lkdy kb jdktcor oxport, jff jttost`dn tk j sfkpo `d



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tco pjrm`dn jhhoss j`sfo kb nrojtor tcjd 5%. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-5= ?:-9 jt ?= ?:-? jt 87= ?:-:7 jt ?:.)

Iobodijdts kppkso sulljry auinlodt, jrnu`dn kdfy tcjt ljtor`jf bjhts jro `d i`sputo

eohjuso pfj`dt`bb–s twk h`toi oxports i`bboroi js tk tco oxjht sfkpo kb tco jhhoss j`sfo `d quost`kd.

(Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt 3.) Yco jrnulodt `s udporsujs`vo eohjuso ektc oxports jnrooi tcjt tco sfkpo bjr

oxhooioi 5%, tco ljx`lul sfkpo jffkwoi udior tco JIJJN. Eohjuso iobodijdts kbbor dk

ovìodho robut`dn pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho, tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt tco jhhoss j`sfo jt

iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd v`kfjtos JIJJN § 9.2.8.

8. Kutikkr Xojt`dn

Yco JIJJN prkvìos tcjt b`vo porhodt kb sojt`dn lust eo jhhossèfo, jdi tcjt

wcoofhcj`r-jhhossèfo sojt`dn lust jffkw mdoo spjho kb twodty sovod `dhcos `d co`nct, tc`rty

`dhcos `d wìtc, jdi d`dotood `dhcos `d ioptc. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, §§ ?.:, 9.85.

Coro, tco pfj`dt`bb jrnuos tcjt tcoro wjs dk wcoofhcj`r-jhhossèfo sojt`dn `d tco njs

stjt`kd–s kutikkr sojt`dn jroj. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt 5:.) @d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt kd tc`s

`ssuo, pfj`dt`bb cjs suel`ttoi iohfjrjt`kds brkl c`lsofb jdi jd oxport w`tdoss, w`tc pcktknrjpcs,

ostjef`sc`dn tcjt tco sojt`dn jroj jppojrs js roprosodtoi ey pfj`dt`bb. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-5 jt ?= ?:-3.)

Iobodijdts cjvo hklo bkrwjri w`tc dk ovìodho hcjffodn`dn tcjt put bkrwjri ey tco pfj`dt`bb.

Ycoro `s tcorobkro dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt iobodijdts– kutikkr jroj v`kfjtoi tco JIJJN jdi

udior tco udi`sputoi bjhts pfj`dt`bb `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt kd tc`s `ssuo.

9. Yrjdsjht`kd Hkudtor Fodntc

_dior JIJJN § >.5, stkros prkvì`dn bkr sjfos tk tco puef`h lust cjvo j pkrt`kd kb tco

trjdsjht`kd hkudtor lojsur`dn jt fojst tc`rty s`x `dhcos. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § >.5.

@d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb jffonos tcjt ‟]j\ prkporfy hkdb`nuroi jhhossèfo pkrt`kd kb tco

tr jdsjht`kd hkudtor‒ `s dkt prkvìoi. (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt 9.) Kd sulljry auinlodt, pfj`dt`bb jrnuos

tcjt co `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt eohjuso tco trjdsjht`kd hkudtor `d tco skutc hkdvodòdho

stkro v`kfjtos tc`s JIJJN stjdijri. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt 55.) @d suppkrt, pfj`dt`bb cjs hklo

bkrwjri w`tc j iohfjrjt`kd brkl c`s jhhoss oxport ioshrè`dn c`s lojsurolodt kb tco trjdsjht`kd

hkudtor `d quost`kd js stjdi`dn jt kdfy tc`rty-kdo `dhcos, jfkdn w`tc pcktknrjpc`h ovìodho kb tco

sjlo. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt 2= ?:-? jt 82.)

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Iobodijdts jrnuo tcjt pfj`dt`bb–s bjhtujf hfj`ls hkdhord`dn tco trjdsjht`kd hkudtor jro

i`sputoi, eut suppkrts tcjt jssort`kd kdfy ey roborr`dn ejhm tk tco ovìodho prosodtoi ey pfj`dt`bb

`d suppkrt kb c`s lkt`kd. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt 3.) Js j rosuft, kdho jnj`d, tcoro `s dk nodu`do

i`sputo tcjt tco trjdsjht`kd hkudtor `d quost`kd v`kfjtoi JIJJN § >.5.

?. Yrjdsjht`kd Hkudtor Bfkkr Hfojrjdho

JIJJN § 9.5.9.: ostjef`scos j l`d`lul hfojr bfkkr spjho bkr wcoofhcj`rs kb tc`rty

`dhcos ey bkrty-o`nct `dhcos. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.5.9.:.

