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Robert C. Maher, B. Jerry Gregoire, and Zhixin ChenDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT 59717-3780 USA
Robert C. Maher, B. Jerry Gregoire, and Zhixin ChenDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT 59717-3780 USA
The natural sonic environment, or soundscape, of parks and wilderness areas is not yet fully characterized in a scientific sense. Published research in the U.S. National Park System is generally based on short-term sound level measurements or visitor response surveys associated with regulatory evaluation of noise intrusions from motorized recreational vehicles, tour aircraft, or nearby industrial activity. This paper reviews the history of soundscape studies in the National Park System and describes several recent advances that will allow automated recording and analysis of long-term audio recordings covering days, weeks, and months at a time.
The natural sonic environment, or soundscape, of parks and wilderness areas is not yet fully characterized in a scientific sense. Published research in the U.S. National Park System is generally based on short-term sound level measurements or visitor response surveys associated with regulatory evaluation of noise intrusions from motorized recreational vehicles, tour aircraft, or nearby industrial activity. This paper reviews the history of soundscape studies in the National Park System and describes several recent advances that will allow automated recording and analysis of long-term audio recordings covering days, weeks, and months at a time.
AbstractAbstract
“Silence belongs to the primitive scene. Without it the vision of unchanged landscape means little more than rocks and trees and mountains. But with silence it has significance and meaning. …How swiftly it changes if all natural sounds are replaced by the explosive violence of combustion engines and speed. At times on quiet waters one does not speak aloud, but only in whispers, for at such moments all noise is sacrilege.”
Sigurd F. Olson[ Wilderness Days, pp. 51-52, 1978 ].
“Silence belongs to the primitive scene. Without it the vision of unchanged landscape means little more than rocks and trees and mountains. But with silence it has significance and meaning. …How swiftly it changes if all natural sounds are replaced by the explosive violence of combustion engines and speed. At times on quiet waters one does not speak aloud, but only in whispers, for at such moments all noise is sacrilege.”
Sigurd F. Olson[ Wilderness Days, pp. 51-52, 1978 ].
1872 Yellowstone National Park Act
1916 National Park Service (NPS) Organic Act
1949 Presidential Executive Order 10092 (Boundary Waters no-fly zone)
1964 Wilderness Act
1969 National Environmental Policy Act
1972 Noise Control Act
1987 National Parks Overflights Act
1988 Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) 50-2 (Grand Canyon)
2000 National Parks Air Tour Management Act
2000 NPS Director's Order #47 (soundscape preservation)
2002 Winter Use Plan (Yellowstone)
1872 Yellowstone National Park Act
1916 National Park Service (NPS) Organic Act
1949 Presidential Executive Order 10092 (Boundary Waters no-fly zone)
1964 Wilderness Act
1969 National Environmental Policy Act
1972 Noise Control Act
1987 National Parks Overflights Act
1988 Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) 50-2 (Grand Canyon)
2000 National Parks Air Tour Management Act
2000 NPS Director's Order #47 (soundscape preservation)
2002 Winter Use Plan (Yellowstone)
Soundscape Regulatory HistorySoundscape Regulatory History
“...to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”
[National Park Service Organic Act, 1916]
“...to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”
[National Park Service Organic Act, 1916]
Three Sonic Components:
Biophony -- animal and biological sounds
Geophony -- geological, hydrological, and meteorological sounds
Anthrophony -- sounds caused by humans and human activity
Three Sonic Components:
Biophony -- animal and biological sounds
Geophony -- geological, hydrological, and meteorological sounds
Anthrophony -- sounds caused by humans and human activity
What is a “soundscape?”What is a “soundscape?”
What is a “natural soundscape?”What is a “natural soundscape?”Biophony and Geophony only: no human-caused sound
NOT the absence of sound
Biophony and Geophony only: no human-caused sound
NOT the absence of sound
What Research is Needed?What Research is Needed?•Long-term soundscape monitoring and statistical assessment (24/7/365)
•Low power audio recording equipment suitable for harsh environments
•Cost appropriate for widespread use
•Calibration and stability for both ecological research and regulatory monitoring
•Automatic detection and recognition of sound sources
•Long-term soundscape monitoring and statistical assessment (24/7/365)
•Low power audio recording equipment suitable for harsh environments
•Cost appropriate for widespread use
•Calibration and stability for both ecological research and regulatory monitoring
•Automatic detection and recognition of sound sources
Shan Burson, Skip Ambrose, and Bill Schmidt – U.S. National Park Service
Gonzalo Sanchez -- Sanchez Industrial Design, Inc.
Shan Burson, Skip Ambrose, and Bill Schmidt – U.S. National Park Service
Gonzalo Sanchez -- Sanchez Industrial Design, Inc.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Figure 2: Spectral Analysis Example
(60 minutes at Windows Area, Arches National Park, Utah)
Figure 2: Spectral Analysis Example
(60 minutes at Windows Area, Arches National Park, Utah)
Digital Signal Processor(e.g., ADI 2191)
Sealed Battery(36 Amp-Hour)
100GB Hard Disk Drive(low-power laptop model)
256MB FLASH Memory(data cache for power
cycling hard drive)
Voltage Regulator
Pre-Amplifier Audio Codec
LCD Status Display
Control Panel(push switches)
Microphone
Figure 1: Remote Recording System Block DiagramFigure 1: Remote Recording System Block Diagram
Figure 3: Spectral Analysis Example
(Bird Call: single syllable, Red-Tailed Hawk)
Figure 3: Spectral Analysis Example
(Bird Call: single syllable, Red-Tailed Hawk)
Figure 4: Spectral Analysis Example
(Bird Call: three vocalizations, American Crow)
Figure 4: Spectral Analysis Example
(Bird Call: three vocalizations, American Crow)
Acoustical Monitoring Researchfor
National Parks and Wilderness Areas
Acoustical Monitoring ResearchAcoustical Monitoring Researchforfor
National Parks and Wilderness AreasNational Parks and Wilderness Areas
P15-8 Convention Paper 6609
Photo: Harris, Miller, Miller, and Hanson, Inc.
“Flight-free zones are to be large areas where visitors can experience the park essentially free from aircraft sound intrusions, and where the sound from aircraft traveling adjacent to the flight-flee zone is not detectable from most locations within the zone.”
[ National Parks Overflights Act of 1987 ]
“Flight-free zones are to be large areas where visitors can experience the park essentially free from aircraft sound intrusions, and where the sound from aircraft traveling adjacent to the flight-flee zone is not detectable from most locations within the zone.”
[ National Parks Overflights Act of 1987 ]