mood disorders. a category of mental disorders in which significant and chronic disruption in mood...
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Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders
A category of mental disorders in which significant and chronic disruption in mood is the predominant symptom, causing impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning– Major depression– Dysthymic disorder– Bipolar disorder– Cyclothymic disorder
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Mood Disorders
• Play “Mood Disorders: Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder” (4:45) Segment #38 from Psychology: The Human Experience.
• IF Time allows this is a good preview to the different types of Mood Disorders.
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Major Depression
A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency,
worthlessness and hopelessness
– Prolonged, very severe symptoms– Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks– Global negativity and pessimism– Very low self-esteem
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Symptoms of Major DepressionMust Exhibit for 2 Weeks or Longer
• Emotional—sadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning away from others
• Behavioral—tearfulness, dejected facial expression, loss of interest in normal activities, slowed movements and gestures, withdrawal from social activities
• Cognitive—difficulty thinking and concentrating, global negativity, preoccupation with death/suicide
• Physical—appetite and weight changes, excess or diminished sleep, loss of energy, global anxiety, restlessness
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Prevalence and Courseof Major Depression
• Most common of psychological disorders. It affects about 12 million Americans annually.
• Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depression
• Untreated episodes can become recurring and more serious
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)—onset with changing seasons
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Self-Rating Depression Scale
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Scoring Your Self-Rating Depression Scale
• Reverse Your responses (1=5, 2=4, 3=3, 4=2, 5=1) to items: 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20
• Now add up all your numbers (including the new reversed scores) to find you total score.
• Range of total scores will be 20 to 80.• Scores of 50-59 suggest mild to moderate
depression• Scores of 60-69 indicate moderate to severe
depression• Scores 70 and above indicate severe depression.
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Dysthymic Disorder
• Similar to major depressive disorder but less severe and shorter in duration
• Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings that are not severe enough to be major depression
• May develop in response to trauma, but does not decrease with time
• Some people with dysthymic disorder experience double depression, characterized by one or more episodes of major depression on top of their ongoing dysthymia.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder• Cyclic severe depression and elevated
mood
• Seasonal regularity
• Unique cluster of symptoms– intense hunger– gain weight in winter– sleep more than usual– depressed more in evening than morning
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Bipolar Disorder
• A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of mania
• Used to be called manic-depressive disorder
• Many times will follow a cyclical pattern
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Bipolar Disorders
• Cyclic disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
• Mood levels swing from severe depression to extreme euphoria (mania)
• No regular relationship to time of year (SAD)
• Must have at least one manic episode
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Mania
• Period of abnormally high emotion and activity– Supreme self-confidence - delusional– Grandiose ideas and movements – too
many goals in too little time– Flight of ideas – rapid and loosely
shifting thoughts that jump from topic to topic.
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Depression
• Extended period of feeling sad, listless, and drained of energy
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Mania and Depression
• Play “Mood Disorders: Mania and Depression” (7:34) Segment #31 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition).
• Shows person with BiPolar, Major Depression and group therapy.
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Cyclothymic Disorder
Cyclothymic—mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar
disorder
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Prevalence and Course of Bipolar Disorder
•Onset usually in young adulthood (early twenties)
•Mood changes more abrupt than in major depression
•No sex differences in rate of bipolar disorder
•Affects about 2 million Americans annually.
•Commonly recurs every few years
•A small percentage of people with the disorder display rapid cycling, experiencing four or more manic or depressive episodes every year.
•Can often be controlled by medication (lithium)
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Biological Factors
• Mood disorders have a hereditary nature to them.
• Depressed individuals tend to have depressed brains.
– PET scans indicate less activity during periods of depression.
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Ups & Downs of Bipolar Disorder
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient's emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly consumes glucose. Blue areas are low areas of activity.
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Explaining Mood Disorders• Neurotransmitter theories
– dopamine– norepinephrine– Serotonin
• Antidepressants increase the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin.
• They relieve the symptoms of major depression in about 80% of the people who take them
• Lithium has been used to treat bipolar disorder and to prevent its recurrence. It appears to regulate the availability of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
• Genetic component– more closely related people show similar histories of mood
disorders
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Heredity and Depression• Play “Mood Disorders: Hereditary
Factors” (6:11) Segment #32 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition). – IF TIME ALLOWS
• Study of Amish people and the prevalence of depression within the Amish community.
• Looks at identifying the gene that triggers depression.
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Effect of stress was greater for those who were more genetically predisposed for depression (based on the status of their twin sisters, as shown in the key) than for those who were less genetically predisposed. (Adapted from Kendler & others, 1995)
The Role of Stress & Genetics
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Cognitive Bases for Depression• A.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic
views of– themselves– the world– the future
• Depressed people distort their experiences in negative ways– exaggerate bad experiences– minimize good experiences
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Cognitive Bases for Depression
• Hopelessness theory– depression results from a pattern of thinking– person loses hope that life will get better– negative experiences are due to stable, global
reasons• e.g., “I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid
and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job because the interview didn’t go well”
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Negative Automatic ThoughtsFinding Your Score
• Add up your total score.• Scores will fall from 30 (no depression) to 150 (maximum
depression).• Mean (average) score is 79.6 for depressed people and 48.6
for nondepressed people.• This “test” looks for specific measures of depression:
– Personal dissatisfaction & desire for change (items 14 & 20)
– Negative Expectations (items 3 & 24)
– Low Self-Esteem (items 17 & 18)
– Helplessness (items 29 & 30)
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Social-Cognitive Factors
• Depression may be a variation of learned helplessness.
• Depressed individuals attribute events using the following characteristics:– Stable: the bad situation will last for a
long time– Internal: they are at fault– Global: all of life is bad
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Attributions
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Attributions
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Attributions
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Attributions
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Explanatory Style and Depression
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Situational Bases for Depression
• Positive correlation between stressful life events and onset of depression– Does life stress cause depression?
• Most depressogenic life events are losses– spouse or companion– long-term job– health– income
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Seriously depressed moods result from a combination of factors, which affect each other. Altering any one component can alter the others.
Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Depression
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Depression’s Vicious Cycle