@d c`s hklpfj`dt pfj`dt`bb jffonos tcjt tco njs stjt`kd ‟fjhms prkpor hfojr bfkkr spjho bkr

jpprkjhc.‒ (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt 9.) @d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt, co jrnuos tcjt tco bfkkr

hfojrjdho jrkudi tco skutc hkdvodòdho stkro trjdsjht`kd hkudtor ikos dkt hklpfy w`tc JIJJN

§ 9.5.9.:. @d suppkrt kb tcjt hfj`l kd sulljry auinlodt, pfj`dt`bb kbbors tco iohfjrjt`kds kb twk

oxport w`tdossos. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt 55.) @d tco b`rst kb tckso iohfjrjt`kds, tco jhhoss oxport stjtos

tcjt ‟j 87 x 93 `d hfojr bfkkr spjho jt tco trjdsjht`kd hkudtor `s . . . dkt prkvìoi,‒ jdi tco sohkdi

oxport dktos `d c`s iohfjrjt`kd tcjt ‟tcoro `s j fjhm kb prkpor hfojr bfkkr spjho bkr jpprkjhc.‒

(Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt 2= ?:-:7 jt ?8.) Iobodijdts ik dkt i`sputo pfj`dt`bb–s bjhts. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt

3.) Jhhkri`dnfy, tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt tco njs stjt`kd `s ̀ d v`kfjt`kd kb JIJJN

§ 9.5.9.: w`tc rospoht tk tco bfkkr spjho hfojrjdho jt tco trjdsjht`kd hkudtor.

2. _dsohuroi Hjrpots

Yco JIJJN prkvìos tcjt jdy hjrpots kr bfkkr ljts usoi kd bfkkr surbjhos lust eo

sohurofy jttjhcoi, w`tc jdy oxpksoi oinos bjstodoi tk bfkkr surbjhos, jdi w`tc tr`l jfkdn jdy

oxpksoi oinos. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.?.8.

@d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb oxpfj`ds tcjt bfkkr ljts tcrkunckut tco bjh`f`ty woro ‟dkt

prkporfy sohuroi.‒ (Ikh. Dks. :0 jt ?.) @d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt kd tc`s hfj`l, pfj`dt`bb

jrnuos tcjt tco hjrpot`dn tcrkunckut tco `dsìo kb tco njs stjt`kd v`kfjtoi tco JIJJN. (Ikh. Dk.

?:-: jt 59.) @d suppkrt kb tc`s jssort`kd, pfj`dt`bb cjs jnj`d hklo bkrwjri w`tc ovìodho brkl twk

oxports, kdo `d tco bkrl kb j iohfjrjt`kd w`tc suppkrt`dn pcktks jdi tco ktcor tcrkunc iopks`t`kd

tost`lkdy, ostjef`sc`dn tco prosodho kb udsohuroi bfkkr ljts `d ektc tco dkrtc jdi skutc

hkdvodòdho stkros jt iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt >= ?:-? jt ?5 ‘ ?2= ?:-:7 jt ?2.)



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Kdho jnj`d, iobodijdts ik dkt jttolpt tk robuto pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt 0.)

Ycus, tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo js tk iobodijdts– v`kfjt`kd kb JIJJN § 9.?.8. _dior tco

udi`sputoi ovìodho eobkro tco hkurt, pfj`dt`bb `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt kd tc`s hfj`l.

>. Uostrkkl Ikkr Kporjt`dn Wrossuro

JIJJN § 9.:8.::(e) roqu`ros tcjt `dtor`kr c`dnoi ikkrs scjff cjvo j ljx`lul kporjt`dn

prossuro kb b`vo pkudis. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.:8.::(e).

@d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb jffonos tcjt tco ikkr tk tco rostrkkl jt iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd

wjs ‟cojvy jdi i`bb`huft bkr ]p\fj`dt`bb tk kpod.‒ (Ikh. Dks. :0 jt 8.) Co dkw lkvos bkr

sulljry auinlodt jrnu`dn tcjt tco rostrkkl ikkrs kb tco dkrtc bjh`f`ty kb tco njs stjt`kd v`kfjto

tco JIJJN stjdijris. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt 57.) @d suppkrt kb tcjt lkt`kd pfj`dt`bb cjs prosodtoi

ovìodho, `d tco bkrl kb c`s jhhoss oxport–s iohfjrjt`kd, tcjt tco dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro

ejtcrkkl ikkr ‟roqu`ros jpprkx`ljtofy :7 pkudis kb prossuro tk kporjto.‒ (Ikh. Dk. ?:-9 jt ?.)

Eohjuso iobodijdts cjvo bj`foi tk kbbor jdy ovìodho robut`dn pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho kd tc`s

pk`dt kr ovod sunnost`dn tco`r hklpf`jdho w`tc JIJJN § 9.:8.::(e), tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo

tcjt iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd `s `d v`kfjt`kd kb tc`s JIJJN prkv`s`kd. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt ?.)

3. Uostrkkl Hkudtor Co`nct

JIJJN § 9.:0.5 stjtos tcjt fjvjtkròs scjff eo lkudtoi w`tc tco r`l kr hkudtor surbjho

dk c`ncor tcjd tc`rty bkur ̀ dhcos. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.:0.5.

@d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb jffonos tcjt tco ‟dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro lod–s rostrkkl

fjvjtkry hkudtor surbjho `s tkk c`nc.‒ (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt ?.) @d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt,

pfj`dt`bb jrnuos tcjt tco sjlo hkudtor surbjho v`kfjtos tco JIJJN. (Ikh. Dk. ?: jt 52.) @d

suppkrt kb c`s lkt`kd pfj`dt`bb jfsk kbbors tco iohfjrjt`kd kb kdo oxport, suppkrtoi ey

pcktknrjpc`h ovìodho, jdi tco iopks`t`kd tost`lkdy kb jdktcor oxport, ektc jttost`dn tk tco bjht

tcjt tco hkudtor co`nct oxhoois tc`rty bkur `dhcos. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt >= ?:-? jt 23, ?:-:7 jt ?3.)

Kd tc`s pk`dt iobodijdts hfj`l tk i`sputo pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho hkdhord`dn tco ejtcrkkl

hkudtor co`nct. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt 0 ‘ :7.) Ckwovor, iobodijdts kbbor dk ovìodho wcjtskovor jdi

lorofy robor ejhm tk tco ovìodho kbboroi ey pfj`dt`bb tcjt, `b udi`sputoi, ostjef`scos tco v`kfjt`kd.

Js suhc, tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo js tk iobodijdts– v`kfjt`kd kb JIJJN § 9.:0.5.

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno :> kb 5?


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0. Bfkkr Hfojrjdho `d Uostrkkl

Yco JIJJN roqu`ros rostrkkl stjffs w`tc bfkkr lkudtoi tk`fots tk cjvo j bfkkr spjho kb

s`xty `dhcos jfkdn tco wjff eoc`di tco tk`fot, jdi b`bty-d`do `dhcos brkl tco ejhm kb tco tk`fot tk

tco brkdt-bjh`dn wjff. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.:>.8, B`n. 87(j). Yco hodtorf`do kb tco tk`fot

lust jfsk eo fkhjtoi o`nctood `dhcos brkl tco sìo wjff. @i.

@d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb jffonos j fjhm kb hfojr bfkkr spjho jdi `lprkpor tk`fot

pks`t`kd`dn `d tco skutc hkdvodòdho stkro lod–s ejtcrkkl jt tco njs stjt`kd. (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt ?.)

Wfj`dt`bb cjs lkvoi bkr sulljry auinlodt jrnu`dn tcjt tcoso hkdi`t`kds `d tco lod–s rostrkkl jt

tco stjt`kd–s skutc hkdvodòdho stkro v`kfjto tco JIJJN. (Ikh. Dk. ?: jt 5?.) @d suppkrt,

pfj`dt`bb cjs jnj`d kbboroi ovìodho brkl twk oxports ostjef`sc`dn tco v`kfjt`kd. Xpoh`b`hjffy,

pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho ostjef`scos tcjt tco rofovjdt bfkkr spjho lojsuros ?3 ¶ `dhcos ey 83 `dhcos

jdi tco hodtorf`do kb tco tk`fot `s :3 ¼ `dhcos kr lkro brkl tco sìo wjff. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt >=

?:-:7 jt ?2.)

Iobodijdts cjvo ljio dk jttolpt tk i`sputo pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt 0 ‘

:7.) Ycoro `s tcus dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd `d tc`s rospoht `s `d v`kfjt`kd kb

tco JIJJN stjdijris. N`vod tco udi`sputoi ovìodho, pfj`dt`bb `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt.

:7.

Wfule`dn @dsufjt`kd

JIJJN § 9.:0.9 ostjef`scos tcjt ckt wjtor jdi irj`d p`pos udior fjvjtkròs lust eo

`dsufjtoi kr hkdb`nuroi tk prktoht jnj`dst hkdtjht. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.:0.9.

Wfj`dt`bb–s hklpfj`dt jffonos tco jesodho kb `dsufjt`kd `d ektc lod–s rostrkkl fkhjt`kds.

(Ikh. Dks. :0 jt ?.) @d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt pfj`dt`bb jssorts tcjt tco pfule`dn `d ektc

tco dkrtc jdi skutc hkdvodòdho stkro rostrkkls bj`fs tk hklpfy w`tc JIJJN spoh`b`hjt`kds.

(Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt 59 ‘ 52.) Wfj`dt`bb cjs suppkrtoi tc`s hfj`l ey hkl`dn bkrwjri w`tc ovìodho `d

tco bkrl kb oxport iohfjrjt`kd jdi iopks`t`kd tost`lkdy ostjef`sc`dn tco fjhm kb roqu`roi

`dsufjt`kd `d tco njs stjt`kd lod–s ejtcrkkls. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-9 jt >= ?:-:7 jt ?3.)

Iobodijdts hfj`l tk i`sputo kdfy tco jffonoi jesodho kb `dsufjt`kd `d tco dkrtc

hkdvodòdho stkro pfule`dn. Ckwovor, tcoy ik sk dkt ey prosodt`dn jdy hkdtrjry ovìodho, eut

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rjtcor ey lorofy roborr`dn tk pfj`dt`bb–s kwd ovìodho. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-: jt :7.)9 Eohjuso

iobodijdts kbbor dk ovìodho kd tc`s `ssuo, tcoro `s dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt tco fjhm kb `dsufjt`kd

kd tco pfule`dn `d ektc tco dkrtc jdi skutc hkdvodòdho stkro lod–s rostrkkls v`kfjtoi tco

JIJJN.

::. _r`djf Wks`t`kd`dn

_dior JIJJN § 9.:3.5, ur`djfs lust eo stjff-typo kr wjff-cudn w`tc jd ofkdnjtoi r`l jt

j ljx`lul kb sovodtood `dhcos jekvo tco bfkkr. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.:3.5.

Wfj`dt`bb jffonos `d c`s hklpfj`dt tcjt tco ur`djf `d tco dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro kb tco njs

stjt`kd `s `lprkporfy pks`t`kdoi ’ spoh`b`hjffy ‟pks`t`kdoi w`tc `ts r`l tkk c`nc.‒ (Ikh. Dks. :0

jt ? ‘ 2.) Wfj`dt`bb cjs hklo bkrwjri w`tc ovìodho kd sulljry auinlodt ostjef`sc`dn tcjt tco r`l

kb tco ur`djf lojsuros jt :> ¼ `dhcos jekvo tco bfkkr ̀ d v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJJN stjdijri. (Ikh.

Dks. ?:-9 jt 3= ?:-:7 jt ?3.)

Eohjuso tco iobodijdts ik dkt hkdtost kr i`sputo pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho `d jdy wjy, tcoro `s

dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt pks`t`kd`dn kb tco ur`djf `d tco dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro ik dkt hklpfy

w`tc tco JIJJN roqu`rolodts. _dior tco udi`sputoi ovìodho, pfj`dt`bb ̀ s odt`tfoi tk sulljry

auinlodt.

:5.

Bfusc Rjfvo Wks`t`kd`dn

JIJJN § 9.:2.:? roqu`ros tcjt hkdtrkfs bkr bfusc vjfvos kd tk`fots eo lkudtoi kd tco

wìo sìo kb tk`fot jrojs. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.:2.:?.

Wfj`dt`bb jffonos `d c`s hklpfj`dt tcjt tco bfusc vjfvos `d tco lod–s rostrkkls jt tco njs

stjt`kd jro ‟dkt fkhjtoi kd tco kpod sìo kb tco tk`fot.‒ (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt ?‘ 2.) Co lkvos bkr

sulljry auinlodt jrnu`dn tcjt tco bfusc vjfvo pks`t`kd`dn `d tco dkrtc jdi skutc hkdvodòdho

stkros v`kfjtoi tco JIJJN. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-: jt 5?, 5>.) @d suppkrt kb c`s lkt`kd pfj`dt`bb cjs

prosodtoi ovìodho brkl c`s twk oxports hkdb`rl`dn tco bfusc vjfvo v`kfjt`kds. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9

jt 3= ?:-:7 jt ?>.)

/////

9 Yco hkurt b`dis tc`s, js woff js sovorjf ktcor pks`t`kds tjmod ey iobodijdts kd sulljry auinlodt, tk eo porpfox`dn.



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Iobodijdts cjvo kbboroi dk ovìodho tk tco hkdtrjry. Jhhkri`dnfy, tcoro `s dk nodu`do

i`sputo tcjt tco bfusc vjfvos `d tco dkrtc jdi skutc hkdvodòdho stkros v`kfjto tco JIJJN

stjdijris, jdi pfj`dt`bb `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt.

:8. Co`nct kb Kporjefo Wjrts

Yco JIJJN ostjef`scos tco ljx`lul porl`ttoi co`nct bkr jhhossèfo keaohts. Co`nct

roqu`rolodts iopodi kd tco jlkudt kb hfojr bfkkr spjho jrkudi tco keaoht. JIJJN § 9.5.?

jppfòs wcod tco bfkkr spjho kdfy jffkws bkr j bkrwjri wcoofhcj`r jpprkjhc, wcorojs JIJJN

§ 9.5.2 jppfòs wcod tco bfkkr spjho jffkws bkr j pjrjffof wcoofhcj`r jpprkjhc. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82,

Jpp. J, §§ 9.5.?, 9.5.2. _dior § 9.5.?, jhhossèfo keaohts lust cjvo j ljx`lul co`nct kb 93

`dhcos, jdi `b tcoro `s j 57 ‘ 5? `dhc kestruht`kd, j ljx`lul co`nct kb 99 `dhcos. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82

Jpp. J, § 9.5.?, B`n.?(e). _dior § 9.5.2, ckwovor, jhhossèfo keaohts lust cjvo j ljx`lul

co`nct kb ?9 `dhcos, kr `b tcoro `s jd kestruht`kd, 92 `dhcos. 53 H.B.U. pt. 82, Jpp. J, § 9.5.2, B`n

2(e).

Coro, pfj`dt`bb hkdtodis tcjt s`x bojturos kb tco iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd v`kfjto JIJJN

§ 9.5.?. @d c`s hklpfj`dt, pfj`dt`bb jffonos v`kfjt`kds hkdhord`dn (:) ‘ (5) tco sofb-sorv`ho `tols jt

tco dkrtc jdi skutc hkdvodòdho stkros= (8) puef`h pjy pckdo pjrts= (9) ‘ (?) hkjt ckkms `d tco

skutc jdi dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro ejtcrkkls= jdi (2) tco bjuhot jdi skjp i`spodsor `d tco dkrtc

hkdvodòdho stkro lod–s rostrkkl. (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt 9-2.) @d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt

pfj`dt`bb cjs prosodtoi ovìodho, `d tco bkrl kb oxport iohfjrjt`kds kr tost`lkdy, tcjt sofb-sorv`ho

`tols jt tco njs stjt`kd lojsuro ?7 jdi ?7 ´ `dhcos `d co`nct, (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt 9= ?:-:7 jt ?9)=

puef`h pjy pckdos lojsuro eotwood 90 jdi ?? `dhcos `d co`nct, (Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt ?= ?:-:7 jt

?9)= hkjt ckkms `d tco skutc jdi dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkros lojsuro 28 jdi 93 ?/3 `dhcos `d co`nct,

(Ikh. Dks. ?:-9 jt > ‘ 3= ?:-:7 jt ?> & ?0)= jdi tcjt bjuhot jdi skjp i`spodsors `d tco dkrtc

hkdvodòdho stkro rostrkkl roqu`ro kdo tk rojhc kvor j 59 `dhc kestruht`kd jdi lojsuro ?5 `dhcos

`d co`nct. (Ikh. Dk. ?:-? jt 52 ‘ 53.) Iobodijdts cjvo kbboroi dk ovìodho jt tco sulljry

auinlodt stjno kb tc`s f`t`njt`kd tk roeut kr hkdtost `d jdy wjy pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho ronjri`dn tco

lojsurolodts sot bkrtc jekvo. (Ikh. Dk. ?8-:.)

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Ckwovor, eohjuso pfj`dt`bb cjs prosodtoi dk ovìodho tcjt hfojr bfkkr spjho `d brkdt kb tco

jrojs wcoro tcoso vjr`kus bojturos jppojr jffkws kdfy bkrwjri, rjtcor tcjd pjrjffof jpprkjhc

(Ikh. Dk. ?:-:5), co cjs bj`foi tk ostjef`sc tcjt JIJJN § 9.5.? –s co`nct ljx`lul kb 93 `dhcos

jppfòs, rjtcor tcjd § 9.5.2–s co`nct ljx`lul kb ?9 `dhcos. Dkdotcofoss, `t `s jfsk udi`sputoi

udior tco ovìodho eobkro tco hkurt kd sulljry auinlodt tcjt twk kb tco bojturos w`tc`d tc`s

nrkup ’ (?) tco hkjt ckkms `d tco skutc hkdvodòdho stkro, jdi (2) tco bjuhot jdi skjp i`spodsors

`d tco dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro rostrkkl ’ oxhooi ovod tco c`ncor ?9 `dhc co`nct ljx`lul kb

JIJJN § 9.5.2. Jhhkri`dnfy, udior tco udi`sputoi ovìodho eobkro tco hkurt, tcoso twk

bojturos v`kfjto JIJJN roqu`rolodts ronjrifoss kb wcotcor § 9.5.? kr § 9.5.2 jppfòs, jdi tcoro

`s dk nodu`do i`sputo tcjt iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd wjs `d v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJJN stjdijris w`tc

rospoht tk tcoso bojturos.

@d hkdtrjst, bkur kb tco bojturos w`tc`d tc`s nrkup oxhooi § 9.5.? co`nct roqu`rolodts eut

jro w`tc`d § 9.5.2 co`nct roqu`rolodts, `.o. tco roqu`rolodts ostjef`scoi bkr keaohts jhhossèfo

tcrkunc pjrjffof jpprkjhc. Yco bkur bojturos wc`hc bjff `dtk tc`s hjtonkry jro1 (: ‘ 5) tco sofb-

sorv`ho `tols `d tco dkrtc jdi skutc hkdvodòdho stkros, (8) tco puef`h pjy pckdo pjrts, jdi

(9) tco hkjt ckkms `d tco dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro. Eohjuso pfj`dt`bb cjs dkt hklo bkrwjri w`tc

ovìodho kd sulljry auinlodt ostjef`sc`dn tcjt § 9.5.?, rjtcor tcjd § 9.5.2 jppfòs tk tcoso bkur

bojturos, jdi eohjuso ejsoi upkd pfj`dt`bb–s ovìodho tcoso bojturos jro `d hklpf`jdho w`tc

§ 9.5.2, pfj`dt`bb cjs dkt lot c`s euriod kd sulljry auinlodt tk sckw j v`kfjt`kd kb tco

JIJJN w`tc rospoht tk tckso bojturos. Co `s tcorobkro dkt odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt `d c`s

bjvkr w`tc rospoht tk tcoso bkur bojturos.

@@. Wfj`dt`bb‐s _druc Jht Hfj`ls

Hjf`bkrd`j–s _druc H`v`f U`ncts Jht ostjef`scos prktoht`kds bkr porskds w`tc i`sje`f`tòs

tcjt pjrjffof tckso kb tco JIJ. Yco stjtuto prkvìos tcjt1

Jff porskds w`tc`d tco aur`si`ht`kd kb tc`s stjto jro broo jdi oqujf,jdi dk ljttor wcjt tco`r sox, rjho, hkfkr, rof`n`kd, jdhostry, djt`kdjfkr`n`d, i`sje`f`ty, loi`hjf hkdi`t`kd, ljr`tjf stjtus, kr soxujfkròdtjt`kd jro odt`tfoi tk tco buff jdi oqujf jhhkllkijt`kds,jivjdtjnos, bjh`f`tòs, pr`v`fonos, kr sorv`hos `d jff eus`dossostjef`sclodts kb ovory m`di wcjtskovor.

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno 5: kb 5?


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Hjf. H`v. Hkio § ?:(e). Yk iolkdstrjto j v`kfjt`kd kb tco _druc Jht, j pfj`dt`bb ljy sckw o`tcor

j v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ, kr j v`kfjt`kd kb tco HEH jdi i`shr`l`djtkry `dtodt. W`hmord, 5775 ^F

575995, jt *3-0, 5775 _.X. I`st. FOS@X jt *5:= soo jfsk Xtrkdn, 57:8 ^F ??05935, jt *:

(‟Jftckunc j v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ hkdst`tutos j v`kfjt`kd kb tco HIWJ jdi tco _druc Jht, tco

Hkurt dktoi tcjt Wfj`dt`bb hjd jftordjt`vofy prkvo j v`kfjt`kd kb tco HIWJ ]Hjf`bkrd`j I`sjefoi

Worskds Jht\ jdi _druc Jht ey iolkdstrjt`dn tcjt Iobodijdts v`kfjtoi tco Hjf`bkrd`j Hkio kb

Uonufjt`kds, Y`tfo 59.‒).

Yco _druc Jht prkvìos i`bborodt roloiòs brkl tckso `d tco JIJ. J pfj`dt`bb wck

provj`fs udior jd _druc Jht hfj`l `s odt`tfoi tk `daudht`vo rofòb, jhtujf ijljnos, jdi l`d`lul

stjtutkry ijljnos kb $9,777 bkr ojhc khhjs`kd `d wc`hc co wjs i`shr`l`djtoi jnj`dst. Hjf. H`v.

Hkio § ?5(j)= Ajdmoy v. Foo, ?? Hjf. 9tc :783, :799 (57:5)= Lkkro v. Ikffjr Yroo Xtkros @dh., 3?

B. Xupp. 8i jt ::38. Yco pfj`dt`bb prosodt`dn jd _druc Jht hfj`l dooi dkt prkvo jhtujf ijljnos

tk rohkvor tco `diopodiodt stjtutkry ijljnos. Lkfsm` v. L.A. Hjefo, @dh., 93: B.8i >59, >8: (0tc

H`r. 577>)= Ektksjd v. Wjuf LhDjffy Uojfty, 5:2 B.8i 35>, 38? (0tc H`r. 5777)= Lkkro v. Ikffjr

Yroo Xtkros @dh., 3? B. Xupp. 8i jt ::38. Yco _druc Jht jfsk jffkws bkr tco jwjri kb jttkrdoy–s

boos. Hjf. H`v. Hkio § ?5(j)= Lkkro v. Ikffjr Yroo Xtkros @dh., 3? B. Xupp. 8i jt ::38.

Coro, pfj`dt`bb sooms sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr w`tc rospoht tk c`s hfj`ls udior tco

_druc Jht ejsoi kd v`kfjt`kds kb ektc tco JIJ jdi tco HEH. Yco hkurt jiirossos ojhc eofkw.

j. _druc Jht Hfj`ls Ejsoi kd JIJ R`kfjt`kds

J pfj`dt`bb hjd ljmo kut j vjfì _druc Jht hfj`l ey sckw`dn j v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ.

Ludskd v. Iof Yjhk, @dh., 92 Hjf. 9tc 22:, 220 (5770). ^coro jd _druc Jht hfj`l s̀ prol`soi

kd j v`kfjt`kd kb tco JIJ, tco pfj`dt`bb dooi dkt iolkdstrjto `dtodt`kdjf i`shr`l`djt`kd tk

rohkvor. Lkkro v. Ikffjr Yroo Xtkros @dh., 3? B. Xupp. 8i jt ::38 (h`t`dn Ludskd, 92 Hjf. 9tc jt

220).

Wfj`dt`bb coro jrnuos tcjt c`s JIJ hfj`ls jfsk hkdst`tuto hfj`ls udior tco _druc Jht upkd

wc`hc co `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt js woff. Jekvo, tco hkurt cjs bkudi tcjt ejsoi upkd

tco udi`sputoi ovìodho, pfj`dt`bb `s odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr js tk s`xtood kb tco

spoh`b`h JIJ v`kfjt`kds co cjs jffonoi. Jhhkri`dnfy, ejsoi upkd tco sjlo sckw`dn, pfj`dt`bb `s



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jfsk odt`tfoi tk sulljry auinlodt `d c`s bjvkr js tk c`s _druc Jht hfj`ls w`tc rospoht tk tckso

s`xtood v`kfjt`kds, jdi `s odt`tfoi tk stjtutkry ijljnos w`tc ronjri tk ojhc.

e. _druc Jht Hfj`ls Ejsoi kd HEH R`kfjt`kds

J pfj`dt`bb hjd jfsk ljmo kut jd _druc Jht hfj`l ey sckw`dn j v`kfjt`kd kb tco HEH

tknotcor w`tc jd `dtodt`kd tk i`shr`l`djto. Ludskd, 92 Hjf. 9tc jt 223= Lkkro v. Ikffjr Yroo

Xtkros @dh., 3? B. Xupp. 8i jt ::38= Ukir`nuoz v. Ejrr`tj, @dh., :7 B. Xupp. 8i :725, :7>9 (D.I.

Hjf. 57:9) (dkt`dn ‟tco sovorjf jvoduos ey wc`hc j pfj`dt`bb hjd provj`f kd j i`sje`f`ty

i`shr`l`djt`kd hfj`l udior tco . . . _druc Jht.‒) ^`tc rospoht tk tco `dtodt roqu`rolodt, tco

Hjf`bkrd`j Xuprolo Hkurt cjs cofi tcjt _druc Jht v`kfjt`kds roqu`ro j sckw`dn kb ‟w`ffbuf,

jbb`rljt`vo l`shkdiuht,‒ jdi tcjt j pfj`dt`bb lust iolkdstrjto lkro tcjd i`spjrjto `lpjht kb j

bjh`jffy doutrjf pkf`hy kd j pjrt`hufjr nrkup. Nrojtor Fks Jdnofos Jnodhy kd Iojbdoss, @dh. v.

Hjefo Dows Dotwkrm, @dh., >95 B.8i 9:9, 95?-52 (0tc H`r. 57:9) (h`t`dn Mkoemo v. Eordjrik

Co`ncts Hkudtry Hfue, 8: Hjf. 9tc 359, 3?8 (577?))= soo jfsk Huffod v. Dotbf`x, @dh., 337 B.

Xupp5i :7:>, :759 (D.I. Hjf. 57:5).

Coro pfj`dt`bb cjs erkunct tcroo _druc Jht hfj`ls ejsoi kd `diopodiodt v`kfjt`kds kb tco

HEH. (Ikh. Dk. :0 jt 8.) @d pjrt`hufjr, pfj`dt`bb jrnuos dkw tcjt co ̀ s odt`tfoi tk sulljry

auinlodt w`tc rospoht tk c`s _druc Jht hfj`ls rofjtoi tk tco ikkr kb tco lod–s rostrkkl `d tco

dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro, tco kporjt`dn prossuro kb tco skutc hkdvodòdho stkro odtrjdho ikkr, jdi

tco pks`t`kd`dn kb tco s`dm `d tco dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro lod–s rostrkkl. (Ikh. Dks. ?:-: jt

87 ‘ 8:= ?:-:5 jt :8.) Ckwovor, `d lkv`dn bkr sulljry auinlodt kd tcoso `diopodiodt _druc

Jht hfj`ls pfj`dt`bb cjs hklo bkrwjri w`tc dk ovìodho tcjt iobodijdts jhtoi w`tc i`shr`l`djtkry

`dtodt, kr odnjnoi `d jdy w`ffbuf, jbb`rljt`vo l`shkdiuht `d hkddoht`kd w`tc tckso v`kfjt`kds.

Eohjuso pfj`dt`bb cjs dkt kbboroi ovìodho kb j i`shr`l`djtkry `dtodt kd tco pjrt kb

iobodijdts w`tc rospoht tk tcoso `diopodiodt _druc Jht hfj`ls, co cjs bj`foi tk sjt`sby c`s `d`t`jf

euriod kb ‟jbb`rljt`vofy iolkdstrjt]`dn\o tcjt dk rojskdjefo tròr kb bjht hkufi b`di ktcor tcjd bkr

tco lkv`dn pjrty.‒ Xkrolomud, ?70 B.8i jt 039. Jhhkri`dnfy, pfj`dt`bb ̀ s dkt odt`tfoi tk

sulljry auinlodt w`tc rospoht tk tckso hfj`ls.

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HKDHF_X@KD

Bkr tco rojskds stjtoi jekvo, tco hkurt nrjdts pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt

(Ikh. Dk. ?:) `d pjrt jdi iodòi `t `d pjrt.? Xpoh`b`hjffy, tco hkurt rufos js bkffkws1

:. Yco hkurt NUJDYX pfj`dt`bb –s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt, js tk tco `ssuos tcjt

pfj`dt`bb `s j i`sjefoi porskd udior tco JIJ, tcjt tco iobodijdts– njs stjt`kd `s j pfjho kb

puef`h jhhkllkijt`kd, jdi tcjt pfj`dt`bb cjs porskdjf mdkwfoino kb tco ìodt`bòi

ejrròrs.

5. Yco hkurt NUJDYX pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt js tk v`kfjt`kds kb tco

JIJ, jdi nrjdts `daudht`vo rof̀ ob, w`tc rospoht tk s`xtood jrhc`tohturjf bojturos1 (:) tco

kutikkr rjlp, (5) pjrm`dn jhhoss j`sfo, (8) kutikkr sojt`dn hkdb`nurjt`kd, (9) skutc

hkdvodòdho stkro hkudtor, (?) skutc hkdvodòdho stkro trjdsjht`kd hkudtor bfkkr jroj,

(2) hjrpot`dn, (>) dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro rostrkkl ikkr prossuro, (3) dkrtc hkdvodòdho

stkro rostrkkl hkudtor, (0) skutc hkdvodòdho stkro rostrkkl bfkkr jroj, (:7) ‘ (::) dkrtc

jdi skutc hkdvodòdho stkro `dsufjt`kd, (:5) dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro ur`djf, (:8) ‘ (:9)

skutc hkdvodòdho stkro bfusc vjfvos, (:?) dkrtc hkdvodòdho stkro bjuhot jdi skjp

i`spodsor, jdi (:2) skutc hkdvodòdho stkro hkjt ckkms=

8.

Yco hkurt NUJDYX pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt js tk hfj`ls udior tco

_druc Jht ejsoi kd tco jbkrolodt`kdoi JIJ v`kfjt`kds, jdi jwjris stjtutkry ijljnos kb

$ 9,777 js roquostoi ey pfj`dt`bb ejsoi upkd c`s kdo v`s`t tk tco njs stjt`kd=

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? Yc`s jht`kd `s hurrodtfy sot eobkro tco hkurt bkr j B`djf Wrotr`jf Hkdborodho kd Ljrhc :9, 57:2jt 8187 p.l., w t̀c j Aury Yr`jf shcoiufoi bkr Jpr`f 52, 57:2 jt 3187 j.l. (Ikh. Dk. ?5.) Jftckunctco lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt jiirossoi ey tc`s krior cjs eood udior suel`ss`kd, tco pjrtòscjvo dkt b`foi j ak`dt b`djf protr`jf stjtolodt. (Ikh. Dk. :8= Fkhjf Uufo 53:(j)(5).) Kb hkurso, eytc`s krior tco hkurt cjs nrjdtoi auinlodt `d bjvkr kb pfj`dt`bb js tk lkst kb c`s hfj`ls. @b tco pjrtòs eofòvo `d f`nct kb tc`s krior tcjt j stjtus hkdborodho wkufi eo jpprkpr`jto jdi tcjt tcoB`djf Wrotr`jf Hkdborodho jdi Aury Yr`jf ijtos sckufi eo vjhjtoi, tcoy jro i`rohtoi tk hkdbor w`tcHkurtrkkl Ioputy Uodoo Njuld`tz tk iotorl`do jd jpprkpr`jto stjtus hkdborodho ijto jdi tksuel`t j st`pufjt`kd jdi prkpksoi krior.



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9. Yco hkurt IOD@OX pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt js tk v`kfjt`kds kb tco JIJ,

w`tc rospoht tk bkur jrhc`tohturjf bojturos1 (:) ‘ (5) kporjefo pjrts `d tco dkrtc jdi skutc

hkdvod`odho stkros, (8) puef`h pckdo pjrts, jdi (9) tco dkrtc hkdvod`odho stkro hkjt

ckkms= jdi

?. Yco hkurt IOD@OX pfj`dt`bb–s lkt`kd bkr sulljry auinlodt js tk c`s `diopodiodt _druc

Jht hfj`ls ejsoi kd HEH v`kfjt`kds.

@Y @X XK KUIOUOI.

Ijtoi1 Ljrhc 8, 57:2 _D@YOI XYJYOX I@XYU@HY A_INO

Hjso :1:9-hv-7:975-IJI-XJE Ikhulodt 2: B`foi 78/79/:2 Wjno 5? kb 5?

moore v. millennium

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